1. Introduction:
2. Lotus Activities: reports and abstracts
2. Curent Listing of Lotus Newsletter Recipients.
Purpose: The Lotus
Newsletter consists of informal communications of research
information on Lotus. Reports of any phase of research
on Lotus breeding, genetics, taxonomy, management, utilization
or physiology are welcome. Your biographic sketches and information
about your research objectives, approaches, and progress including
titles of your publications are encouraged. Seed requests and
news items are accepted.
This is the 25th year of publication for the Lotus
Newsletter. Now is the time to consider contributing to
the 26th volume of the Lotus Newsletter.
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Lotus Newsletter
Dr. P. R. Beuselinck, USDA-ARS
Plant Genetics Research Unit
207 Waters Hall
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211 U.S.A.
E-Mail pbeuselinck@plantsci.missouri.edu
FAX 573-882-1467
The expense of publishing the Lotus Newsletter has been partially covered by unrestricted research support. This issue of the Lotus Newsletter is provided to you without charge. I will continue to strive for financial support of the Lotus Newsletter to provide you with an unencumbered communication resource.
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The illustration on the cover is of a Lotus spp. L. graciously provided by Ana Arambarri (Argentina) . The illustration of L. unifoliatus Benth. (syn. L. purshianus) is the third in a series of illustrations that started with L. edulis in Volume 23.
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Second Conference on Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Use. 13-15 April 1994. Lincoln, Nebraska. Contact Dr. Lowell Moser (402) 472-1558 for further details.
XVIII International Grasslands Congress. June 8-19 1997. The Congress will be split between two locations: i) Winnipeg, Manitoba and ii) Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada. For more information contact: Box 4520, Station C, Calgary, Alberta T2T 5N3. Voice: (403) 244-4487; FAX (403) 244-2340.
G.M.Tourn, A. Bartoli, R.D.Tortosa, G. Roitman and M.C.Saucede.
SUMMARY
A morphological and architectural study was made on 2 herbaceous
species of Fabaceae, Medicago sativa L. {lucerne grass)
and Lotus tenuis Wald. et Kit {narrow birdsfoot trefoil)
during the first year of growth (establishment ). These species
are perennial widespread pasture legumes We compared and discussed
the architectural unit (morphological and functional determination
of whole shoots from germination to establishment )and the variability
on different swing dates. Both species have a primary with orthotropic
basitoncal vegetative branches carried foliage leaves with spiral
arrangement. Adventitious vegetative shoots arising from the hypocotilar
region and on the nodal base second order order branches were
observed. The reproductive branches are lateral and acrotonic.
The architectural unit had no modification with different sowing
dates, but the growth dynamic was visible affected.
Additional Keys Words: architectural analysis, architecture, establishment,
Fabaceae, forage legumes, Lotus tenuis, lucerne grass,
Medicago sativa, narrow birds-foot trefoil.
G.M.Tourn and G.G.Roitman
SUMMARY
A morphological and architectural study of regenerative strategies
was made on a herbaceous species of Fabaceae, Lotus tenuis
Wald. et Kit (narrow birds-foot trefoil) growing in a widespread
pasture legume with sympodial and modular growth. We compared
and discussed the architectural model, reiterations and 2 different
regenerative strategies (rhizomes and seeds). The orthotropic
branches, by internode increases, during the growing season, changes
the orientation; it was plagiotropic at the base to orthotropic.
Some of this branches, produces adventitious roots, at nodes,
become in an adaptive reiteration. After seed dispersion, cessation
of the meristematic activity occurs. The orthotropic vegetative
aerial shoots (reiterations) grow out from the axillary buds of
the rhizomes, in the next growing season.
Keys words: architecture, branching, Fabaceae., forage legumes, Lotus tenuis, narrow birdsfoot trefoil, regenerative strategies, reiterations , rhizome.
Niizeki M. and T. Kodaira
Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture
Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori-ken 036, Japan
It is assumed that somaclonal variation occurs, due to the lack
of some genetically controlled mechanisms in cultured calli or
cells. It is probable that these somaclonal mutations accumulate
from one cell cycle to the next. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus
L.), cv. Viking is a suitable plant for the investigation
of somaclonal variation because of the high totipotency found
in its cultured cells. This is true, even when they are derived
from a single protoplast. Therefore, it is a useful plant for
comparative studies between protoplast- and seed-derived populations.
In our study (Niizeki et al. 1990) it was shown that somaclonal
variation is very useful in the improvement of quantitative traits
in this species. The populations of P2 and P3
generations were obtained by the open pollination of a regenerated
P1 protoclonal population and of a P2 population,
respectively. Seven traits indicated in Table 1 were investigated
in the P1, P2 and P3 generations.
Few significant differences were found among the three generations
in each trait, with the exception of dry matter yield and pollen
fertility. There was a drastic increase in dry matter yield in
P2 which then decreased in P3. The low yield
for P1 may have been caused by the low number of shoots
that grew on the poorly developed crown root of the regenerated
protoclones. That of P3 may have been caused by the
low number of shoots and the short plant height caused by underaverage
temperatures in the summer season of 1993. While the large number
of shoots made it substantially impossible to count them each
year, plant height was investigated in P2 growing in
both 1992 and 1993 (Table 2).They were significantly shorter in
1993 than that of 1992. In regard to pollen fertility, Niizaki
(1993) showed that it drastically increased in P2 and
P3. This may have been caused by the elimination of
gametes with abnormal chromosomal configurations in the P1
protoclones.
With regard to major genes, the nuclear DNAs were analyzed by using 2 restriction enzymes, HindIII and BamHI, and the major genes, a small subunit of RuBisCO, phenylalanine ammonialyase and ribosomal DNA, pRR217. In this experiment, it was found that these genes were very stable, without any variations. However, heterochromatin parts consisting of satellite DNA revealed a considerable number of variations in a Southern blot analysis using restriction enzymes, HindIII and EcoRI, and a probe of (GGAA)3. From these results, the two alternative assumptions considered are as follows:
Table 1. Mean values on seven traits of three generations after
regeneration from single protoplast-derived callus
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| cm | cm | cm | cm | cm | cm | cm | |
| P1 | 28.2a | 2.5a | 1.4a | 11.0a | 5.8a | 8.3a | 58.5a |
| P2 | 28.9a | 2.9a | 1.5a | 12.0a | 7.5a | 17.3b | 77.1b |
| P3 | 27.3a | 2.8a | 1.5a | 11.4a | 7.3a | 9.6a | 75.0b |
1: Plant height , 2: Length of internode, 3: Stem diameter, 4: Leaflet length, 5: Leaflet width, 6: Dry matter yield, 7: Pollen fertility. Two values with different letters in the same column differ at 5% level after Duncan's multiple range test.
Table 2. Values on six traits of P2 generation in 1992 and 1993
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
| cm | cm | mm | mm | mm | g | |
| 1992 | 28.9+5,4 | 2.9+0.5 | 1.5+0.2 | 12.0+1.3 | 7.5+1.0 | 17.3+5.4 |
| 1993 | 25.1+4.3 | 2.9+0.7 | 1.4+0.3 | 12.3+1.8 | 7.3+1.4 | 7.4+1.8 |
| t-value | 3.03 | 0.31 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.76 | 9.42 |
| 0.001<P<0.01 | n.s | n.s | n.s | n.s | P<0.001 |
1-6 : The same traits as those in Table 1.
REFERENCES
M. Niizeki, R. Ishikawa and K. Saito 1990. Variation in a single protoplast and seedderived population of Lotus corniculatus L. Theor.Appl. Genet.80 : 732736.
M. Niizeki 1993. Chromosomal mutation induced by protoplast culture
in Lotus corniculatus L. Lotus Newsletter 24:44.
O. S. Correa and A.J. Barneix.
Cátedra de Microbiología. Facultad de Agronomía
Buenos Aires. República Argentina
Soil acidity determines a low efficiency of the Rhizobiumlegume
symbiosis and the need to select acidtolerant symbiotic
associations. The degree of pH tolerance depends upon the bacterial
strains and the plant species involved. The bacteria can be more
sensitive to low pH than their legume host, so that their ability
to colonize acid soils is limited by the effects of acidity on
their survival and growth (O'Hare et al, 1994).
The symbiotic association between Lotus tenuis and Rhizobium
loti is successfully used on heavy and alkaline soils and
could be used also under acid conditions. Rhizobium strains
which nodulate Lotus sp. show marked differences in their
response to acidity (Wood et al, 1988) but little is known about
the effect of soil acidity on Lotus tenuis.
Our aim is to determine the response of Lotus tenuis cv Chaja
and several Rhizobium loti strains to acid pH in order
to use them under this conditions.
BACTERIAL STRAINS AND GROWTH MEDIA
Rhizobium loti strains LL22, LL32, LL54, LL55 were provided
by the Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia AgropecuariaINTACastelar,
Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Al was isolated by our laboratory.
Cultures were maintained at 4°C on yeast extract mannitol
agar (YEMA,Vincent 1970) slopes and grown in yeast extract mannitol
broth (YEMB, Vincent 1970) before using. Cultures were inoculated
(ca 105 viable cells/ml) into flasks of YEMB adjusted
to pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 or 7.0 with 0.1 N CIH or NaOH before autoclaving.
Flasks were held at 30°C for 48 hours on a rotary shaker
(150 rpm) and samples were withdrawn aseptically for the determination
of absorbance at 600 nm. Each experiment was performed in triplicate.
GROWTH OF LOTUS TENUIS IN ROOTING SOLUTION WITH N
Seeds of Lotus tenuis cv Chaja were surface sterilized,
washed and germinated on water agar for 2 days at 22°C before
being aseptically transferred to tubes (190 x 19 mm) containing
25 ml of sterile rooting solutions, adjusted to pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0,
6.0 or 7.0. The rooting solution has the following composition:
Solution A: KNO3 0.1 g; MgSO4. 7H2O
0.2g; CaCl2 0.25g; FeEDTA, 10 ml of a solution containing
0.8g disodium ethylenediamine tetra acetate, 3.0 ml of a 10% solution
of FeCl3 and 11 of distilled water; trace elements
(B 0.5mg; Zn 0.05mg; Mo 0.05mg; Cu 0.02mg); deionised water 900ml.
The solution was adjusted to the required pH value with diluted
HCI or NaOH. Solution B: For pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 or 6.0 media 100ml
of a mixture of citric acid 0.1 M and Na2HPO4
0.2M; for pH 7.0 medium 100ml of TrisHC1 0.1M and Na2HPO4
0.2M. The two solutions were sterilized separately by autoclaving
at 121°C for 15 min. and then combined aseptically to set
the required pH.
Seedlings (1 per tube) were supported by a roll of filter paper
and the tubes were closed with cotton wool plugs. The tubes were
maintained in a controlled environment chamber with 25°C,
16 h day and 8 h night. After 50 days the plants were removed
from the rooting solution, dried for 48 h at 80°C and weighed.
Four replicates were included per treatment.
NODULATION AND GROWTH OF LOTUS TENUIS IN N-FREE ROOTING SOLUTION
Nodulation was assayed in the same conditions as described above
except no nitrogen was added to the rooting solution (KCI 0.1
g instead of KNO3) and the seedlings were inoculated
with ca 107 cfu of a single strain that were grown
in YEMB. After 50 days the plants were removed from the rooting
solution, the nodules were counted and then the plants were dried
and weighted. There were four replicates per strain and pH.
Analysis of variance was performed on data.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
All 5 strains tested grew at pH 5 or above (Fig. 1)
No strain grew at pH below 5.
The growth of Lotus tenuis in rooting solution with nitrogen at the different pH values showed no significant differences. This result indicates that Lotus tenuis cv Chaja is very acid tolerant when it grows in rooting solution with mineral nitrogen.
However, when inoculated, Lotus tenuis cv.Chaja in nitrogenfree
rooting solution significant differences (p<0.05) were observed
among the strains at the different pH tested. The plants inoculated
with LL22 showed the highest growth at pH 4.0 and 7.0 (Fig. 2).
The strain LL22 formed a significantly higher number of nodules
(p<0.05) than the other R. loti strains at the lowest
pH value. The nitrogen fixation by Lotus tenuis was strongly
affected by the medium pH, and the pH tolerance was dependent
upon the bacterial strains.
These results indicate that for the R. loti strains tested
in these experiments there is no relation between the ability
to grow in acid medium and to nodulate in a rooting solution at
the same pH value, and the growth in liquid culture is not an
indicator of nodulating ability under acid soil conditions.
REFERENCES
O'Hara G W and Glenn A R (1994). Arch. Microbiol. 161 286292
Vincent J M (1970). A Manual for the Practical Study of RootNodule
Bacteria. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford.
Wood M, Cooper J E and Bjourson A J. (1988). Plant and Soil 107:
227231.
Walter M. Kelman
CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry
CPO, BOX 1660, Canberra, Australia
INTRODUCTION
A plant breeding program based in Canberra is aimed at producing
cultivars of Lotus pedunculatus (Lotus uliginosus)
for meat and dairy production in south eastern Australia. Selection
for low condensed tannins (CT) has been practiced to maintain
bloat protection while improving the protein utilization from
the forage.
Little is known of the genetic control of CT in this species.
A cross was made between parents with contrasting levels of CT
and F1, F2, and reciprocal backcross populations were developed.
The six generations of this cross were used to provide estimates
of the pooled additive and dominance gene effects for CT.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Parental populations: G4703 is a diploid population developed
is New Zealand with relatively low CT content. CPI 67677 is a
diploid from the Algarve region of southern Portugal and has high
CT.
Experiment Layout: Plant were grown in the field in a randomized
block design with 4 replications. In each replication the 6 generations
were present as single-row plots of 4 plants, 0.5m apart and 1.0m
between rows. The experimental unit was a single plant.
Condensed tannins: Two basal shoots were sampled from each plant
at late vegetative/early flowering stage. The shoots were oven
dried at 70°C and grounded through a 0.5 mm sieve. CT were
extracted in 70 % acetone, hydrolyzed in butanol/hydrocloric acid
(95:5 v/v)for 1 hr at 95°C and absorbance measured at 550nm.
Concentrations were expressed as %dry weight.
The genetic effects were estimated by a weighted least square
regression analysis. The suitability of the genetic model was
examined by a chi square test comparing the observed and expected
means for each generation.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The additive/dominance in strong agreement with the generation
means derived from this cross and additive gene effects for CT
were significant (Table 1), indicating that
selection for lower CT should be successful. Dominance gene effects
for CT were also significant in this cross (Table 1)
and the high mean CT content of the F1 and F2 and BC1 populations
suggest the presence of nonadditive effects for high CT
production (Table 2). This information supports
the decision to continue selection for lower CT in additional
cycles of recurrent selection before the progeny testing phase
of the breeding program.
Table 1 Generation mean analysis of condensed tannins in the cross
CPI67677 x G4703.
| Condensed tannins | P(t) | |
| m | 8.244+0.147 | |
| a | 1.087+0.221 | 0.02-0.01 |
| d | 1.625+0.536 | 0.10-0.05 |
| x2(3) | 3.09 | |
| P | 0.30-0.50 |
Table 2 Generation means for condensed tannins in the cross
CPI67677 (P1) x G4703(P2)
| Generation | Observed mean | Expected mean |
| P1 | 8.3183 | 8.5185 |
| P2 | 6.2308 | 6.3433 |
| F1 | 8.1313 | 9.0563 |
| F2 | 8.2591 | 8.2436 |
| BCP1 | 9.0016 | 8.7874 |
| BCP2 | 7.8409 | 7.6998 |
R D Sheldrick, T M Martyn and R H Lavender
BBSRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research
North Wyke Research Station, Okehampton, Devon EX20 2SB, UK.
INTRODUCTION
The reasons for assembling a collection of Lotus species
and cultivars and screening them at North Wyke on an acid (pH
5.4), low phosphorus status (P< 10 mg -1) site have
been described in previous issues of the Lotus Newsletter
(Sheldrick and Martyn, 1991, 1992). In brief, to maintain
agricultural production from marginal grassland areas, it will
be necessary to develop progressively lower input, yet sustainable
grazing systems. On better soil types, white clover based swards
can be used, though not without regular inputs of phosphorus fertilizer
and lime (DANI, 1992). On more acid, low phosphatestatus
soils, Lotus may prove to be a better suited option (Bullard,
1992). Yet agronomic information on such basic matters as appropriate
seedrates and choice of companion grass is lacking for UK
conditions. Recently bred varieties of perennial ryegrass are
too densely tillering to form stable associations with the more
slowly growing Lotus, so an experiment was sown in 1991
to assess four possible alternative companion grasses, for assessment
under cutting. Previous work with lower trefoil but higher grass
seedrates had suggested little effect (Davies, 1969).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
As mentioned in previous articles in this newsletter, North Wyke Research Station is situated in SouthWest England (50° 45' N Lat., 3° 55'W Long.) and has a temperate maritime climate. The altitude is approximately 184m above sea level, with an average annual rainfall of 1035 mm, of which 31% falls MaySeptember. Mean air temperature in January is 4.5°C and in July 15.3°C. The soil type at the experimental site was a poorlydrained, seasonally waterlogged silty clay loam (pelostagnogley). The site had previously been under a grass fey, and soil sampling revealed pH 6.6, phosphorus 13 mg-1and potassium 70 mg -1, no further lime or fertilizer inputs were made.
The experiment was sown in July 1991. The layout comprised three
randomised blocks of plots 1.5 m X 5.0 m, with all factorial combinations
of two Lotus species (L corniculatus cv. Leo and
L. uliginosus cv Maku), four companion grasses (Phleum
pratense cv. S.48, Agrostis capillaris cv. Muster,
Festuca pratensis cv. Senu and Poa pratensis cv. Asset)
and two grass seed rates. The Lotus was sown at 10 kg ha
-1 and the grasses at 2 or 4 kg ha -1, except
for F. pratensis which was sown at 3 or 6 kg ha -1.
The inoculated Lotus seeds were thoroughly mixed with the
appropriate quantity of grass seed, and broadcast on to a harrowed
seedbed and rolled in.
No cuts were taken in 1991, though some hand weeding was carried
out. In 1992 and 1993, three cuts were made each year using a
Haldrup plot harvester (dates of cut in Table 2), set to leave
approximately 10 cm residual stubble. Samples of herbage were
dried at 85°C to determine dry matter (DM) concentration,
and others cold stored for subsequent sorting to determine proportions
of Lotus and grass DM. Lotus material was analysed
for digestibility (predicted from pepsin/cellulase solubility)
and nitrogen content (acid digestion followed by colorimetric
assay).
RESULTS
DM yields for 1992 and 1993 are shown in Table 1,
as the total of the sown species, omitting the weed fraction.
There was no effect of grass seedrate, so this variable
has been omitted from the table. In the first year, cv. Leo significantly
outyielded (P< 0.001) cv. Maku in terms of the Lotus component,
though the situation was reversed in the following year, when
the yield of cv. Leo dropped to only one third of its 1992 value,
but the yield of cv. Maku fell much less. Thus in 1993, though
DM yields of both Lotus species had fallen, cv. Maku significantly
(P<0.001) outyielded cv. Leo. The yield of the grass component
showed the reverse trend, increasing from 1992 to 1993, and compensating
for the fall in Lotus DM yield. Thus while the annual yield
of herbage from the sown species was significantly greater (P<0.001)
for cv. Leo swards than cv. Maku swards in 1992, the 1993 yields
showed no difference.
Table 1. Annual dry matter yields of sown species for 1992 and 1993 (Sown July 1991)
| Comparisons: | ||||||
| L. corniculatus cv. Leo | ||||||
| L. uliginosus cv. Maku | ||||||
| s.e.d. (30 residual df) | ||||||
| Level of significance | ||||||
| Phleum pratense cv. S.48 | ||||||
| Agrostis capillaris cv.Muster | ||||||
| Festuca pratensis cv. Asset | ||||||
| Poa pratensis cv. Asset | ||||||
| s.e.d. (30 residual df) | ||||||
| Level of significance | ||||||
There were no significant interactions between the Lotus spp
and companion grass variables in 1992, though there was in 1993
(P<0.05), due to poor performance of the cv. Leo and P.
pratensis cv. Asset combination in comparison with all others.
Within the companion grass comparison, the highest Lotus component
yield came from mixtures with cv. Asset in both years. However,
cv. Asset gave the lowest sown grass DM yield and total annual
yield of sown species in both years. Lotus mixtures with
cv. Senu showed lower yields of sown grass than either cv. S.48
or cv. Muster in 1992 (P<0.001) but improved markedly in 1993,
so that coupled with fair yields of the Lotus component,
total yields of the sown species were not significantly different
from either cv. S.48 or cv. Muster.
The forage quality data shown in Table 2, confirmed
previous results (Sheldrick and Martyn, 1992) that L. corniculatus
had a higher digestibility then L. uliginosus, but
a lower nitrogen content.
Table 2 Lotus forage quality data at three cuts, 1992 and 1993
| DOMD | Tot N | DOMD | Tot N | DOMD | Tot N | ||
| 1992 | |||||||
| L. corniculatus cv. Leo | |||||||
| L. uliginosus cv. Maku | |||||||
| s.e.d. (30 residual df) | |||||||
| Level of significance | |||||||
| 1993 | |||||||
| L. corniculatus cv. Leo | |||||||
| L. uliginosus cv. Maku | |||||||
| s.e.d. (30 residual df) | |||||||
| Level of significance | |||||||
| DOMD = digestible organic matter as a percentage of total DM | |||||||
| Tot N = total nitrogen content as g/kg of DM | |||||||
In both years there was a trend towards higher forage quality
at the late autumn cut, in respect of both digestibility and nitrogen
content. However, this cut was also the lightest in term of Lotus
yield, so the net effect on annual herbage quality will be
small. The lower digestibility of L uliginosis is to be
expected in any enzymebased assessments, of course, because
of the much higher levels of condensed tannins that this species
contains (Roberts and Beuselinck, 1992).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
As found previously in our screening trial (Sheldrick and Martyn,
1991, 1992), yields of L uliginosus were lower than those
of L corniculatus initially, possibly due to resources
being diverted to stolon development in the former species. The
sharp decline in yield of cv. Leo in 1993 did not appear to be
due to pest or disease attack, and might have resulted from competition
by the increased grass growth supported by the nitrogen fixed
the previous year.
Although the Lotus x companion grass interaction did not
give any clear cut indication of superior combinations, it would
appear that F. pratensis cv. Senu has generally combined
well with both Lotus species, allowing good growth of the
legume component and hence likely to provide sustained high yields
of the mixture.
The experiment has continued during 1994, and some answers to
the questions raised may become apparent when the three years
results are assessed.
FUTURE RESEARCH
It has not yet proven possible to start the grazing experiment
that was mentioned in the 1992 Newsletter (Sheldrick and Martyn,
1992). However, some limited progress may be possible in 1995,
as experience of grazing management for Lotus swards is
totally lacking in the UK. Indeed, it is not known whether grassLotus
associations can survive under meaningful animal stocking
levels. Properly researched guidelines for the management
of Lotus could enable this legume to provide a valuable
alternative to white clover based technology for marginal land
situations.
REFERENCES
Bullard, M.J. (1992) The potential of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus
corniculatus L.) for U.K. agriculture. D.Phil. Thesis,
University of York.
DANI (1992) Clover: a guide for use on the farm. Department
of Agriculture for Northern Ireland. HMSO, 36pp.
Davies, W.E. (1969) The potential of Lotus spp. for hill
land in Wales. Journal of the British Grassland Society, 24,
264 270.
Roberts, C.A. and Beuselinck, P.R. (1992) Condensed tannins in
Lotus Species. Lotus Newsletter, 23, 41.
Sheldrick, R.D. and Martyn, T.M. (1991) Progress with screening
Lotus species and varieties on an acid, lowphosphate soil
type in UK. Lotus Newsletter, 22, 3739.
Sheldrick, R.D. and Martyn, T.M. (1992) Further development with Lotus screening in the UK. Lotus Newsletter, 23, 37-40.
Denise E. Cooke and K. Judith Webb
Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research
Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EB, UK
INTRODUCTION
The gus gene
has been introduced successfully into tobacco, and the extraction,
assay and staining of the GUS enzyme has been optimised for this
plant (Jefferson et al.,
1987). We aim to investigate if the findings of
Jefferson and coworkers are similar for Lotus
corniculatus.
Unlike tobacco, transformed L. corniculatus
roots accumulate phenolic compounds when grown
in culture (Morris & Robbins, 1992). These phenolic compounds
are released when the tissue is homogenised, and are capable of
forming chemical bonds with proteins (Loomis 1974). Hence, these
compounds may interfere with the extraction of GUS from L.
corniculatus root
cultures. Polyvinylpyrrolidone(PVP), or the anionexchanger
Dowex can be used to remove phenolic compounds (Loomis 1974; Robbins
et al. 1991).
Therefore, we aim to assess if these compounds should be included
in the extraction procedure.
Jefferson et al. (1987)
found that there was no intrinsic activity in tobacco which could
interfere with the GUS assay. However, a number of plant species
contain an intrinsic GUSlike activity (Hu et
al. 1990) with an optimum of pH 5 (Alwen et
al., 1990), which may interfere with the assay
of the E. coli GUS.
Therefore, we aim to assess if L. corniculatus
contains a similar activity.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Two lines of L. corniculatus
(bird's foot trefoil) cv Leo (6 and 12) which
expressed the gus gene, and a control L. corniculatus
Alc20.2 which did not contain the gus gene,
were available (Webb et
al. 1994).
Roots were frozen in liquid nitrogen and ground to a fine powder
using a mortar and pestle. Precooled extraction buffer was added
and the mixture was centrifuged to remove the debris. The fluorimetric
GUS assay, and histochemical staining with Xgluc, were performed
according to Jefferson et
al. (1987). E. coli
GUS (Boehringer Mannheim) was used as a positive
control and extraction buffer as a negative control. The strongly
basic anion exchanger Dowex 1 (chloride, Sigma), and polyvinylpyrrolidone
(PVP360, Sigma), were included in the extraction buffer
at 5%(w/v), and SmM saccharolactone (Sigma) was included
in the assay, where indicated.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out with the Genstat
program (Payne et al. 1987).
Scheffe's multiple comparison procedure (the S test) was performed
according to Scheffe (1953).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EXPRESSING GUS ACTIVITY: Jefferson et
al. ( 1987) expressed GUS activity on a protein
or DNA basis. However, we found it impossible to express GUS activity
on a DNA basis because it is very difficult to extract DNA from
L. corniculatus
(Robbins et
al. 1991). When expressing GUS activity on a protein
basis, it is important to determine the protein concentration
within hours of the GUS assay because the protein concentration
in samples stored at 4°C were reduced by 719% overnight
and by 1749% after 3 days. Alternatively, GUS activity can be
expressed on a fresh weight basis.
EFFICIENCY OF EXTRACTION OF GUS FROM ROOT CULTURES: To
investigate if GUS in the root tissue was being completely recovered
in the soluble extract, the GUS activity was measured in the extract,
in four subsequent washes of the debris and in the remaining debris.
The GUS activity in each
Table 1: Extraction of GUS from L. corniculatus roots.
fraction, as a percentage of the total measured activity, is shown
in Table 1. Approximately 98% of the measured GUS activity was
present in the soluble extract, suggesting that the GUS enzyme
is effficiently extracted from root tissue.
THE USE OF DOWEX AND PVP TO PREVENT THE FORMATION OF PHENOLICPROTEIN
COMPLEXES: When Dowex was used in the extraction of GUS from root
cultures, no GUS activity was detected in the supernatant using
the fluorimetric GUS assay. However, the debris stained blue with
Xgluc, indicating that the GUS enzyme had bound to the Dowex.
Furthermore, the addition of Dowex to a commercially available
purified enzyme solution substantially reduced the enzyme activity.
Consequently, the use of Dowex in the extraction protocol is not
recommended.
When PVP was included in the extraction protocol, there was no
significant difference in the GUS activity compared to that measured
in extracts prepared without PVP. This suggests that the phenolics
present in the root tissue did not interfere with the isolation
of GUS. As a result, PVP was not routinely included in the extraction
buffer.
STORAGE OF EXTRACTS: Jefferson et al. (1987) routinely
stored their tobacco leaf extracts at 70°C. However,
when Lotus root extracts were stored at 70°C
there was a 2040% reduction in GUS activity, possibly due
to intrinsic proteases. As a result, root extracts were assayed
for GUS as soon as they were prepared. We suggest that tissue
should be stored at 70°C until it is convenient to
measure the GUS activity.
ENDOGENOUS GUS ACTIVITY: No endogenous GUS activity was found
in L corniculatus root cultures, which did not contain
the gus gene, when analysed at pH 7, or pH 5, or when stained
with Xgluc (see Figure 1).
GUSDEPENDENT FLUORESCENCE: The fluorescence measured in
the GUS assay was shown to be due to the presence of a glucuronidase
activity by including saccharolactone in the assay buffer.
This specific glucuronidase inhibitor reduced the GUS activity
to a very low level. The inhibitor did not completely remove the
GUS activity, probably because of the inhibitor's instability
at pH7.
RECOVERY OF A PURIFIED GUS ENZYME FROM ROOT EXTRACTS: The recovery
of a commercially available purified E. coli GUS
enzyme, included in the extraction buffer when preparing extracts
from root cultures which did not contain the gus gene,
was found to be on average 82% (standard error=5). It has already
been shown that nearly all (98%) of the GUS activity is present
in the extract. Therefore the loss of enzyme must be due to inactivation;
the precise reason for which is not known. One possibility is
that proteases inactivate the enzyme. Including the protease inhibitor
PMSF (25µg/ml) in the extraction buffer did not significantly
affect the GUS activity. Since PMSF can only inhibit serine proteases,
perhaps other proteases are inactivating the GUS enzyme. However,
a percentage recovery of GUS of 82% was satisfactory.
HISTOCHEMICAL STAINING WITH XGLUC: L corniculatus root
cultures typically stained with Xgluc as shown in Figure 1.
The roots showed intense blue colour at the root tips, which faded
along the length of the root, and was often absent in the old
tissue. This staining pattern suggests that there is a high amount
of GUS activity in the root tips, which decreases along the length
of the root towards the old tissue.
(Caption for Fig. 1. - L corniculatus line 6 roots, 3,
6 and 10 days old (from left to right, at the top of the scanned
photograph) stain blue with Xgluc because they are expressing
the gus gene. L corniculatus Alc20.2 roots, 3, 6
and 10 days old (from left to right, at the bottom of the scanned
photograph) do not stain because they do not have the inserted
gus gene.)
To investigate if the staining pattern realistically reflected
the GUS activity, line 6 roots of various ages (7, 14, 21, 30
and 40 days old) were sectioned and the GUS activity was determined
using the fluorimetric GUS assay (see Figure 2,
(A) A schematic diagram of a 40 day old root. (B and C) The GUS
activity in various root sections. Each bar represents the mean
of three roots, which were grown in separate flasks, and the associated
error bars represent the standard error.). There was no significant
difference between the GUS activity measured in the different
regions of the roots and shoots, except for root tissue analysed
on day 7. In this case the GUS activity in the old tissue was
significantly higher than that in the tips.
These findings contradict the histochemical staining results,
possibly because the staining pattern reflects the diffusion into
the root of the substrate, or oxygen (needed for the dimerisation
of the product to form a blue dye). Supporting evidence comes
from the observations that 3 and 6 day old roots stain completely
blue if left for approximately two days, but 14 day old roots
do not stain very well. Therefore, care must be taken when interpreting
the results of histochemical staining particularly because a lack
of staining does not necessarily mean that there is no GUS activity
present. Similarly, Harris et al. (1990) found that although
transgenic maize callus stained nonuniformly, sectors which
did not stain blue contained levels of GUS activity which were
similar to those of blue sectors (determined by the fluorimetric
assay).
CONCLUSIONS
We found that gus can be used successfully as a marker
gene with L corniculatus in a similar manner as described
by Jefferson et al. (1987). Extraction of GUS is efficient
and does not appear to be affected by the presence of phenolic
compounds, and the fluorescence measured is due to the expression
of the E. coli gus gene since no endogenous GUSlike
activity was found in this plant. However, it is recommended that
the assays for GUS activity and protein concentration are performed
as soon as possible after the extracts have been prepared. In
addition, care must be taken when interpreting the results of
Xgluc staining.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research is grantaided
by the BBSRC. This work was supported by a studentship from the
University of Wales, Aberystwyth. We would like to thank F. Potter
and S. Mizen for their assistance.
REFERENCES
Alwen A, Vicente O, HeberleBors E (1990) Use of E. cold GUS as a reporter gene in plants: possible interference of endogenous ßglucuronidases, in Abstracts Vllth International Congress on Plant Tissue and CeR Culture (Nijkamp HJJ, Van der Plas, LHW, Van Aartrijk J, eds.), p46, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Gamborg O L, Miller RA, Ojima K (1968) Nutrient requirements of suspension cultures of soybean root cells. Exp. Cell Res. 50:151-158.
Harris RR, DeRobertis GA, Pierce DA, Moynihan MR, Everett NP (1990) Heterogeneity of Xgluc staining in transgenic maize callus, in Abstracts Vllth International Congress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture (Nijkamp HJJ, Van der Plas LHW, Van Aartrijk J, eds.), p 176, Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Jefferson RA, Kavanagh TA, Bevan MW (1987) GUSfusions: ,ßglucuronidase as a sensitive and versatile gene fusion marker in higher plants. EMBO J. 6: 39013907.
Loomis WD (1974) Overcoming problems of phenolics and quinones in the isolation of plant enzymes and organelles. Methods in Enzymology31: 528544.
Morris P, RobbinsMP (1992) Condensed tannin formation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed root end shoot organ cultures of Lotus corniculatus. J. Exp. Bot. 43: 221232.
Payne RW, Lane PW, Ainsley AK, Bicknell KE, Digby PGN, Harding SA, Leech PK, Simpson HR, Todd AD, Verrier PJ, White RP (1987) Genstat 5 Reference Manual. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Robbins MP, Evans TE, Morris P, Carron TR (1991) Some notes on the extraction of genomic DNA from transgenic Lotus corniculatus. Lotus Newsletter 22: 1821.
Scheffe H (1953) A method for judging all contrasts in the analysis of variance. Biometrika 40: 87104.
Webb KJ, Robbins MP, Mizen S (1994) Expression of GUS in primary transformants and segregation patterns of GUS, T L and TR-DNA in the T1 generation of hairy root transformants of Lotus corniculatus. Transgenic Research 3: 232240.
B. Jorgensen, L. Skøt, and K.J. Webb
Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research
Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EB
Wales, UK
INTRODUCTION
We are evaluating the legume Lotus japonicus as a candidate
for a TDNA insertional mutagenesis programme. The aim of
the programme is to identify genes involved in nodulation and
nitrogen fixation pathways.
During transformation, the TDNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
integrates into the plant genome, often into actively transcribed
genes. The insertion of TDNA with a promoterless GUS construct
into an active gene can then be detected by GUS activity which
can easily be seen with a histochemical reaction giving a blue
colour. The insertion of the TDNA could also give rise to
mutants.
One of the few easily transformed and regenerated legume species
is L. japonicus (Handberg & Stougaard, 1992). L.
japonicus is a small selffertile legume in the family
group of Lotus corniculatus. L. japonicus is diploid with
12 chromosomes and a genome size of 1.1 pg. The species is now
being used in many laboratories in nitrogen fixation related work.
The transformation and regeneration procedure for L. japonicus
results in a high transformation frequency and a high shoot
frequency, both of which will be necessary for a TDNA tagging
programme. One of the few disadvantages of this procedure are
the regular weekly transfers of the explants to fresh medium for
a minimum of 4 months.
This experiment evaluates the effects of alterations in the transfer
interval on the percentage of transformation. Transferring the
explants every two weeks or three weeks instead of every one week,
would make the regeneration and transformation procedure less
intensive. In addition we have studied the effect of extending
the callus induction phase from the normal four weeks to six and
ten weeks on the transformation frequency and, in nontransformed
callus cultures, on shoot regeneration.
EXPERIMENTAL
L. japonicus was transformed with LBA 4404 (pAGUSBin19)
(Topping et al, 1991 ) according to the method published
by Handberg and Stougaard (1992). The nontransformed explants
are placed on callus induction medium containing 2,4D and kinetin
for 4 weeks before transfer to shoot induction medium.
Following cocultivation, the transformed explants are transferred
to callus induction medium for one week, then transferred to callus
induction medium with selection until the callus is 12 mm
in size. The explants are then transferred to shoot induction
medium.
Here, all explants (both transformed and nontransformed)
were transferred to shoot induction media after either four, six
or ten weeks of callus induction. Both the nontransformed
and the transformed explants normally require weekly transfer
to fresh medium. In this experiment the transformed explants were
transferred to fresh medium every one, two or three weeks from
the onset of selection. Between 80100 explants were exposed
to each treatment.
The data are presented as the percentage of explants transformed
(measured as surviving callus after selection). The shoot regeneration
data in the nontransformed explants are shown as the number
of weeks before the appearance of the first callus with shoots
and the percentage of callus with shoots.
RESULTS
THE EFFECT OF INCREASED TIME BETWEEN TRANSFERS ON
THE PERCENTAGE OF EXPLANTS TRANSFORMED: The time interval
between the transfers to fresh medium was an important factor
for the percentage of explants transformed, as can be seen in
figure 1. The percentage of transformation declined when transfer
intervals were longer than one week. The percentage of explants
transformed are 6070% for transfers every week, 5060%
for transfers every two weeks, and 4050% for transfers every
three weeks. However, the timing of transfer of the explants from
callus induction medium to shoot induction medium did not have
any influence on the percentage of transformation. Approximately
the same percentage of transformation was obtained regardless
of whether the callus cultures were transferred to shoot induction
medium after four, six, or ten weeks on callus induction medium.
The data (Fig 1 ; Effect of transfer
interval on the percentage of explants transformed.) are representative
of this, shown here with a callus induction phase of four weeks.
THE EFFECT OF A LONGER CALLUS INDUCTION PHASE ON
SHOOT REGENERATION: No effect could be detected on the
percentage of explants transformed with different lengths of time
on callus induction medium before transfer to shoot induction
medium. By contrast, an effect could be observed on the number
of weeks before the appearance of the first callus with shoots
and the percentage of callus with shoots (Table 1).
The first callus with shoots was observed after 13 weeks on explants
exposed to four weeks callus induction medium. For explants exposed
to six weeks or ten weeks on callus induction medium the first
callus with shoots was observed after 28 and 34 weeks, respectively.
The percentage of callus with shoots for explants exposed to four
weeks callus induction medium was 82%. Whereas, the percentage
of callus with shoots was 6% and 1% after the same period for
explants exposed to six and ten weeks on callus induction medium
respectively.
Explants transferred to shoot induction medium after six or ten weeks might have resulted in a similar percentage of callus with shoots to those observed in explants transferred to shoot induction after four weeks, but the experiment was not carried on further than 35 weeks.
Table 1: The effect of a longer callus induction
phase on shoot regeneration
| Transfer to SI after 4 weeks | ||
| Transfer to SI after 6weeks | ||
| Transfer to SI after 10 weeks |
Sl: Shoot Induction medium
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The percentage of explants which were transformed, declined with
an increase in the time interval between transfers to fresh medium.
One reason could be that the explants of L. japonicus require
a very high level of cell division to give a high transformation
frequency. Although, 2,4D, which is a very potent inducer of callus,
is used during the callus induction phase, weekly transfers are
also required to give the necessary high levels of cell division.
This correlates with our unpublished observations that transformation
failed when 2,4D was replaced by NAA in the medium. Similar results
have been shown with other legumes, in which the presence of auxin
was shown to be necessary for transformation (De Kathen &
Jacobsen, 1994).
This experiment showed that a few weeks' delay in transfer to
shoot induction medium causes an even longer delay before the
appearance of the first callus with shoots and probably also reduces
the percentage of callus with shoots. Optimal production of shoots
in this system is only achieved when the tissue is transferred
at the right developmental stage. In transformed explants, this
implies that the timing of transfer is critical. One possible
explanation is that after a longer callus induction phase the
tissue would contain a high concentration of 2,4D. It would then
take a longer time for the plant hormone level to decrease sufficiently
to allow shoot development as 2,4D is not readily degraded by
the plant tissue.
We have shown that the transformation system for L. japonicus
is not very flexible when it comes to changing the regular
weekly transfers, but the transformation frequency is not affected
by the timing of the transfer of the explants to shoot induction
medium. Increasing the length of the callus induction phase did
influence both the timing of the appearance of the shoots and
the percentage of callus with shoots in the nontransformed
explants and a similar effect is expected for the transformed
explants. Therefore, to achieve the optimal shoot regeneration
the callus induction phase should be kept to a minimum.
REFERENCES
Andre De Kathen & HansJorg Jacobsen, 1994, Vlilth International Congress of Plant Tissue and Tissue and Cell Culture, S7104.
Kurt Handberg & Jens Staugaard, 1992, The Piant Journal 2(4), 487496.
Jennifer F Topping, Wenbin Wei & Keith Lindsey, 1 991, Development 1 12, 10091019.
K Judith Webb, Sue Mizen and Denise E Cooke
Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research
Aberystwyth, Dyfed SY23 3EB, UK
SUMMARY
During the six years of this study, GUS activity was more stable
in hairy root cultures than in either shoot cultures or plants
established in soil. The expression of the transgene in both shoot
cultures and the resulting whole plants was variable, particularly
in line 12, which contained multiple doses of the transgene.
INTRODUCTION
Lotus corniculatus is readily transformable with Agrobacterium
rhizogenes and has been used to investigate transformation
strategies in legumes. For example, both hairy root cultures and
regenerated transformed plants have been used to study primary
(Force et al., 1989) and secondary metabolism (Carron et
al., 1994) and activity of nodule specific genes (Jensen
et al., 1986). Longterm studies such as these highlight
the importance of the stability of expression of introduced genes
in hairy root cultures and their regenerants over an extended
period of time.
Two hairy root lines, 6 and 12, of L. corniculatus were
initiated in October 1988 and used to investigate the expression
of a tranegene throughout the transformed plants and in their
progeny (Webb et al., 1994). The easily identifiable reporter
gene uid, which encodes ß-glucuronidase (GUS),
was chosen for these studies. In addition, the stability of GUS
expression was studied in the root cultures themselves under a
range of conditions likely to be encountered in experiments (Cooke
and Webb, submitted). Here, we describe GUS activity in these
two root culture lines over a period of 6 years and in two sets
of transgenic plants regenerated during this growth period.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The production and maintenance of the two root lines, shoots and
plants and their genetical, biochemical and molecular analyses
are described elsewhere (Webb et al ., 1994). These studies
showed that line 6 had one dose of the uid gene while line
12 had two or more independently segregating doses of the gene.
Both lines 6 and 12 contained multiple copies of the bacterial
TLDNA, while only line 6 was TR positive.
Data from enzymatic assays of GUS activity in lines 6 and 12 from
controls of four separate experiments, performed 3, 17, 32 and
55 months after culture initiation, are presented here. Root cultures
were grown in liquid culture (Webb et al., 1994) and harvested
710 days after subculture. The data are averages of at least
three replicate samples.
Stock cultures of hairy roots were routinely stored on agar plates
at 24°C in the dark, with regular subculture every
6 months. These cultures were maintained at 25°C in the dark
prior to establishing root cultures in liquid at 25°C at
10 µmoles m-2sec-1.ubcultured every
two weeks for experimental work. By contrast, shoots were excised
from 'old' root cultures maintained in the same liquid medium
for about 2 months. These shoots were maintained on semisolid
medium in tubes (Webb et al., 1994) at 20°C at 100 µmoles
m-2sec-1 subcultured every 4 months.
Shoots and plants were regenerated and established from both lines
of hairy roots grown in liquid at two different time intervals:
6 and 30 months (sets 1 and 2 respectively). The information presented
here is from plants in set 2; plants from set 1 were analysed
for GUS activity 14 months after initiation of the root cultures
(Webb et al., 1994). Shoots and plants in set 2 were excised from
hairy roots after 30 months and maintained as shoot cultures until
55 months. GUS activities were measured in: 1) leaves of different
ages in 6 or 7 separate shoot cultures and 2) leaves and roots
of surviving shoots after transfer to soil.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
GUS activity was detected in hairy root culture lines 6 and 12
over the entire growth period of 55 months (Fig. 1;
GUS activity in L. corniculatus hairy root lines 6 and
12 over 55 months). The greater GUS activity seen at 17 months
was probably due to differences in the sampling procedure. GUS
activity of control tissues was 0.063 µmoles MU µg protein-1
min.-1 GUS activity in line 6 was consistently lower
than that in line 12. This reflects the finding that GUS activity
in a variety of tissues, including roots, nodules, stems, leaves
and flowers, of the primary transformants (set 1) was lower in
line 6 than in 12 (Webb et al., 1994).
Shoot cultures of line 12 were routinely used as GUS positive controls in other transformation experiments. Loss of this activity was noted 50 months from initiation of the hairy root cultures Therefore, GUS activity in different tissues of lines 6 and 12 was measured. The results are summarised in Table 1. 29
Table 1: Summary of GUS activity in separate root and shoot cultures
of L . corniculatus after 55 month from initiation of hairy
root lines 6 and 12.
| Culture | Line 6 | Line 12 |
| Root cultures * | 6/6 (100%) | 6/6 (100%) |
| Shoot cultures ** | 5/6 (83%) | 1/7 (14%) |
| Plants in soil shoots | 4/4 (100%) | 0/5 (0%) |
| 0/4 (0%) | 0/5 (0%) |
* see Figure 1 for actual GUS activity
** shoots and plants from set 2
Key: 1 see Figure 1 for actual GUS activity
2 shoots and plants from set 2
All root cultures of both lines 6 and 12 were GUS positive and
were still positive 6 years (November 1994) after initiation.
Storage of the root cultures in the cold may have helped preserve
GUS activity in these lines.
In line 6, most of the shoot cultures were GUS positive, as were
the shoots of the four established transgenic plants; only the
roots and nodules of these plants were GUS negative. By contrast,
only 14% of the shoot cultures of line 12 expressed GUS. Neither
the shoot nor root system of any of the five plants of this line
had significant levels of GUS activity. Thus, plants established
in soil reflected GUS activity in the original shoot cultures.
The failure to detect GUS activity in the roots of plants of line
6 and a complete loss of expression in line 12 suggests that differentiation
of shoots and rooting of plants influenced expression of the transgene
in these two lines.
Various factors are known to affect transgene expression in primary
transformants, including site of insertion, copy number of the
transpene and methylation. One possibility is that these differentiated
tissues were more susceptible to methylation than their hairy
root counterparts.
REFERENCES
Carron, T. R., Robbins, M. P., Morris, P. (1994) Genetic modification
of condensed tannin biosynthesis in Lotus corniculatus. Heterologous
antisense dihydroflavonol reductase downregulates tannin
accumulation in 'hairy root' cultures. Theoretical Applied Genetics
87 10061015.
Cooke DE & KJ Webb (submitted) The stability of CaMV 35Sgus
gene expression in hairy root cultures of Lotus corniculatus
L. under different environmental regimes. Plant Cell, Tissue
and Organ Culture.
Forde, B.G., Day, H.M., Turton, J.F., Wenjun, S., Cullimore, J.V.
& Oliver, J.E. (1989) Two glutamine synthetase genes from
Phaseolus vulgaris L. display contrasting developmental
and spatial patterns of expression in transgenic Lotus corniculatus
plants. The Plant Cell 1 391401.
Jensen J.S., Marcker, K.A., Otten, L. & Schell, J. (1986)
Nodulespecific expression of a chimaeric soybean leghaemoglobin
gene in transgenic Lotus corniculatus. Nature 321 669674.
Webb KJ, MP Robbins & S Mizen (1994) Expression of GUS in primary transformants and segregation patterns of GUS, T, and TMDNA in the T, generation of hairy root transformants of Lotus corniculatus. Transgenic Research 3 232240.
F. Olmos
INIA Tacuarembo
The more important legumes in the northeast region of Uruguay are Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens (Allegri and Formoso, 1980; Olmos, 1991). When the soil is cultivated both produce 610 tons of dry matter/ha/year, but with a different seasonal pattern (Table 1) (Formoso and Allegri, 1983).
Table 1 - Seasonal dry matter production (%) of Lotus corniculatus
and Trifolium repens.
| Autumn | Winter | Spring | Summer | |
| T. repens | 22 | 23 | 52 | 3 |
| Lotus | 24 | 10 | 44 | 22 |
The rate of phosphate applied annually determines which of them
dominates in a pasture, when they have been sown together; the
higher rates give Trifolium repens pastures, while with
lower rates, white clover is lost and Lotus is still present
(Moron et al., 1982).
Besides this, climate factors affect the proportion of Lotus and T. repens on mixed pastures (Table 2). Dry summers increase the Lotus content in the next season, while the reverse is true if the precipitation matches the evaporation rate (Olmos, 1994).
Table 2 - Botanical composition of mixed pastures (%) in Spring
and Autumn-Winter.
In extensive grazing areas animal performance is limited by the
quantity and quality of the forage consumed, which is about 70
% of C4 grasses (Olmos and Godron, 1990).
Owing to economics and conservation factors Lotus and T.
repens have been introduced in the natural grasslands by oversowing.
The methodology works well for Lotus, but it fails many
times when used with T. repens.
In 1992 we started a set of experiments to assess the more important
variables (rate and time of sowing, sources and rate of phosphate
fertilizer) affecting Lotus establishment, productivity
and persistence with this method.
The quantity of phosphate applied was the most important variable, increasing LAI, forage quality, seed production and recruitment of new plants in the following season.
A simple matrix model was developed to study populations dynamics,
and showed that the persistence of the improved pasture relies
more on the recruitment of new individuals each year than on the
individual plant longevity.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allegri M., and F. Formoso. 1980 - Forage legumes in the northeast
region. CIAAB North Exp. Sta. Misc. 21.
Formoso F., and M. Allegri. 1983 - Forage production in Caraguata.
In: 1st. Regional Meeting on
Agric. Systems. CIAAB North Exp. Sta.
Moron et al. 1982 - Forage production with different phosphate
sources in a basaltic soil. In: Phosphate
sources for pastures. CIAAB Estanzuela Exp.Sta. Misc. no. 42.
Olmos F. 1991 - Cultivated pastures for the northeast region.
INIA Tech. Ser. no. 20.
Olmos F. 1994 - The effect of water deficits on the botanical
composition of cultivated pastures. INIA (in press).
Olmos F., and M. Godron. 1990 - Phytoecological survey in the northeast region. In: 2nd. National Meeting on Grasslands. Ed. Hem. Sur.
Lernmi G. and Negri V.
Istituto di Miglioramento Genetico Vegetale
Facoltk di Agraria, Universitk degli Studi
Borgo XX Giugno 74, 06100 Perugia (Italy).
INTRODUCTION
Lotus tenuis (2n=2x=12) can be crossed to L. corniculatus
(2n=2x=24) in seminatural conditions; the cross results in
a high fertile, tetraploid progeny morphologically resembling
birdsfoot trefoil. This suggests that the former species should
have contributed to the L. corniculatus gene pool through
unreduced (2n) gametes (Negri and Veronesi, 1989). Screening the
frequency of big pollen production in twelve natural populations
of L. tenuis (Negri, 1992), several 2n gamete producing
genotypes were found (Table 1). Crosses among 2x (L. tenuis)
x 4x (L. corniculatus) detected a 2n female gamete
producer (1770/16).
Table 1: Interesting populations, frequency of plants producing
more than 1% of big pollen in initial population, plants showing
the highest percentage of big pollen and their percentage of big
pollen production.
| Abbadia S Salvatore | |||
| Roseto degli Abruzzi | |||
| Ferro Monte Urano | |||
| Ancona | |||
| Monte Franco | |||
CYTOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Cytological analysis revealed that different mechanisms are involved
in big pollen production. In two mutants (1321/8 and 1321/46)
parallel and bipolar spindles in metaphases II were observed.
As a consequence of parallel spindles, at the end of telophases
II, being the four sets of chromosomes localized in one plane,
dyads of 2n microspores were obtained. As for bipolar spindles,
after telophase II, two cleavage furrows was formed and a triad
of two n and one 2n microspores were obtained (Negri et al., 1994).
USE OF L. TENUIS MUTANTS IN TRASFERRING USEFUL CHARACTER
TO L. CORNICULATUS.
Since both the above mentioned mechanisms produce first division
restitution (FDR) type microspores, the examined genotypes are
presently used in transferring powdery mildew resistance and ability
to vegetate during the winter from L. tenuis to L. corniculatus.
In a first experiment 23 plants of the 1321/8 genotype and
9 plants of the 1321/46 genotype were planted under two isolation
cages with honey bees with a male sterile clone of L. corniculatus
(1766/81) for interspecific crosses. Seeds from the male sterile
plants were harvested separately; 9 mature tetraploids plants
(2 from 1766/81 x 1321/8 and 7 from 1766/81 x 1321/46), morphologically
resembling L. corniculatus, were obtained and cloned; parent
plants were also cloned. For powdery mildew resistance evaluation,
each plant within a clone was scored from 1=maximum resistance
to 9=minimum resistance (susceptibility) on August 8th, 1994 following
artificial inoculation as described in Veronesi et al. (1986).
For winter growth evaluation, plants were scored from 1=minimum
to 9=maximum growth on February the 2nd, 1994. Clonal evaluation
showed that only progenies from 1766/81 x 1321/46 have intermediate
characters (Table 2); among them two genotypes showed high resistance
to powdery mildew infection (x= 2.2 and 1.8, respectively) and
good winter growth (x= 6.1 and 7.3, respectively).
Table 2: Average values relative to clonal evaluation, of powdery mildew susceptibility
( 1= minimum, 9= maximum, August, 1994) and winter growth ( 1=
minimum, 9= maximum, February, 1994) in L. corniculatus female
parent, L. tenuis pollen parents and their progenies, ( in brackets
the number of clones evaluated)
| 1766/81x | ||||||
| 1321/8 (2) | ||||||
| Powdery mildew susceptibility | ||||||
| Winter growth | ||||||
SELECTION FOR INCREASING 2N GAMETE PRODUCTION
Pair hand crosses under isolation cages among nine 2n gamete producing
genotypes were conducted in 1993, in order to increase frequency
of 2n gametes production. We were not able to obtain an experimental
population with increased frequency of 2n gamete producing genotypes
since only 7 plants on 361 observed (2%), resulting from the crosses
1321/823 x 1321/828, 1321/828 x 1321/844
and 1170/73 x 1770/16, produced big pollen; but it is interesting
to note that these plants produced a much higher percentage of
big pollen (over 75%) than their parents (Table 1). Besides, 7
plants were found to be male sterile probably as a consequence
of accumulation of different mutations at different steps of the
meiotic process. Cytological analysis of mutants found is in progress.
Detection of 2n gametes producers might be influenced by variable
expressivity in relation to environment. Some clones of 2n pollen
producers are actually growing under two controlled environments
(20 hrs photoperiod and 20°C and 30°C, respectively),
to verify the effect of temperature on 2n gamete production.
REFERENCES
Negri, V., 1992: Frequency of big pollen occurrence in natural
populations of Lotus tenuis Wald. et Kit. In Mariani,
A. and S. Tavoletti (Eds), Proceedings of the Workshop: "Gametes
with somatic number in the evolution and breeding of polyploid
polysomic species: achievements and perspectives". Perugia
(Italy) 910 April 1992. pp.Sl54.
Negri, V. and F. Veronesi, 1989: Evidence for the existence of
2n gametes in Lotus tenuis Wald. et Kit. (2n=2x=12): their
relevance in evolution and breeding of Lotus corniculatus L.
(2n=4x=24) Theor. Appl. Genet. 78, 400404.
Negri, V., Lorenzetti, S. and G. Lemmi, 1994: Identification and
cytological analysis of 2n pollen producers in Lotus tenuis
Wald. et Kit. Plant Breeding. In press.
Veronesi, F., Negri, V. and A. Zazzerini (1986): Powdery mildew resistance in birdsfoot trefoil germplasm. Genetica Agraria 40: 387396.
Vignolio, O. R., N. O. Maceira and O.N. Fernandez
Ecologia, Unidad Integrada Balcarce FCAUNMdP/EEA INTA.
Balcarce, Argentina.
ABSTRACT
EFFECTS OF WATERLOGGING IN WINTER AND SUMMER ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF LOTUS TENUIS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS.
Tolerance to winter and summer waterlogging was experimentally
studied in Lotus tenuis and Lotus corniculatus. Both
legumes constitute an important forage resource in the Flooding
Pampa (Buenos Aires, Argentina), where L. tenuis occupies
environments more exposed to flooding than L. corniculatus.
Plants were cultivated individually in pots, which were kept
outdoors. Flooded plants were kept with a constant 3 cm water
level above the soil surface, while controls were periodically
watered. Plants were kept flooded until 75% of clorosis appeared
on either species (42 days in the winter treatment and 17 days
in the summer treatment. The winter treatment caused a decrease
in the aerial growth, leaf senescence, partial root decomposition
and the formation of shoot hypertrophies, but no mortality. L.
corniculatus was the most negatively affected species. Shoot
hypertrophies were more abundant in L. tenuis. Weight recuperation
after the winter waterlogging period was more rapid in L. tenuis
than in L. corniculatus. The summer treatment caused high
shoot senescence in both species and no hypertrophy formation.
After the waterlogging period, 50% of L. tenuis and 100%
of L. corniculatus plants died. Regrowth of surviving L.
tenuis plants was slow. The higher tolerance of L. tenuis
to waterlogging agrees with the habitat segregation of both
species, which has been in field studies.
Published: Ecologia Austral, 1994, 4: 1928.
A. D. Bavage and M. P.Robbins .
Cell Manipulation Group
Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research
Aberystwyth Research Center, Plas Gogerddan
Aberystwyth, Dyfed, U.K.
One aim of this group is to manipulate tannin biosynthesis in
forage legumes, by the use of molecular genetic techniques. A
key step in the biosynthetic pathway culminating in the production
of condensed tannin, is the reduction of dihydroquercetin and
dihydromyricetin by dihydroflavanol4reductase (DFR).
Using Agrobacterium rhizogenes mediated transformation
it has been possible to introduce antisense DFRgene constructs
into L. corniculatus (Carron, Robbins and Morris 1994).
Whilst it has been possible to monitor the expression of the introduced
heterologous antisense gene, analysis of the expression of the
native gene has proved difficult.
We report the use of the polymerase chain reaction to amplify
a fragment from genomic L. corniculatus DNA which corresponds
to part of a native DFR gene.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Genomic DNA from L. corniculatus lines S33 and S50 (Carron,
Robbins and Morris 1994) was isolated as described by Robbins
et al., 1991.
Degenerate primers for PCR were designed based on the known sequences of DFR protein from Antirrhinum majus, Petunia hybrida and Gerbera hybrida. The 5' primer was a modification of that used by Helariutta et al., (1993) and comprised: AGAATGAAGT(G/T/A)AT(A/C/T)AA(A/G)CC (Primer 1).
Two 3' Primers were employed whose sequences were:
GGGTCGAC(A/G)CA(G/A/T/C)A(A/G)(A/G)TC(A/G)TC(G/A/T/C)A(A/G)(A/G)TG or
GGGTCTACCAT(A/G)TC(C/T)TC(G/A/T/C)A(A/G)(G/A/T/C)GT(A/T)TA
(Primers 2 & 3).The latter being located nearest to the 3' end of the gene.
Conditions for PCR product generation were optimized using a Petunia hybrida DFR cDNA clone (Clone pTIP1 supplied by J.Kooter).
Each reaction contained in a volume of 50µ1:
5µ1 100mM TrisHC1 pH8.5
5µ1 500mM KC1
5µ1 lmg/ml Gelatin
2µ1 50mM MgCl2
1µ1 10mM deoxynucleotides
0.5µ1 15µM Primer 1
0.5µ1 15µM Primer 2 or 3
0.2µ1 AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (1 unit)
10µl Target DNA: 1050ng Plasmid DNA or
100300ng Lotus genomic DNA.
Reactions were run in 0.5ml microcentrifuge tubes with the reaction mixture overlaid with 50~1 liquid paraffin. DNA was always made up in sterile distilled water. Liquid transfers were carried out using Aerosol Resistant Tips. All manipulations were conducted in a clean class 2 flow cabinet to reduce the risk of contamination from outside sources.
The following cycling conditions were used on a PerkinElmer 480 thermal cycler:
Hot start denaturation of: 94°C 3 minutes, 35 cycles of: 94°C 30 seconds, 55°c 1 minute, 72°C 2 minutes. Final extension of: 72°C 10 minutes. A 25,µl aliquot was taken from each reaction and run on a 0.5% agarose gel and visualized with ethidium bromide. When a product was detected a 1µ1 aliquot of the reaction mixture was used as a target for a second round of amplification using both primer 1/2 and primer 1/3 combinations. After photography gels were blotted onto HybondN membrane (Amersham) and then probed with an Antirrhinum majus DFR cDNA clone (Clone pJAM212Cathie Martin).
PCR products were cloned as follows:
A 25µ1 aliquot (l00ng1,µg product)from the reaction
mixture was precipitated by adding 0.1 volumes 3M sodium acetate
pH 5.2, 2 volumes ethanol and incubating on ice for 1 hour. The
DNA was precipitated by centrifugation 12000g for 15 min in a
microfuge. The supernatant was removed and the pellet washed with
200µl 70% ethanol (precooled 20°C). After
centrifugation for 5 minutes the pellet was air dried until all
traces of ethanol had evaporated. The pellet was resuspended in
50µ1 lx onephorall buffer plus (Pharmacia). The
ends of the fragments were blunted by the addition of l0µl
dNTP solution (2mM dATP, 2mM dCTP, 2mM dGTP, 2mM dTTP, Pharmacia)
and 2µl (2 units) T4 DNA polymerase (BoehringerMannheim).
The reagents were gently mixed and incubated at 12°C for
30 minutes.
An aliquot of 100500ng blunt ended PCR product was mixed
with 200ng Sma1 digested pUC18 and ethano1 precipitated
as described above. The pelleted DNA was resuspended in 7.0µl
water, 1µl l0x T4 DNA ligase buffer and 2µl (2 units)
T4 DNA ligase (GibcoBRL) and incubated 12°C overnight.
Half of the ligation mixture was used to transform CaCl2
competent E. coli strain DH5.
RESULTS
Using primers 1 and 2 a fragment of approximately 750bp was amplified
from both S33 and S50 genomic DNAs. With primers 1 and 3 a fragment
of approximately 1.5kb was generated (Fig).
Both of these fragments were around the predicted size for DFR
gene products assuming that the introns in the L. corniculatus
gene were similar to those of the published Antirrhinum
majus and Arabidopsis thaliana sequences.
When the large fragment from primers 1 and 3 was used as a template
for reamplification with primers 1 and 2 a 750 bp fragment
was produced. The 750bp fragment produced in both primary and
reamplification reactions crosshybridized with the
A. majus DFR probe (Fig).
The 750bp fragment from S50 was cloned into pUC18. Sequence analysis
revealed homologies between 71.6% and 68.3% over a 110bp overlap
with the A. majus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Hordeum vulgare, Petunia
hybrida, Vitis vinifera and Zea mays DFR PNA sequences
in the Genembl database.
DISCUSSION
Amplifications using degenerate primers for DFR initially produced
a series of fragments from L. corniculatus genomic DNA
(data not shown). After optimization of the reaction conditions
a single product was obtained with each pair of primers. This
product was isolated and shows homology to a DFR gene from A.
majus both by cross hybridization and sequence analysis. To
the authors knowledge this is the first tannin biosynthesis gene
fragment to be cloned from a Lotus species. The isolation of this
fragment should enable the entire gene to be isolated more easily.
The partial DFR gene clone will be useful in investigating the
expression of the native gene in L. corniculatus, both
in wildtype lines and transgenic lines harboring heterologous
DFR gene constructs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to Andrew Bettany and Kathryn Bradley for helpful advice
on PCR. To Tom Carron who designed primers 2 and 3. To Steven
Colliver who isolated the genomic DNA from L .corniculatus
and Mark Coleman at the University of East Anglia for the
PCR product cloning method.
REFERENCES
Carron.T.R.,M.P.Robbins and P.Morris. Genetic modification of
condensed tannin biosynthesis in Lotus corniculatus.1.
Heterologous antisense dihydroflavonol reductase downregulates
tannin accumulation in hairy root cultures. Theor.App.Genet. (1994)
87 p:10061015.
Helariutta.Y.,P.Elomaa,M.Kotilainen,P.Seppanen and T.H.Teeri.
Cloning of cDNA coding for dihydroflavonol4reductase
(DFR) and characterization of DFR expression in the corollas
of Gerbera hybrida var. Regina (Compositae). Plant Mol.
Biol. (1993) 22 p:183193.
Figure:
Analysis of PCR amplification products from Lotus corniculatus genomic DNA.
PCR products obtained from target DNAs: No target DNA, 2 P. hybrida DFR cDNA clone, 3 H. vulgare DFR cDNA clone, 4 L. corniculatus line S33 genomic DNA, 5 L. corniculatus line S50 genomic DNA, 6 product from primers 1&2 x 4, 7 product from primers 1&2 x 5, 8 product from primers 1&3 x 4, 9 product from primers 1&3 x 5.
M 100bp size marker ladder.
Cristina D. Strittmatter1; Rafael A. Ricco2
Mariana Kade1; Marcelo L. Wagner2; Alberto
A. Gurni2
1Centro de Ecofisiologia Vegetal., Buenos Aires, Argentina
2Catedra de Farmacobotanica. Fac. de Farmacia y Bioquimica.
UBA. Buenos Aires. Argentina
INTRODUCTION
Condensed tannins (flavolans) are the fourth most abundant plant constituent (Muthukumar et al., 1985). The aim of this study was to describe condensed tannins (CT) in Lotus tenuis, a nonbloating pasture legume naturalized in Argentina's most important region for calves production (Flooding Pampa).
Porter (1988) has reported the presence of proanthocyanidins (procyanidin and prodelphinidin) in the roots of the mentioned species. Estrella and Ugalde (1993) have not detected any anthocyanidins in the leaves of L. tenuis from the same geographic area where grew the exemplars analysed in the present study.
Fresh roots, stems and leaves were analysed to determine
whether or not CT were present, and their location in the different
plant tissues.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Seeds of L. tenuis from the Flooding Pampa were germinated in the greenhouse. Plants were collected when buds were produced.
The samples for histological observations were obtained by cutting fresh leaves, stems and roots into thin transversal sections. The roots were cut at different levels, including the nodules.
The reaction with vanillinHCl was performed on all the slices, before the observation under microscope at l0X and 40X.
Characteristically, a cherry red colour is produced in presence
of proanthocyanidins after treatment with the mentioned reactive
(Sarkar and Howarth, 1976).
RESULTS
Distribution of condensed tannins in Lotus tenuis
| Leaves | ||
| Stems (Fig.1) | Pith: few isolated | |
| tanniniferous cells. (Fig.2). | ||
| Roots (Fig.3) | Cortex: few isolated | |
| tanniniferous cells. | ||
| Roots at nodule level | ||
| -Nodules (Fig. 4) | Cortex: external periferical zone | |
| forming a continuous band | ||
| Pith : diffuse reaction. | ||
| Roots (Fig.5) | Cortex: high concentration in | |
| the whole zone. |
- : no detected; (+) :traces; = : presence; ++ : abundance
CONCLUSION
The biological role of CT in the roots seems to be related to nodulation (Estrella and Ugalde, 1993). The slices of roots at the same level than the nodules show an intensive reaction with vanillinHCI, which indicates a possible response of the roots to the infection with Rhizobium loti present in the nodules.
The concentration of CT in roots and stems of L. tenuis is
very low as to be detected by means of the usually employed
phytochemical procedures, but the species is capable of synthetising
them. The virtual lack of CT in L. tenuis provides a mean
in order to distinguish the species from others which produce
these compounds in higher concentrations (Estrella and Ugalde,
1993). From this point of view, the CT could be employed as systematic
markers within the genus.
REFERENCES
Estrella, J.M. and Ugalde, R.A. (1993). Analisis de los flavolanos
en especies del genero Lotus y su efecto sobre el crecimiento
in vitro de Rhiizobium loti. Actas XX Reunion Argentina
de Fisiologia Vegetal. pp. 326327.
Porter, LJ. (1988). Flavans and Proanthocyanidins. In Harborne,
J.B. The Flavonoids. Advances in Research Since 1980. Chapman
and Hall Ltd. London New York pp. 2162.
Muthukumar, G., Sivaramakrishnan, R. and Mahadevan, A. (1985).
Effect of tannins on plants and their productivity. Proc. Indian
Natl. Sci. Acad. Part B Biol. Sci. 51 (2): 270281.
Sarkar, S.K. and Howarth, R.E. (1976). Specificity of the vanillin test for flavanols. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24 (2) : 317320.
D. R. Viands1, N. J. Ehlke2, Y. A. Papadopoulos3,
and R. R. Smith4
1Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY
2Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
3Agriculture Canada, Nappan, Nova Scotia
4U.S. Dairy Forage Research Lab., Madison, WI.
During the 1993 technical committee meeting of the NE144
Regional Cooperative Research Project, "Forage Crop Breeding
to Improve Yield and Stability", breeders indicated that
specific pathogens recently were identified in different areas
of North America that reduce productivity and stand life of birdsfoot
trefoil. Because of limited resources for breeding birdsfoot trefoil,
each breeder is not able to embark on a new breeding program for
every disease resistance. Therefore, plans were developed this
past year to cooperate in breeding birdsfoot trefoil with multiple
disease resistance.
The table below lists the cooperators and the pathogen(s) isolated
from each location. Because of apparent plant genotype X Fusarium
oxysporum isolate interaction for disease severity, the isolates
from NY and WI will be treated separately in the selection programs.
| Location | Breeder | Pathologist | Pathogens |
| Minnesota | N.J.Ehlke | S. Samac | Fusarium acuminatum, F. equisiti |
| Wisconsin | R.R. Smith | C. R. Grau | F. oxysporum |
| New York | D.R. Viands | G.C. Bergstorm | F. oxysporum |
| Nova Scotia | Y.A. Papadopoulos | J. Kimpinski | Pratylenchus penetrans |
Each cooperator will conduct recurrent phenotypic selection for resistance to the disease identified at his/her location. Selection will be done within a source population from each of the other cooperators as well as his/her own. Source populations will be kept separate until three to four cycles of recurrent selection are complete. At the completion of selection, the following is proposed:
1. Determine progress from selection for resistance to each of the diseases.
2. Evaluate the impact resistance makes on productivity and persistence at various field locations.
3. Return selected subpopulations to the breeder from which they
were derived. Each breeder has the option of pooling subpopulations
derived from his/her own source population. Pooling subpopulations
probably will result in a population with moderate levels of resistance
to all these diseases. If desired, further selection may increase
the level of resistance.
We hope this research will result in birdsfoot trefoil germplasm with resistance to many of the major diseases that limit production within northern USA and Canada. This cooperative effort is necessary where breeders are able to devote only a small proportion of their total effort on this crop. Collectively, significant impact is anticipated in developing birdsfoot trefoil that will maintain broad adaptation.
W. F. Grant1 and I. Altosaar2
1Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill
University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
2Department of Biochemistry, University of Ottawa,
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
The use of electrophoretic techniques in taxonomic and genetic
studies has been well established (Altosaar et al. 1974). Acrylamide
gel electrophoresis is a highly reproducible method involving
electrophoretic mobility as well as the molecular sieving
action of the gel that resolves plant proteins into many fractions.
The species used in this study are the diploids L. uliginosus
(B193) and L. tenuis (B109), a diploid
hybrid (L. burttii (B303) X L. alpinus (B77))
and the tetraploid L. corniculatus (B534).
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
Only young leaves (first, second and third leaves from the top) in identical developmental stages were used. Simple distilled water extracts in conjunction with dialysis concentration steps did not yield satisfactory results. The procedure of Nash (1968) with modifications produced extracts which showed the greatest number of clear bands upon fractionation by electrophoresis. All work was performed in a cold room at 6°C.
Five grams fresh weight of leaves were washed in a 9 cm plastic
Petri dish with two 20 ml aliquots of distilled water and one
ml aliquot of extraction buffer (0.059 M trigphosphate,
pH 6.9). The leaves were then ground to a slurry in a prechilled
mortar, together with 10 ml of extractant. This slurry was poured
into a 30 ml Pyres clear glass homogenizer standing in an ice
bath; ten passes were made using a Teflon pestle attached to a
Fisher DynaMix. After homogenization, 2.5 g of equilibrated
Polyclar AT was allowed to equilibrate with the extractant for
24 h. Excess extractant was removed by centrifugation at 325 X
g for 5 min before adding the moist Polyclar to the tissue homogenate.
After standing for 10 min, the Polyclarhomogenate mixture
was filtered through 4ply cheesecloth and the filtrate centrifuged
at 15,000 X G for 20 min in a Sorvall Superspeed centrifuge at
0°C. The clear supernatant was concentrated three to
fourfold with two 30 min concentration steps in dry G25
Sephadex according to Nash (1968). Protein concentrations were
determined using the Waddell formula: 1lgm/ml of protein = (OD
at 215 mp OD mp) X 144 (Nash 1968). Scanning was done in
a Unicam spectrophotometer. The supernatant was adjusted accordingly
with extractant to yield a 200 1lgm/ml solution when diluted 1:1
with 0.059 M trigphosphate buffer containing 50% sucrose.
Preliminary studies in which the amount of protein applied on
each gel varied from 150 gm/ml to 525 gm/ml, indicated that the
clearest patterns were obtained from 200 gm/ml concentrations.
Disc electrophoresis was carried out. The spacer gel, containing 0.47 M trisphosphate buffer, pH 6.0, was polymerized over the separation gel and did not contain sucrose. Electrophoresis was conducted at 6°C in rectangular buffer tanks for 25 min at 4 mamp/gel and subsequently for 90 min at 6 mamp/gel. Gels were stained in 1% Aniline Blue Black in 7.5% acetic acid for at least 30 min and differentiated in 7.5% acetic acid.
The Rf values for each band were calculated from average
data obtained from 4 or 5 electrophoretic runs.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Leaf extracts of each of the taxa displayed from 6 to 15 relatively
single protein bands (Figs. 14).
In most cases, the bands were distributed almost the entire length
of the gels, and varied in intensity from faint and narrow to
dark and broad. Each electrophoretic run produced nearly identical
Rf values for each taxon, so the amount of intraspecific
variation was negligible, as long as similar ontogenetic stages
were used. Comparison among the four runs shows that the banding
pattern is a distinct specific characteristic. In the case of
L. uliginosus (Fig. 1) only six faint bands were detected
whereas for L. corniculatus (Fig 4) 15 bands were detected.
It is clear that the banding patter for L. uliginosus is quite
distinct from that for L. corniculatus as has been found
for isoenzyme data (Raelson and Grant 1988). The banding pattern
for L. tenuis (Fig. 2) while differing from that of L.
corniculatus is at the same time more similar to L.
corniculatus than to L. uliginosus. The banding pattern
for the hybrid L. burttii X L. alpinus (Fig. 3) again while
differing from L. corniculatus is more similar to L.
tenuis and L. corniculatus than to L. uliginosus.
It is clear from these results that L. uliginosus would
appear to be less related to L. corniculatus than L.
tenuis and L. burttii L. alpinus to L. corniculatus.
REFERENCES
Altosaar, I., Bohm, B. A. and Ornduff, R. 1974. Discelectrophoresis
of albumin and globulin fractions from dormant achenes of Lasthenia.
Biochem. System. Ecol. 2: 6772.
Nash, D. T. and Davies, M. E. 1972. Some aspects of growth and
metabolism of Paul's Scarlet rose cell suspensions. J. Exp. Bot.
23: 7591.
Raelson, J. V. and Grant, W. F. 1988. Evaluation of hypotheses concerning the origin of L. corniculatus using isoenzyme data. Theor. Appl. Genet. 76: 267276.
Nagy Laszlo
Irrigation Research Institute
Szarvas, Hungary
We presented accurate data of experiment founded in 1991
in connection with forage, seed yield and weeding facilities by
the result of 1991, 1992, 1993 years in the last year (see
Lotus Newsletter 1993 2325 p.).
In this year we tested yielding capacity, number of plant per
meter, weeding and not at last the germination capacity, 1st table.
By the mean results it could be expressed that:
stands broadcasted with the higher seed dosages have higher
seed yields, plant density, lower weeding and practically the
same germination than the population after the lower seed dosage,
the stands got different herbicide treatments shown the
auspicipous effect of imazetapir on the seed yield, weeding and
unfavorable effect on plant number and germination,
the mean data of cutting variant show that, cut done just
before flowering has much better effect on seed yield and germination
than the cut after flowering. But the plant density was better
in the event of post flowered situation.
The poorer result of seed yield and germination of stands cut
after flowering phase are first of all in connection with the
season of this year.
Table 1. The effect of seed dosage. Weed control from and the
phenophase of first cutting of the fourth year seed yield, plant
density, weeding and germination of bird's foot trefoil. Szarvas.
1994
* 0.8 kg/ha Imazetapir in the form of PIVOT 100 LC
** phenophase of first cutting
NS Non significant
Paul R. Henderlong
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio
BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL CULTIVAR EVALUATION
Forage yields were obtained for five cultivars at Columbus, Ohio
(40° N.) during the past three years. The study was established
in may 1991 in a prepared seedbed with three replications of 5
X 20 feet plots. Three harvests were taken in 1992 and two harvests
in 1993 and 1994. Due to differential weed populations, yields
are presented as weed free dry matter for all harvests (Table
3).
Another field trial was seeded at the Northwestern Branch on 16
May 1991, also in a prepared seedbed using eight cultivars with
four replications and 8 X 20 feet plots. Yields are presented
as total dry matter since the plots were essentially weed free
(Table 2).
Although the annual total weed free yield did not differ among
the five cultivars at Columbus, the Georgia 1 cultivar produced
the best total yield for 2 of the 3 years. Both Georgia 1 and
AU Dewey flowered earlier at Columbus (Table 3) and Georgia 1
appeared to initiate spring growth earlier than the other cultivars.
Although diseases have not been a major problem to date, Rhizoctonia
has been observed in both the Norcen and Viking cultivars
resulting in a somewhat lower stand density as of July 1994 (Table
1).
At the Northwestern Branch location (approximately 80 miles north
of Columbus) a differential yield response among the eight cultivars
is evident (Table 2). Dawn and Norcen are consistently the best
yielders with Georgia 1 the lowest. AU Dewey and Empire were similar
to Georgia 1. The initiation of spring growth appears to be delayed
for Georgia l at this location, but flowering is earliest for
both Georgia l and AU Dewey (Table 3). No major disease problems
have been observed to date for this location.
OTHER STUDIES IN PROGRESS
1. A field study is in progress at the Northwestern Branch to
evaluate the long term performance of birdsfoot trefoil with and
without cool season grasses for vegetative cover in Conservation
Reserve Program areas.
2. A new field study was initiated at Columbus in 1994 to determine
the effects of defoliation height and frequency on the production
and persistence of Georgia 1 and Norcen cultivars.
3. A large scale field study was initiated in 1994 at the Jackson
Branch (southern Ohio) to evaluate and compare the response of
alfalfa, red clover and birdsfoot trefoil under a hay/pasture
management system.
Table 1: Birdsfoot Trefoil Cultivar Forage Yield at Columbus, Ohio, 1992-94.
| Cultivar | |||||||||||||
| AU Dewey | |||||||||||||
| Georgia 1 | |||||||||||||
| Norcen | |||||||||||||
| Viking | |||||||||||||
| Empire | |||||||||||||
| Mean | |||||||||||||
| LSD.05 | |||||||||||||
| % CV | |||||||||||||
Seeding date: 8 May 1991
Establishment: Bandseeded at 6 lb/acre with 100 lb/a of 0-46-0.
Fertilization: Annual October application of 200 lb/a of K20, P applied as required based on soil test.
Pest control: No herbicides applied; leafhopper control
as needed.
Table 2 : Birdsfoot Trefoil Cultivar Forage yield at North western Branch, Custar, Ohio, 1992-1994.
| Cultivar | ||||||||||||
| AU Dewey | ||||||||||||
| Carroll | ||||||||||||
| Dawn | ||||||||||||
| Empire | ||||||||||||
| Fergus | ||||||||||||
| Georgia 1 | ||||||||||||
| Norcen | ||||||||||||
| Viking | ||||||||||||
| Mean | ||||||||||||
| LSD.05 | ||||||||||||
| % CV | ||||||||||||
Seeding date: 16 May 1991
Establishment: Uniform application of 3 lb/a of EPTC incorporated prior to bandseeding of cultivars 5 lb of inoculated seed/acre with 100 lb/a of 0-46-0
Fertilization: Annual October application
of 150 lb/a of K2O and 50 lb/a of P2O5
Table 3 : Birdsfoot Trefoil Cultivar Maturity at first Harvest, 1992-94
| Cultivar | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | Relative Rank* | 1992 | 1993 | 1994 | Relative Rank* |
| AU Dewey | ||||||||
| Carroll | ||||||||
| Dawn | ||||||||
| Empire | ||||||||
| Fergus | ||||||||
| Georgia 1 | ||||||||
| Norcen | ||||||||
| Viking | ||||||||
*Relative Rank :1 =earliest
ARGENTINA
Ing. Agr. Alberto Jose Alvisio
NAZCA 3741
(1419) Buenos Aires
Forage production; utilization.
L. corniculatus.
An agricultural engineer advising livestock production
on pastures.
Ana Arambarri
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales
Universidad Nacional del La Plata
Calles 60 y 118 - C.C. 31
C. P. 1900 La Plata
VOICE: 54-021-538168
FAX: 54-021-530189 or -259046
Taxonomy; seed.
Cladistic analysis using seed characters.
Dr. P.A. Balatti
CERLAP-CONICET
Buenos Aires
FAX: 54-21-530189
Genetics; pathology.
L. tenuis; L. corniculatus.
Genetics of nitrogen-fixing symbiots.
G.M. Dal Bello
Lab de Fitopatologi
La Plata University
Calle 60 y 119
(1900) La Plata
VOICE: 54-21-44500
FAX: 54-21-252346
Pathology.
L. tenuis; L. corniculatus.
Pathology of foliar, root, and seed borne diseases
caused by fungi.
Jose Pedro De Battista
INTA E.E.A. Concepcion del Uruguay
C.C. 6 - (3260) C. del Uruguay
Entre Rios
Breeding; forage production.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis.
Breeding L. corniculatus to increase persistence
and forage production. Evaluations.
Olga Susana Correa
Catedra de Microbiologia
Departamento de Ecologia
Facultad de Agronomia-UBA
Av. San Martin 4453
E-mail: olga@fotgar.uba.ar
Osvaldo Nestor Fernandez
cc 276 (7620), Fac. Ciencias Agrarias
Univ. Nac de Mar del Plata
Balcarce
Ing. Agr. Liliana Ferrari
Camino Cintura KM.2; CC95
(1832) Lomas de Zamora
Univ. Nac. Lomas de Zamora
Buenos Aires
Mariana Kade
CEVEG-CONICET
Serrano 669
1414 Buenos Aires
VOICE: 54-18-546490
FAX: 54-18-567110
Physiology; ecology; tissue culture; seed.
L. tenuis; L. corniculatus.
Flavonoid identification and application for seed
identification. Growth regulator effects on flowering. Drought
resistance.
Ing. Arturo Mazzanti - INTA
Departamento de Produccion Animal
Laboratorio de Forrajes
7620 Balcarce
Dr. Leopoldo Montes - INTA
E.E.A. - Santa Cruz
cc 332
(9400) Rio Gallegos
Santa Cruz
Gabriel H. Sevilla
cc 276 (7620), INTA
Balcarce
Cristina D. Strittmatter
Serrano 665
1414 Capital Federal
Centro de Ecofisiologia Vegetal
Ing. Agr. Monica Tourn
Catedra de Bontanica
Fac. Agronomia-UBA
Avda. San Martin 4453
RA-1417 Buenos Aires
VOICE: 522-0903
FAX: 522-1687
E-mail: rrqroit@acrriba.edu.ar
Ecology; forage.
L. tenuis.
Architectural analysis and clonal growth.
AUSTRALIA
Martin Blumenthal
NSW Agric. & Fisheries
Pasture Research Unit
P.O. Box 63
Berry NSW 2535
VOICE: 044-841-881
FAX: 044-842-113
E-mail: blumenm@agric.nsw.gov.au
Forage; utilization; seed.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. corniculatus.
Dr. Alison Bowman
NWS Agriculture
PMB No. 19
Trangie 2823
New South Wales
VOICE: 068-887-404
FAX: 068-887-201
Breeding; ecology; biology; forage; utilization; seed.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. corniculatus.
Cultivar development, grazing management, and seed
production.
John Brockwell
CSIRO
Division of Plant Industry
GPO Box 1600
Canberra ACT 2601
VOICE: 61-062-456093
Fax: 61-062-465000
Taxonomy; microbiology.
Cultivated Lotus spp. and wild symibotically related genera (e.g. Chamaecytisus).
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Dr. Stephen Carr
Pasture & Revegetation Branch
Department of Agriculture
3 Baron-Hay Court
South Perth 6151
Western Australia
VOICE: 09-368-3378
FAX: 09-368-3355
L. purshianus; L. unifoliolatus.
Dr. W. Foulds
Claremont Campus
Princess Rd. - P.O. Box 205
Western Australia Institute of Adv. Educ.
Claremont
Dr. Walter Kelman
CSIRO Division of Plant Industry
Institute of Plant Production and Processing
GPO Box 1600
Canberra ACT 2601
Genetics; breeding.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. corniculatus.
Culitvar breeding and genetic analysis of agronomic
traits.
Sam Lolicato
Institute for Sustainable Development
Ferguson Road Private Bag
Tatura
Victoria 3616
Rex N. Oram
CSIRO Division of Plant Industry
GPO Box 1600
Canberra
ACT 2601
Dr. Kevin Reed
Department of Agriculture
Pastoral and Veterinary Institute
PB 105
Hamilton, Victoria 3300
VOICE: 055-730911
FAX: 055-711523
E-mail: reedk@hammy.agvic.gov.au
Ecology; forage;utilization;germplasm.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. corniculatus.
Plant introduction, cultivar evaluation, and animal
production.
Dr. Greg Tanner
CSIRO
Division of Plant Industry
GPO Box 1600
Canberra ACT 2601
VOICE: 61-6-246-5044
FAX: 61-6-246-5000
E-mail: gregt@pican.pl.csiro.qu
Genetics; forage; tissue culture; biotechnology.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. tenuis; L. angustissimus.
Enzymology and molecular biology of proanthocyanidin
(condensed tannin) biosynthesis.
G. P. M. Wilson
Agricultural Research & Advisory Stn., Grafton
New South Wales 2460
Forage; ecology;seed; germplasm.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. corniculatus; L. angustissimus.
Introduction, preliminary evvaluation, multiplication,
and development of cultivars for forage and cover crops.
Dr. H. Teppner
Inst. fur Botanik der Universitat
Holteigasse 6
A 8010 Graz
VOICE: 0316-380-56-56
FAX: 0316-380-12-12
Taxonomy.
L. alpinus; L. corniculatus.
Study of taxa at higher elevations in the Alps.
BRAZIL
Nilton Rodrigues Paim
Faculdade de Agronomia
Univ. Federal of Rio Grande do Sul
Caixa Postal 776
90.000 Porto Alegre-RS
CANADA
Dr. J. Bubar
Dept. of Plant Science
Nova Scotia Agric. College
Truro Nova Scotia
B2N 2E3
Dr. Daphne Fairey
Agriculture Canada
Box 29
Beaverlodge Alberta
T0H 0C0
VOICE: 403-354-2212
FAX: 403-354-8171
E-mail: fairey@abrsbl.agr.ca
Physiology; seed.
L. corniculatus.
Studies changes during floral ontogeny, floret structure,
pollination, and seed development to optimize yield.
Dr. W.F. Grant
P.O. Box 4000
MacDonald College of McGill University
Ste. Anne de Bellevue
Quebec H9X 3V9
Genetics; taxonomy; germplasm.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis; Lotus spp.
Genetics of Lotus, especially those involved
with the evolution of L. corniculatus.
Dr. Andrew Kielly
Agric. Canada Research Station
P.O. Box 1030
Swift Current, SASK
S9H 3X2
Dr. Ralph C. Martin
Nova Scotia Agric. College
Box 550
Truro Nova Scotia
B2N 2E3
Forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus.
Evaluation of forage mixtures to assess nitrogen
fixation and transfer.
Dr. Real Michaud
Agriculture Canada Research Station
2560 Hochelaga Blvd.
Ste-Foy Quebec G1V 2J3
VOICE: 418-657-7980
FAX: 418-648-2402
E-mail: michaudr@em.agr.ca
Forage; utilization
L. corniculatus.
Dr. Alister Muir
Agriculture Canada Research Station
107 Science Place
Saskatoon S7N 0X2
Phytochemistry.
Lotus spp.
Study of polyphenolic composition.
Henry Najda
Field Crops Agronomist
ASCHRC
SS 4
Brooks, Alberta
J. Nowak
Nova Scotia Agric. College
Box 550
Truro Nova Scotia
B2N 2E3
Physiology, germplasm, tissue culture, biotechnology.
L. corniculatus.
In vitro selection for seedling vigor and germplasm
development.
Dr. Y. A. Papadopoulos
Agriculture Canada
Research Farm
Nappan, NS B0L 1C0
VOICE: 902-667-38260
FAX: 902-667-2361
E-mail: papadopoulosy@em.agr.ca
Genetics; breeding; forage.
L. corniculatus
Developing germplasm for seedling vigor and competitive
ability for cultivar development.
Dr. Al E. Slinkard
Crop Development Centre
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon SK S7N 0W0
VOICE: 306-966-4978
FAX: 306-966-5015
E-mail: vandenberg@sask.usask.ca
Genetics; breeding.
L. corniculatus.
DENMARK
Dr. Jens Stougaard
Department of Molecular Biology
Aarhus University
Gustav Vieds Vej 10
DK-8000 Aarhus C
VOICE: 45-86202000
FAX: 45-86201222
E-mail: stougard@biobase.aau.dk
Genetics; biotechnology.
L. japonicus.
FRANCE
Claire Mousset-Declas
INRA-Centre de Recherches de Dijon
BV 1540
F 21034 DIJON
VOICE: 80-63-31-48
FAX: 80-63-32-63
Pierre Gayraud
AMFO
1 Rue Moreau
77160 Provins
FRANCE
VOICE: 33-1-64-001185
FAX: 33-1-64-089479
Breeding.
L. corniculatus.
Commercial cultivar development and marketing.
Dr. M. Jay
Phytochimie (Bat. 741), Universite Lyon.1
43 Bd 11 November 1918
F.-69622 Villeurbanne
Joel Reynaud
Laboratoire de Botanique
Faculte de Pharmacie
Avenue Rockefeller
69373 Lyon Cedex 08
Genetics.
L. corniculatus s.l.
Study of diploid and tetraploid L. corniculatus
in populations from the Alps using phenolic compounds, cyanogenesis,
and morphology.
HUNGARY
Dr. Nagy Laszlo
Research Institute for Irrigation
Ontozesi Kutato Intezet
5540 Szarvas
Szabadsag U. 2.
VOICE: 36-66-312-322
FAX: 36-66-311-178
Breeding; ecology; forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis; L. ornithipodiodes.
Seed and forage production and management in arid
conditions.
ICELAND
Dr. Aslaug Helgadottir
Rannsoknastofnun Landbunadarins
Agricultural Research Institute
Keldnaholt V/Vesturlandsveg
110 Reykjavik
ISRAEL
Dr. C. Clara Heyn
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Department of Evolution, Systematics, & Ecology
Berman Bldg., Givat Ram
Jerusalem 91904
VOICE: 972-2-584-320
FAX: 972-2-584-741
Taxonomy; ecology.
Dr. David E. Tsuriell
The Israeli Society for Coastal and Sand Vegetation
P. O. Box 511
Kiryat Motzkin 26117
VOICE: 04-414-878
Utilization.
L. creticus.
Observations of natural habitats, seed multiplication,
and utilization for sand stabilization.
ITALY
Dr. Valeria Negri
Miglioramento Genetico Vegetale
Universita' Degli Studi Di Perugia
Borgo XX Giugno 74
06100 Perugia
E-mail: imgvsas@ipguniv.unipg.it
KOREA
Tae Young Moon
Korean Entomological Institute
c/o Korea University
Seoul 136-701
JAPAN
Dr. Minour Niizeki
Plant Breeding Laboratory
University of Hirosaki
Hirosaki
Aomori-ken 036
VOICE: 172-36-2111
FAX: 172-35-9000
Genetics; biotechnology; tissue culture.
L. corniculatus; L. japonicus.
Protoplast isolation, characterization, and fusion.
Dr. Ken-ichi Suginobu
Natl. Grassland Red. Inst.,
Nishinasuno 768
Tochigi
Breeding; seed; tissue culture.
L. corniculatus; L. japonicus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. tenuis.
Comparisons of L. japonicus with other Lotus
spp. Characterization of local L. japonicus strains.
NEW ZEALAND
G. M. Barker
Ruakura Agric. Research Ctr., Maf Tech
Private Bag
Hamilton
Dr. R. E. Burgess
Grassland Division
DSIR
Palmerston North
Dr. W. L. Lowther
AgResearch
Invermay Agricultural Centre
Private Bag
Mosgiel
Physiology; ecology; biology; utilization.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. corniculatus.
Technology development to optimize Lotus spp.
establishment in difficult environments: inoculation, pelleting,
rhizobia strain selection, and development of implements.
Dr. G. Sheath
Ministry of Agric. & Fisheries
Whatawhata Research Stn., Hamilton
Dr. W. M. Williams, Curator
Marot Forde Forage Germplasm Centre
AgResearch Grasslands
Private Bag 11008
Palmerston North
NIGERIA
Dr. Bob S. Ezumah
Sch. of Biological Sciences
Imo State University
P.M.B. 2000
Okigwe Imo State
NORWAY
Jostein Royseland
FAGRO
Royseland
4480 Kvinesdal
Breeding; forage.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Collection and comparison of wild Lotus spp.
for productivity and winterhardiness.
POLAND
Dr. Stanislaw Goral
Plant Breeding Institute
Radzikow
05 870 Blonie
Maria Mos
Institute of Plant Breeding
Lobzowska 24
Krakow
Dr. Inz. Piotr Stypinski
ul. Inganska 20m 95
04-087 Warsaw
PORTUGAL
Dr. M. Mota
Department of Genetics
Estacao Agronomica Nacional
P-2780 Oeiras
SPAIN
Dr. Juan Ramon Acebes-Ginoves
Departamento de Biologia Vegetal
Universidad de La Laguna
La Laguna
38271 TENERIFE
VOICE: 60-36-06
FAX: 63-00-93
Taxonomy; ecology.
Dr. Manuel Lainz
Real Instituto de Estudios Asturianos
Apartado 425
E-33280 Gijon (Asturias)
VOICE: 34-85-394911
FAX: 34-85-381511
Taxonomy.
Lotus spp. of the Iberian
Pennisula and nearby areas.
SWEDEN
Gunnar Danielsson
Swedish Sheepfarmers Association
Transjo
360 52 Kosta
Forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
An advisor for a minor seed company.
Dr. Per Lassen
Botanical Musuem
University of Lund
S-22361 Lund
Dr. Milla Linde
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Department of Crop Production Sciences
Box 7043
S75007 Upsalla
Ulla Thyssen
Depart. of Genetics & Ecology
University of Aarhus
Ny Munkegade, Building 550
8000 Aarhus
SWITZERLAND
Dr. K. Urbanska
Geobotanisches Institut
E.T.H. Zurich
38 Zurichbergstrasse
CH-8044 Zurich
VOICE: 0041-1-252-
FAX: 0041-1-252-3404
Ecology; reclamation.
L. corniculatus.
UNITED KINGDOM
Adrian D. Bavage
Institute for Grassland & Environ. Res.
Cell Manipulation Group
Plas Gogerddan Aberystwyth
Dyfed WALES SY23 3EB
VOICE: 0970-828255
FAX: 0970-820212
E-mail: bavage@afrc.ac.uk
Genetics; physiology; tissue culture.
L. corniculatus.
Genetic modification of the distribution, composition,
and molecular weight of condensed tannins.
N. A. D. Bourn
Department of Zoology
University of Aberdeen
Tillydrone Avenue
Aberdeen AB9 2TN
Scotland
Ecology; insect herbivory.
L. corniculatus.
Role of nutrient status of food plants in determining
population size of moths.s
Mike Bullard, ADAS
ADAS Arthur Rickwood Research Centre
Mepal Ely
CAMBS CB6 2BA
VOICE: 354-692-531
FAX: 354-694-488
Genetics; breeding; physiology; ecology; forage; germplasm; seed.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Dr. Eunice Carter
Institute for Grassland & Environ. Res
Plas Gogerddan Aberystwyth
Dyfed SY23 3EB
VOICE: 0970-828-255
FAX: 0970-828-357
Physiology; pathology; forage.
L. corniculatus.
Effects of global environmental change on growth
and anti-nutritive components.
Dr. T. J. Crawford
University of York
Department of Biology
P.O. Box 373
York YO1 SYW
VOICE: 44-1-904-432809
FAX: 44-1-904-432860
Genetics; ecology.
L. corniculatus.
Ecological genetics of the keel color polymorphism.
Dr. J. H. McAdam
Department of Agricultural Botany
Agriculture and Food Science Centre
Newforge Lane
Belfast BT9 5PX
Northern Ireland
VOICE: 0232-661166
FAX: 0232-668372
E-mail: aihe1875@uk.ac.queens-belfast.agriculture.vax1
Ecology.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Increased diversity in natural pastures where Lotus
is an important component.
Dr. Phil Morris
Institute for Grassland & Environ. Res
Plas Gogerddan Aberystwyth
Dyfed SY23 3EB
VOICE: 0970-828-255
FAX: 0970-828-357
E-mail: morrisp@bbsrc.ac.uk
Physiology; tissue culture; biotechnology.
L. corniculatus; L. japonicus.
Genetic manipulation of secondary metabolism: effect
of environmental stress on secondary metabolism and digestibility;
induced defense responses.
Jeff Ollerton
Oxford Polytechnic
School of Biological & Molecular Sciences
Gypsy Lane
Meadington Oxford
Ecology.
L. corniculatus.
Reproductive ecology, particularly patterns of floral
phenology, fruit set, and pollinator activity.
Dr. Mark P. Robbins
Institute for Grassland & Environ. Res.
Cell Manipulation Group
Plas Gogerddan Aberystwyth
Dyfed WALES SY23 3EB
VOICE: 0970-828-255
FAX: 0970-828-357
E-mail: robbins@bbsrc.ac.uk
Physiology; pathology; forage; utilization; tissue culture; biotechnology.
L. corniculatus; L. japonicus.
Analysis and genetic modification of flavonoids and
condensed tannins in L. corniculatus. Identification and
characterization of tannin genes in L. japonicus.
Dr. Roger Sheldrick
Institute for Grasslands & Animal Production
North Wyke Research Station
Okehampton Devon
EX20-2SB
Forage.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. tenuis; L. crassifolius.
Screening trials to identify forage legumes for low
input grazing systems on acid, low phosphate soils. Interst in
potential silvo-pastoral uses for Lotus.
K. Judith Webb
Institute for Grassland & Environ. Res
Plas Gogerddan Aberystwyth
Dyfed SY23 3EB
VOICE: 0970-828-255
FAX: 0970-828-357
E-mail: webbj@afrc.ac.uk
Genetics; breeding; biology; tissue culture; biotechnology; seed.
L. corniculatus; L. japonicus.
Manipulation of Lotus by trangenic techniques;
gene tagging, particularly to identify genes involved in nodulation/nitrogen
fixation and tannin biosynthesis.
UNITED STATES
Dr. K. A. Albrecht
Department of Agronomy
1575 Linden Dr.
Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison
Madison WI 53706
VOICE: 608-262-2314
FAX: 608-262-5217
E-mail: kalbrech@calshp.cals.wisc.edu
Ecology; forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Tannin protection of protein in the site of the rumen.
Dr. Montgomery W. Alison
LSU Macon Ridge Research Branch
212 Macon Ridge Road
Winnsboro LA 71295-5719
VOICE: 318-435-2157
FAX: 318-435-2133
Ecology; forage.
L. tenuis.
Evaluation of adaptation to local environment.
Dr. Gary S. Banuelos USDA-ARS
Water Management Research Laboratory
2021 S. Peach
Fresno CA 93727
VOICE: 209-453-3115
FAX: 209-453-3122
Physiology; forage; reclamation.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis.
Remediation of soils with salt and minerals at levels
to plants.
Dr. D. P. Belesky, USDA-ARS
Appalachian Soil & Water Conservation Lab
P.O. Box 867
Airport Road
Beckley, WV 25801-0867
VOICE: 304-256-2841
FAX: 304-256-2921
Ecology; forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus.
Lotus use in low-input
pastures and on marginal soil/landscapes.
Dr. Paul R. Beuselinck
USDA-ARS
Plant Genetics Research Unit
University of Missouri
207 Waters
Columbia, MO 65211
VOICE: 314-882-6406
FAX: 314-882-1467
E-mail: agrobell@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Genetics; breeding; germplasm.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Breeding and selection for improved persistence.
Evaluation of exotic germplasm.
Arvid A. Boe
Agronomy Department
South Dakota State University
Brookings, SD 57007
VOICE: 605-688-4149
FAX: 605-688-6065
Genetics; breeding.
L. corniculatus.
Dr. Kenneth Cooper
Dept. of Biology
University of California-Riverside
Riverside CA 92521
Taxonomy; ecology; biology; entomology.
Lotus spp. of California and Arizona.
Labelling of megachilid bees and other Hymenoptera
to study their pollen/nectar foraging habits and preferences to
aid in determining taxonomic distinction of Lotus spp.
Greg Cuomo
Southeast Research Station
P.O. Drawer 567
Franklinton, LA 70438
VOICE: 504-839-3740
FAX: 504-839-3202
Forage; utilization.
L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Studies of adaptability of Lotus to local
environment; management strategies and potential niches.
Mr. Dale C. Darris
USDA-NRCS
Corvallis Plant Materials Center
3420 NE Granger
Corvallis OR 97330
Germplasm.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis; L. purshianus; L.
unifoliolatus.
Dr. David Davis
Deer Creek Seed
Box 105
Ashland, WI 54806
VOICE: 715-278-3200
FAX: 715-278-3209
Physiology; forage; seed.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Commercial production and sale of Lotus.
Dr. Nancy J. Ehlke
Agronomy & Plant Genetics
University of Minnesota
1991 Buford Circle
St. Paul MN 55108
VOICE: 612-625-1791
FAX: 612-625-1268
E-mail: ehlke001@maroon.tcumn.edu
Genetics; breeding.
L. corniculatus.
Dr. James Elgin, USDA-ARS
National Program
Building 005
BARC - West
Beltsville, MD 20705
VOICE: 301-504-5618
FAX: 301-504-6231
National Program Leader for USDA-ARS for forage research.
Dr. James T. English
University of Missouri
116 Waters
Columbia, MO 65211
VOICE: 314-882-
FAX: 314-882-
E-mail: plantjim@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Forage; pathology.
L. corniculatus.
Demography of foliar disease and impacts on life
stategies of L. corniculatus.
Walter Graves
Univ. of California
Cooperative Extension
777 East Rialto Avenue
San Bernardino CA 92415-0730
Ecology; forage; germplasm.
Germplasm evaluation and development.
Dr. Stephanie Greene
USDA-ARS-WRPIS
Washington State University
Irrigated Agric. Research and Extension Center
Prosser, WA 99350
FAX: 509-786-4635
E-mail: sgreene@ars-grin.gov
Germplasm.
All Lotus spp.
Curator for Lotus spp. in GRIN
Dr. Tomas C. Griggs
University of Idaho
Department of Plant-Soil and Entomological Sciences
Moscow ID 83844-2339
VOICE: 208-885-6531
FAX: 208-885-7760
E-mail: tgriggs@uidaho.edu
Physiology; ecology; forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Grass/legume mixture relations and plant/animal interactions
in pastures; forage production and quality.
Dr. Paul Henderlong
Department of Horticulture and Crop Science
Ohio State University
2021 Coffey Road
Columbus OH 43210-1086
VOICE: 614-292-2001
FAX: 614-292-7162
Physiology; ecology; utilization.
L. corniculatus.
Cultivar evaluation and management strategies.
Dr. James Henning
Department of Agronomy
N-22 Ag. Science North
Lexington KY 40546
James Henson, USDA-SCS
1036 Miller Road
Los Lunas, NM 87031
Dr. Carl Hoveland
Agronomy Department
Miller Plant Sciences Building - Rm. 3111
University of Georgia
Athens GA 30602-7272
Physiology; forage; ecology; utilization; germplasm.
L. corniculatus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Ecology and physiology of Mediterranean germplasm;
tolerance of germplasm to acid subsoils of pH 4.5-4.9; utilization
by cattle in pastures.
Stephen W. Johnson
International Seeds, Inc.
P.O. Box 168
820 W. First Street
Halsey Oregon 97348
VOICE: 503-369-2251
FAX: 503-369-2640
Genetics; bredding; forage; seed.
L. corniculatus.
Identification and characterization of cultivars
with high yield potential.
Dr. David A. Jones
Department of Botany
220 Bartram Hall East
University of Florida
Gainesville FL 32611-2009
Dr. Richard Joost
University of Missouri
214 Waters
Columbia, MO 65211
VOICE: 314-882-2002
FAX: 314-882-1467
E-mail: muccgw.uerjoost@ssgate.missouri.edu
Ecology; forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus.
Management and persistence under intensive grazing
management.
Dr. Joseph H. Kirkbride, USDA-ARS
Systematic Botany & Mycology Laboratory
Bldg 011A. Rm 304
BARC-West
Beltsville, MD 20707
VOICE: 310-504-9447
FAX: 310-504-5435
E-mail: jkirkbri@asrr.arsusda.gov
Taxonomy.
All Lotus spp.
Systematics of Lotus spp.
Bill Leakey
Deer Creek Seed
Box 105
Ashland, WI 54806
VOICE: 715-278-3200
FAX: 715-278-3209
Seed.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Commercial production and sale of Lotus.
Kenneth T. Leath
1438 Willowbrook Drive
Boalsburg PA 16827
VOICE: 814-466-3069
FAX: 814-466-3069
Pathology; germplasm; entomology.
L. corniculatus.
Consultant with primary interest in wildlife use
of Lotus for habitat and food.
Dr. R. H. Leep
Michigan State University Exp Station
103 University Drive
Chatham MI 49816
VOICE: 906-228-4830
FAX: 906-228-4572
E-mail: 22626rhl@msu.edu
Forage; seed.
L. corniculatus.
Seed production; weed control in forage and pasture.
Dr. Mark McCaslin
Forage Genetics
N5292 Gills Coulee Rd.
West Salem WI 54669
VOICE: 608-786-2121
FAX: 608-786-2193
Forage; seed.
L. corniculatus.
Dr. Robert L. McGraw
University of Missouri
209 Waters
Columbia, MO 65211
VOICE: 314-882-6608
FAX: 314-882-1467
E-mail: agronrlm@mizzou1.missouri.edu
Forage; utilization; physiology.
L. corniculatus.
Management strategies to improve performance and
persistence.
Dr. Ken Moore
Department of Agronomy
Iowa State University
1567 Agronomy Hall
Ames Iowa 50011
VOICE: 515-294-3160
FAX: 515-294-3163
Physiology; forage; utilization; ecology.
L. corniculatus.
Dr. Jorge Mosjidis
Auburn University
Department of Agronomy & Soils
202 Funchness Hall
Auburn University AL 36849-5412
VOICE: 205-844-3976
FAX: 205-844-3945
E-mail: jmosjidis@ag.auburn.edu
Genetics.
Dr. C. J. Nelson
University of Missouri
210 Waters Hall
Columbia, MO 65211
VOICE: 314-882-2801
FAX: 341-882-1467
Physiology; forage.
L. corniculatus.
NORFARM
c/o Charles Lund
Rt. 2, Box 37
Roseau, MN 56751
VOICE: 218-463-2119
Seed.
L. corniculatus.
Commercial production and marketing of cultivars.
Dr. G. A. Pederson, USDA-ARS
Forage Research Unit
P.O. Box 5367
Mississippi State, MS 39762-5367
VOICE: 601-323-2230
FAX: 601-324-8499
Genetics.
Peterson Seed Co.
P.O. Box 346
Savage, MN 55378
VOICE: 612-445-2606
Seed.
L. corniculatus.
Commercial production and marketing of cultivars.
Dr. Craig A. Roberts
University of Missouri
214 Waters
Columbia, MO 65211
VOICE: 314-882-2002
FAX: 314-882-1467
E-mail: muccgw.uecrober@ssgate.missouri.edu
Forage; utilization; germplasm.
L. corniculatus.
Expression of tannin and chitinase in L. corniculatus.
David Schafer
Alice Dobbs
Route #5
Box 33
Trenton MO 64683
Forage; utilization.
Intensive management for grazing.
Dr. R. R. Smith
USDA-ARS
Dairy Forage Research Center
University of Wisconsin
Madison WI 53706
VOICE: 608-264-5279
FAX: 608-264-5275
E-mail: clover@dfrc.wise.edu
Genetics; breeding; forage.
L. corniculatus.
Selection for improved seedling establishment and
improved persistence; cultivar evaluation.
Dr. Tim L. Springer, USDA-ARS
South Central Family Farms Res.
Rt. 2, Box 144-A
Highway 23 South
Booneville, AR 72927-9214
VOICE: 501-675-3834
FAX: 501-675-2940
Forage; utilization.
L. corniculatus. L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Dr. J. J. Steiner USDA-ARS
National Forage Seed Production Center
3450 S.W. Campus Way
Corvallis OR 97330
VOICE: 503-750-8722
FAX: 503-750-8750
E-mail: steinerj@ucs.orst.edu
Genetics; germplasm; biotechnology; seed.
L. corniculatus; L. tenuis; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Molecular evaluation of germplasm to characterize
Lotus accessions for ecoregion representation in collection;
managment strategies for improved seed production.
Dr. Richard W. Taylor
151 Townsend Hall
Plant Science Department
University of Delaware
Newark DE 19717-1303
Dr. Craig D. Thomsen
University of California
Department of Agronomy and Range Science
Davis, CA 95616
VOICE: 916-752-8810
FAX: 916-752-4361
Ecology; entomology.
L. purshianus; L. unifoliolatus.
Collecting L. purshianus in California and
evaluating to aid in reconstructing ecological landscapes.
Dr. Carroll Vance, USDA-ARS
Agronomy & Plant Genetics
University of Minnesota
1991 Buford Circle
St. Paul MN 55108
VOICE: 612-625-1991
FAX: 612-625-1268
Physiology.
L. corniculatus.
Carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism research on
L. corniculatus.
Dr. Brad Venuto
215 M. B. Sturgis Hall
Louisiana State University
Agronomy Department
Baton Rouge, LA 70803
E-mail: bvenuto@lsuvm.sncc.lsu.edu
Dr. Ken P. Vogel, USDA-ARS
Dept. of Agronomy
332 Keim Hall, East Campus
Univ. of Nebraska
Lincoln, NE 68583-0937
VOICE: 402-472-1490
FAX: 402-437-5254
Genetics; breeding.
L. corniculatus.
Interested in comatibility of L. corniculatus
with native grass species.
Dr. Jeffrey J. Volenec
Department of Agronomy
1150 Lilly Hall of Life Sciences
Purdue University
West Lafayette IN 47907-1150
FAX: 317-494-6508
E-mail: jvolenec@dept.agron.purdue.edu
Physiology; utilization.
L. corniculatus.
Professor Desh Pal S. Verma
Ohio State University
1060 Carmack Rd.
Columbus OH 43210-1002
E-mail: dverma@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu
Genetics; tissue culture; biotechnology.
L. corniculatus.
Expression of nodule-specific genes.
Dr. D. R. Viands
Dept. of Plant Breeding and Biometry
523 Bradfield Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca NY 14853-1902
VOICE: 607-255-1668
FAX: 607-255-6683
E-mail: drv3@cornell.edu
Breeding; pathology.
L. corniculatus.
Breeding for resistance to crown-rot and to fusarium
wilt caused by (Fusarium oxysporum.)
Dr. Loren E. Wiesner
National Seed STorage Laboratory
1111 S. Mason St.
Fort Collins, CO 80521-1427
VOICE: 303-495-3223
FAX: 303-221-1427
Germplasm.
Many Lotus spp.
Storage of Lotus spp. germplasm.
URUGUAY
Nora Altier
INIA La Estanzuela
CC 39173
70000 Colonia
VOICE: 598-0522-4060
FAX: 598-0522-4061
E-mail: naltier@iniale.org.uy
Pathology.
L. tenuis; L. corniculatus.
Evaluation of root, crown, and floral diseases of
Lotus.
Ing. Agr. Ariel Asuaga
AGROSAN S.A.
Avda. Gral. Rondeau 1904
11800 Montevideo
Jorge L. Gari
AGROSAN S.A.
Cno. Santos 4900
C.P. 12400
VOICE: 598-2-39-41-26
FAX: 598-2-39-35-51
Genetics; breeding; taxonomy; physiology; pathology; biology; forage; utilization; biotechnology; entomology; seed; reclamation.
L. corniculatus; L. subbiflorus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus; L. tenuis.
Seed production, cultivar identification, and breeding.
Fernando Olmos
INIA - Tacuarembo
Ruta 5
Km. 386 Tacuarembo
E-Mail: folmos@iniaen.org.uy
Ecology; biology; forage; germplasm.
L. corniculatus;L. tenuis; L. subbiflorus; L. uliginosus; L. pedunculatus.
Improvement of grassland with Lotus; population
dynamics of persistence in pasture systems.
FODDER PLANT BREEDING AT THE FEDERAL INSTITUTE
OF ALPINE AGRICULTURE, GUMPENSTEIN - EMPHASIS AND AIMS.
(FUTTERPFLANZENZUCHTUNG AN DER BAL GUMPENSTEIN - SCHWERPUNKTE
UND ZIELE.) (LANG:DE)
AUTHOR: KRAUTZER, B.
SOURCE: BERICHT UBER DIE ARBEITSTAGUNG 1992 DER "ARBEITSGEMEINSCHAFT
DER SAATZUCHTLEITER" IM RAHMEN DER "VEREINIGUNG OSTERREICHISCHER
PFLANZENZUCHTER", GUMPENSTEIN, OSTERREICH, 24-26 NOVEMBER
1992. GUMPENSTEIN, AUSTRIA; BUNDESANSTALT FUR ALPENLANDISCHE LANDWIRTSCHAFT:P29-34.
SOME 60% OF AUSTRIA'S AGRICULTURAL AREA IS GRASSLAND, REQUIRING
6000 T OF SEED PER YEAR, 95 OF WHICH IS IMPORTED. GRASS AND FODDER
LEGUME SEEDS ACCOUNT FOR A PROPAGATION AREA OF 626 HA, THE PERCENTAGE
DEDICATED TO AUSTRIAN VARIETIES BEING 80, IN THE CASE OF RED CLOVER
(TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE) AND 20, IN THE CASE OF GRASSES. THE VARIETIES
GUMPENSTEINER (RED CLOVER) AND GUMPENSTEINER (LOLIUM HYBRID) ARE
THE SUBJECT OF CONTINUOUS MAINTENANCE BREEDING. POLYPLOIDIZED
MATERIAL OF THIS LOLIUM HYBRID IS CURRENTLY BEING TESTED FOR IMPROVED
WINTER HARDINESS AND DISEASE RESISTANCE. OTHER SPECIES SUCH AS
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, POA PRATENSIS, ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS, TRISETUS
FLAVESCENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS ARE CONSIDERED AS IMPORTANT
IN THE CONSERVATION OF THE COUNTRYSIDE.
SOMATIC CELL HYBRIDIZATION IN RICE (ORYZA SATIVA
L.) AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.). (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: NAKAJO, S.; NIIZEKI, M.; HARADA, T.; ISHIKAWA, R.; SAITO,
K.
SOURCE: BREEDING SCIENCE:44: 1, P79-81, 1994.
ASYMMETRIC SOMATIC HYBRID CALLUSES OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL AND RICE
WERE PRODUCED BY PROTOPLAST FUSION AND THEIR MITOCHONDRIAL AND
CHLOROPLAST DNAS WERE ANALYSED BY SOUTHERN HYBRIDIZATION. NOVEL
MTDNA FRAGMENTS WERE DETECTED IN ONE HYBRID CALLUS LINE, SUGGESTING
THE OCCURRENCE OF DNA REARRANGEMENTS. PATTERNS OF CTDNA FRAGMENTS
IN ALL THE HYBRID CALLUS LINES WERE IDENTICAL TO THAT OF THE BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL, INDICATING THAT THE CTDNAS OF THESE HYBRID CALLUSES SEGREGATED
UNIDIRECTIONALLY. SOME REGENERATED PLANTS FROM THE HYBRID CALLUSES
WERE TOLERANT OF LOW TEMPERATURES AND LOW SUNLIGHT INTENSITY.
ESTABLISHMENT OF PERENNIAL SPECIES USEFUL FOR
SOIL CONSERVATION AND AS FORAGES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: DOUGLAS, G. B.; FOOTE, A. G.
SOURCE: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH: 37: 1, P1-9,
1994.
FIELD ESTABLISHMENT OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA,
THINOPYRUM PONTICUM (ELYMUS ELONGATUS), ASTRAGALUS CICER, DORYCNIUM
HIRSUTUM, D. PENTAPHYLLUM, D. RECTUM, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, LUPINUS
POLYPHYLLUS, MEDICAGO SATIVA AND SANGUISORBA MINOR WAS EXAMINED
AT A LOW-MODERATELY FERTILE, SEASONALLY DRY SITE IN THE LOWER
NORTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND FROM SPRING 1989 TO WINTER 1990. FINAL
SEEDLING EMERGENCE RANGED FROM ABOUT 10, (FOR D. HIRSUTUM, L.
CORNICULATUS AND L. POLYPHYLLUS) TO ABOUT 100, FOR S. MINOR, WHICH
WAS UNIQUE IN ACHIEVING COMPLETE EMERGENCE. THE DURATION OF EMERGENCE
WAS 3 (L. POLYPHYLLUS) TO 13 (D. PENTAPHYLLUM, D. RECTUM) DAYS
AND EMERGENCE OF ALL SPECIES WAS COMPLETED WITHIN 25 D AFTER SOWING.
SEEDLING SURVIVAL TWO WEEKS AFTER SOWING WAS 40-90, FOR ALL SPECIES
EXCEPT A. CICER (4). GROUND COVERS OF M. SATIVA, S. MINOR AND
T. PONTICUM WERE 30-90. AT 5 OF THE 6 ASSESSMENTS DURING THE TRIAL
WHILE COVER OF MOST OTHER SPECIES WAS 30, EXCEPT FOR 4 SPECIES
(E.G. L. CORNICULATUS (70)) IN SPRING 1990. GROUND COVER OF THE
GRASSES UNDER CUTTING WAS STABLE (F. ARUNDINACEA, T. PONTICUM)
OR INCREASED (D. GLOMERATA), WHEREAS THAT OF MOST OTHER SPECIES
DECLINED. IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT GRASSES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN
SEED MIXES FOR AREAS WHERE DEFOLIATION IS EXPECTED . HERBAGE ACCUMULATION
IN THE 2ND YEAR OF GROWTH WAS 1.7 (A. CICER) TO 24.6 (T. PONTICUM)
T DM/HA.
COMPARISON OF YIELDS OF SAINFOIN GROWN ALONE AND
IN MIXTURES WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL WITH THOSE OF HYBRID LUCERNE
UNDER DIFFERENT RATES OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER APPLICATION. (LANG:PL,
EN, RU(SUMM))
AUTHOR: HARASIM, J.; BAWOLSKI, S.; GAWEL, E.
SOURCE: PAMIETNIK PULAWSKI: NO. 102, P145-158, 1993.
IN FIELD TRIAL5 ON FERTILE BROWN ALLUVIAL SOIL, PURE STANDS OF
MEDICAGO VARIA AND ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA AND MIXTURES OF O. VICIIFOLIA
AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS (70 + 30 AND 50 + 50) SOWN IN MAY 1986
AND 1988 WERE GIVEN 0, 60 OR 120 KG N/HA ANNUALLY IN 2 EQUAL APPLICATIONS.
NUMBERS OF SHOOTS AND DM YIELDS/M2 WERE DETERMINED IN THE SOWING
YEAR AND IN THE 2ND AND 3RD YEARS OF GROWTH. M. VARIA OUTYIELDED
O. VICIIFOLIA ALONE OR IN MIXTURES IN THE FIRST 2 YEARS; DM YIELDS
IN THE 3RD YEAR DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY. L. CORNICULATUS
POPULATIONS DECLINED MARKEDLY IN THE 2ND AND 3RD YEARS AND THE
MIXTURES THEN GAVE LOWER YIELDS THAN PURE O. VICIIFOLIA STANDS.
N APPLICATION DID NOT AFFECT DM YIELDS OR THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
OF THE HERBAGE, BUT INCREASED PROTEIN YIELDS. M. VARIA HAD HIGHER
TOTAL N, P, K, MG AND ASH CONTENTS THAN THE OTHER SPECIES AND
GAVE HIGHER TOTAL PROTEIN YIELDS IN THE 2ND AND 3RD YEARS.
TRACE ELEMENT COMPOSITION OF DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES
USED FOR REMEDIATION OF BORON-LADEN SOILS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BANUELOS, G. S.; WU, L.; AKOHOUE, S.; ZAMBRZUSKI, S.;
MEAD. R.
SOURCE: PLANT NUTRITION - FROM GENETIC ENGINEERING TO FIELD PRACTICE:
PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWELFTH INTERNATIONAL PLANT NUTRITION COLLOQUIUM,
22-26 SEPTEMBER 1993, PERTH, WESTERN AUSTRALIA (EDITED BY BARROW,
N. J.). DDRDRECHT, NETHERLANDS; KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS: P425-428,
DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES VOLUME 54, 1993.
VEGETATION MANAGEMENT WITH DIFFERENT PLANT SPECIES MAV BE A STRATEGY
TO REDUCE HIGH SOIL B TO NON-TOXIC LEVELS. PLANT TISSUES, HOWEVER,
MAY ACCUMULATE NOT ONLY B BUT OTHER TRACE ELEMENTS ALSO PRESENT
IN THE SOIL. TWO SEPARATE FIELD EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED IN
CENTRAL CALIFORNIA IN 1990-91 TO EVALUATE THE UPTAKE OF ZN, CD,
MN, FE, AL, CU, MO, B AND SE BY HIBISCUS CANNABINUS, BRASSICA
JUNCEA, FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA CV. FAWN AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS GROWN
IN A LOS BANOS CLAY LOAM (FINE MIXED THERMIC TYPIC HAPLOXERALF)
SOIL CONTAINING HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF B (UP TO 2 MG/ LITRE).
CONCENTRATIONS OF CD, SE AND B WERE THE ONLY TRACE ELEMENTS WHICH
MIGHT BE LIMITING FACTORS WHEN CONSIDERING THE USE OF H. CANNABINUS
AND B. JUNCEA IN ANIMAL FEED.
EFFECT OF GRAZING ON THE RATE OF NET ACCUMULATION
IN PASTURES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS. (LANG:ES
, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: ASSUERO, S. G.; ESCUDER, C. J.; ANDRADE, F.; FERNANDEZ,
O.; FERNANDEZ, H.
SOURCE: TURRIALBA:42: 2, P224-230, 1992.
IN GRAZING TRIALS AT BALCARCE, ARGENTINA IN 1988, L. CORNICULATUS
INOCULATED WITH A LOCAL STRAIN OF RHIZOBIUM LOTI AND SOWN AT A
DENSITY OF 8 KG/HA IN SPRING 1987 WAS GRAZED IN A DISCONTINUOUS
SYSTEM TO A HEIGHT OF 7 OR 15 CM BY ADJUSTING THE STOCKING RATE
BETWEEN 2 AND 6 SHEEP/HA FROM 26 JAN. TO 29 APR. INCREASE IN GRAZING
INTENSITY DURING THE LATTER PART OF THE GRAZING PERIOD HAD LITTLE
EFFECT ON MEAN NET ACCUMULATION RATE. RELATIVE NET ACCUMULATION
RATE WAS HIGHER UNDER GRAZING THAN IN UNGRAZED SWARDS AND WAS
HIGHEST EARLY IN THE SEASON. MEAN NAR WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER
WHEN GRAZED TO A HEIGHT OF 7 CM RATHER THAN TO 15 CM AND WAS SIGNIFICANTLY
LOWER IN UNGRAZED SWARDS THAN UNDER GRAZING.
GENOME RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LOTUS SPECIES BASED
ON RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD). (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: CAMPOS, L. P.; RAELSON, J. V.; GRANT, W. F.
SOURCE: THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS:88: 3/4, P417-422, 1994.
THE ABILITY OF RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) TO DISTINGUISH
AMONG DIFFERENT TAXA OF LOTUS WAS EVALUATED FOR SEVERAL GEOGRAPHICALLY
DISPERSED ACCESSIONS OF FOUR DIPLOID LOTUS SPECIES, L. TENUIS,
L. ALPINUS, L. JAPONICUS AND L. ULIGINOSUS, AND THE TETRAPLOID
L. CORNICULATUS, IN ORDER TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER RAPD DATA COULD
OFFER ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF L. CORNICULATUS.
CLEAR BANDS AND SEVERAL POLYMORPHISMS WERE OBTAINED FOR 20 PRIMERS
USED FOR EACH SPECIES/ACCESSION. THE EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS AMONG
THE SPECIES/ACCESSIONS PRESENTED IN A CLADOGRAM WERE EXPRESSED
IN TERMS OF TREELENGTHS GIVING MOST PARSIMONIOUS RECONSTRUCTIONS.
ACCESSIONS WITHIN THE SAME SPECIES GROUPED CLOSELY TOGETHER. IT
IS CONSIDERED THAT L. ULIGINOSUS, WHICH IS MOST DISTANTLY RELATED
TO L. CORNICULATUS, MAY BE EXCLUDED AS A DIRECT PROGENITOR OF
L. CORNICULATUS, CONFIRMING PREVIOUS RESULTS FROM ISOENZYME STUDIES.
L. ALPINUS IS GROUPED WITH ACCESSIONS OF L. CORNICULATUS, WHICH
DIFFERS FROM RESULTS OBTAINED IN PREVIOUS STUDIES. WITH THIS EXCEPTION,
THESE FINDINGS ARE IN AGREEMENT WITH PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THE L.
CORNICULATUS GROUP.
BROCCOLI GROWTH, YIELD AND LEVEL OF APHID INFESTATION
IN LEGUMINOUS LIVING MULCHES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: COSTELLO, M. J.
SOURCE: BIOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE & HORTICULTURE : AN INTERNATIONAL
JOURNAL. (BIOL. AGRIC. HORTIC.) 1994. V. 10 (3) P. 207-222.
GENETIC MODIFICATION OF CONDENSED TANNIN BIOSYNTHESIS
IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS. T. HETEROLOGUS ANTISENSE DIHYDROFLAVONOL
REDUCTASE DOWN-REGULATES TANNIN ACCUMULATION IN "HAIRY ROOT"CULTURE.
(LANG:EN)
CARRON, T.R.; ROBBINS, M.P.; MORRIS, P.
SOURCE: THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. (THEOR. APPL. GENET.)
MAR 1994. V. 87 (8) P. 1006-1015.
AN ANTISENSE DIHYDROFLAVONOL REDUCTASE (DFR) GENE-CONSTRUCT MADE
USING THE CDNA FOR DFR FROM ANTIRRHINUM MAJUS WAS INTRODUCED INTO
THE GENOME OF A SERIES OF CLONAL GENOTYPES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS
VIA AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES. AFTER INITIAL SCREENING, 17 ANTISENSE
AND 11 CONTROL TRANSFORMATION EVENTS WERE ANALYSED AND TANNIN
LEVELS FOUND TO BE REDUCED IN ANTISENSE ROOT CULTURES. THE EFFECT
OF THIS ANTISENSE CONSTRUCT, (PMAJ2), WHICH CONSISTED OF THE 5'
HALF OF THE DFR CDNA SEQUENCE, WAS COMPARED IN THREE DIFFERENT
RECIPIENT LOTUS GENOTYPES. THIS CONSTRUCT EFFECTIVELY DOWN-REGULATED
TANNIN BIOSYNTHE5IS IN TWO OF THE RECEPIENT GENOTYPES (S33 AND
S50); HOWEVER, THIS CONSTRUCT WAS RELATIVELY INEFFECTIVE IN A
THIRD GENOTYPE (S4T) WHICH ACCUMULATED HIGH LEVELS OF CONDENSED
TANNINS IN DERIVED TRANSGENIC ROOT CULTURES. FOUR PMAJ2 ANTISENSE
AND THREE CONTROL LINES DERIVED FROM CLONAL GENOTYPES S33 AND
S50 WERE SELECTED AND STUDIED IN GREATER DETAIL. THE ANTISENSE
DFR CONSTRUCT WAS FOUND TO BE INTEGRATED INTO THE GENOME OF THE
ANTISENSE "HAIRY ROOT" CULTURES, AND THE ANTISENSE
RNA WAS SHOWN TO BE EXPRESSED. TANNIN LEVELS WERE MUCH LOWER IN
ANTISENSE ROOTS COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS AND THIS REDUCTION IN
TANNIN LEVELS WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A CHANGE IN CONDENSED TANIN SUBUNIT
COMPOSITION.
REGISTRATION OF 'DAWN' BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BEUSELINCK, P.R.
SOURCE: CROP SCIENCE. (CROP SCI.) MAR/APR 1994. V. 34 (2) P. 540.
REGISTRATION OF CAD BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL GERMPLASM
SELECTED FOR DROUGHT RESISTANCE. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BEUSELINCK. P.R., STEINER, J.J.
SOURCE: CROP SCIENCE (CROP SCI ) MAR/APR 1994. V. 34 (2) P. 543.
REGISTRATION OF HU2, LU2, HP2, LP2, HL2, LL2,
HW2, AND LW2: EIGHT BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL GERMPLASMS BIDIRECTIONALLY
SELECTED FOR SEED YIELD COMPONENTS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: MCGRAW. R.L. ; BEUSELINCK, P.R.
SOURCE: CROP SCIENCE. (CROP SCI.) MAR/APR 1994. V. 34 (2) P. 543.
CONTRASTING EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CO2 ON THE ROOT
AND SHOOT GROWTH OF FOUR NATIVE HERBS COMMONLY FOUND IN CHALK
GRASSLAND. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: FERRIS, R.; TAYLOR, G.
SOURCE: THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. (NEW PHYTOL.) DEC 1993. V. 125 (4)
P. 855-866.
EXPERIENCES WITH SEED PRODUCTION OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: RODER, W.; DUKPA, .T.; GYAMTSHO, P.; DUKPA, P.
SOURCE: BHUTAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY: 13: APRIL, P23-26,
1992.
IN A FIELD EXPERIMENT IN 1982 AT BUMTHANG (ALT. 2700 M), BHUTAN,
L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. MASHFIELD, BEAVER, BORDER,
MAKU AND GRASSLANDS G 4703 PRODUCED SEED YIELDS OF 48, 19, 97,
27 AND 200 KG/HA, RESPECTIVELY. IN A FIELD EXPERIMENT IN 1987-90
AT BUMTHANG, L. PEDUNCULATUS CV. MAKU SEED YIELD FROM HARVESTING
BY PICKING BY HAND WAS 60 KG COMPARED WITH 47 KG FROM USING SCYTHE.
SEED YIELDS FROM HARVESTING ON 9 OR 22 AUG. OR 13 SEP. WERE 96,
54 AND 22 KG, RESPECTIVELY. IN A FIELD EXPERIMENT IN 1989 AT YUSIPANG
(ALT. 2600 M), BHUTAN, L. PEDUNCULATUS BROADCAST SOWN OR SOWN
IN ROWS PRODUCED SEED YIELDS OF 4 AND 22 KG COMPARED WITH 86 KG
WHERE 50-D-OLD SEEDLINGS WERE TRANSPLANTED.
FATE OF PLANTS FROM BURIED SEEDS ON VOLCANO USU,
JAPAN, AFTER THE 1977-1978 ERUPTIONS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: TSUYUZAKI, S.
SOURCE: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY:81: 4, P395-399, 1994.
THE ERUPTIONS OF 1977-78 ON MOUNT USU IN N. JAPAN RESULTED IN
THE ALMOST COMPLETE DESTRUCTION OF VEGETATION BY A 1- TO 3-M-THICK
ACCUMULATION OF VOLCANIC DEPOSITS. EROSION CREATED GULLIES THAT
REMOVED THE5E DEPOSITS AND FREQUENTLY EXPOSED THE OLD ORIGINAL
SOIL. SEEDLINGS OF 14 SPECIES (8 ANNUAL AND 6 PERENNIAL HERBS)
EMERGED FROM SEEDS BURIED IN THE ORIGINAL TOPSOIL. TO CLARIFY
THE ROLE OF THE SEED BANK ON VOLCANIC SUCCESSION, SEEDLINGS OF
SEED BANK SPECIES WERE MONITORED FROM 1983 TO 1992. NEARLY ALL
THE ANNUALS, SUCH AS POLYGONUM LONGISETUM AND RORIPPA ISLANDICA,
ORIGINATED FROM THE SEED BANK. HOWEVER, SEED SUPPLY FROM THE SEED
BANK DECLINED WITH TIME. BECAUSE SEEDLING MORTALITY WAS EXTREMELY
HIGH AND REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS WAS LOW, DUE MOSTLY TO THE INSTABILITY
OF GROUND SURFACE. THESE ANNUALS EMERGED FOR SEVERAL YEARS BUT
DISAPPEARED AFTER 1989. TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS
VAR. JAPONICUS, WERE DERIVED ONLY FROM THE SEED BANK. THEY GRADUALLY
INCREASED IN COVER AND BECAME LARGE ENOUGH TO FLOWER. THE OTHER
PERENNIALS DERIVED FROM THE SEED BANK, MOST OF WHICH PRODUCE SHORT
RHIZOMES, DID NOT INCREASE IN COVER ANNUALLY AND THUS CONTRIBUTED
LESS TO REVEGETATION THAN THE N-FIXING STOLONIFEROUS SPECIES.
THE FATE OF PERENNIALS APPEARED TO BE DEPENDENT ON THE TYPES OF
RHIZOME AND STOLON SYSTEMS. ALTHOUGH RECRUITMENT FROM THE SEED
BANK WAS RESTRICTED TO GULLIES, THE SEED BANK WAS THE MAJOR SOURCE
OF ANNUALS AND OF N-FIXING PERENNIALS IN THE GULLIES. SUCCESSION
IN THE GULLIES WAS SUBSTANTIALLY DIFFERENT FROM THAT WHICH OCCURRED
OUTSIDE THE GULLIES WHERE PLANTS MOSTLY ORIGINATED FROM SEED IMMIGRATION
AND VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION FROM SURVIVING PLANTS, AND ANNUAL
AND N-FIXING PLANTS WERE ABSENT.
ELEVATED CO2, WATER RELATIONS AND BIOPHYSICS OF
LEAF EXTENSION IN FOUR CHALK GRASSLAND HERBS (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: FERRIS, R.; TAYLOR, G.
SOURCE: NEW PHYTOLOGIST:127: 2, P297-307, 1994.
DIURNAL MEASUREMENTS OF LEAF OR LEAFLET EXTENSION, WATER RELATIONS
AND CELL WALL EXTENSIBILITY (PHI) WERE MADE ON YOUNG GROWING LEAVES
OF SANGUISORBA MINOR, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA
AND PLANTAGO MEDIA GROWING IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CABINETS
AND EXPOSED TO EITHER AMBIENT OR ELEVATED CO2. LEAF EXTENSION
RATE (LER) INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY AT NIGHT (AVERAGE OVER 8 H)
IN ELEVATED CO2 FOR S. MINOR, A. VULNERARIA AND P. MEDIA, WHILST
FOR S. MINOR AND P. MEDIA AVERAGE DAY-TIME LER (OVER 16 H) ALSO
INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN ELEVATED CO2 AS COMPARED WITH AMBIENT
CO2. SOLUTE POTENTIALS (PSIS) OF S. MINOR, A. VULNERARIA AND P.
MEDIA DECREASED SIGNIFICANTLY FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED CO2
WITH A SIGNIFICANT REDUCTION IN PSIS DURING THE DAY IN A. VULNERARIA.
TURGOR PRESSURE (P) INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN ELEVATED CO2 AS
COMPARED WITH AMBIENT CO2 IN A. VULNERARIA BUT THERE WAS NO EFFECT
OF ELEVATED CO2 ON P IN THE OTHER SPECIES. NO EFFECTS OF CO2 ON
WATER POTENTIAL, YIELD TURGOR OR EFFECTIVE TURGOR FOR GROWTH WERE
OBSERVED. LEAF PHI INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN LEAVES OF S. MINOR,
L. CORNICULATUS AND P. MEDIA EXPOSED TO ELEVATED CO2, WHEREAS
IN A. VULNERARIA, THERE WAS NO EFFECT OF CO2 ON EXTENSIBILITY.
THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE MECHANISM BY WHICH ELEVATED CO2
PROMOTES LEAF GROWTH DIFFERS BETWEEN SPECIES SINCE IN S. MINOR,
L. CORNICULATUS AND P. MEDIA, CO2 PROMOTED GROWTH THROUGH AN INFLUENCE
ON CELL WALL PROPERTIE5, WHILST IN A. VULNERARIA HIGHER VALUES
OF P EXPLAIN THE INCREASED LEAF GROWTH IN ELEVATED CO2.
THE BULK CONDUCTIVITY TEST FOR LOTUS SEED LOTS.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HAMPTON, J. G.; LUNGWANGWA, A. L.; HILL, K. A.
SOURCE: SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:22: 1, P177-180, 1994.
CONDUCTIVITY RESULTS FOR LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND L. ULIGINOSUS
WERE GREATER FOR 50 SEEDS THAN 100 SEEDS IN 125 ML SOAK WATER,
BUT DID NOT DIFFER IN 250 ML SOAK WATER. FOR FOUR SEED LOTS OF
EACH SPECIES, CONDUCTIVITY DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY AT INITIAL
SEED MOISTURE CONTENTS OF 11-17, BUT WAS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED
AT 8 AND 5, MOISTURE. FOR LOTUS SPP. BULK CONDUCTIVITY TESTING
USING FOUR REPLICATES OF 50 WEIGHED SEEDS SOAKED IN 250 ML DEIONIZED
WATER FOR 24 H IS RECOMMENDED. SEED MOISTURE SHOULD BE DETERMINED
PRIOR TO TESTING AND ADJUSTED TO BETWEEN 11-17 IF REQUIRED.
A PROTEIN BINDING AT-RICH SEQUENCE IN THE SOYBEAN
LEGHEMOGLOBIN C3 PROMOTER IS A GENERAL CIS ELEMENT THAT REQUIRES
PROXIMAL DNA ELEMENTS TO STIMULATE TRANSCRIPTION.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: LAURSEN, N. B.; LARSEN, K. ; KNUDSEN, J. Y. ; HOFFMANN,
H. J.; POULSEN, C. ; MARCKER, K. A.; JENSEN, E. O.
SOURCE: PLANT CELL:6: 5, P659-668, 1994.
A NODULE NUCLEAR FACTOR, NAT2, INTERACTS WITH 2 AT-RICH BINDING
SITES (NAT2 BS1 AND NAT2 BS2) IN THE SOYABEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN (LB)
C3 PROMOTER. IN TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS NODULES AND LEAVES,
AN OLIGONUCLEOTIDE CONTAINING NAT2 BS1 ACTIVATED AN INACTIVE -159
LBC3 PROMOTER WHEN PLACED IMMEDIATELY UPSTREAM OF THE PROMOTER.
THE ACTIVATION WAS INDEPENDENT OF THE ORIENTATION OF NAT2 BS1
BUT WAS DEPENDENT ON ITS POSITION IN THE PROMOTER. THE ABILITIES
OF DIFFERENT MUTATED BINDING SITES TO ACTIVATE EXPRESSION IN VIVO
WERE CORRELATED TO THEIR RESPECTIVE IN VITRO AFFINITIES FOR BINDING
NAT2. THIS SUGGESTED THAT THE INTERACTION BETWEEN NAT2 AND NAT2
BS1 IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE OBSERVED REACTIVATION. FURTHER ACTIVATION
EXPERIMENTS WITH THE LBC3 AND THE LEAF-SPECIFIC NICOTIANA PLUMBAGINIFOLIA
RIBULOSE-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE SMALL SUBUNIT (RBCS-8B) PROMOTER
SUGGESTED THAT ANOTHER SPECIFIC CIS ELEMENT(S) IS REQUIRED FOR
THE FUNCTION OF NAT2 BS1. THUS, THE -102 LBC3 PROMOTER LACKING
THE ORGAN-SPECIFIC ELEMENT (-139 TO -102) WAS NOT REACTIVATED
BY THE PRESENCE OF THE BINDING SITE AND THE RBCS-8B PROMOTER REQUIRED
SEQUENCES BETWEEN -312 AND -257 TO BE ACTIVATED BY NAT2 BS1. THIS
IMPLIES THAT NAT2 HAS TO WORK IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER TRANSACTING
FACTOR(S) TO INCREASE EXPRESSION. THE FINDING OF NAT2-LIKE BINDING
ACTIVITIES IN DIFFERENT PLANT ORGANS AND THE SPECIFIC EXPRESSION
OF THE HYBRID NAT2 BS1/-312 RBC-S8B PROMOTER IN LEAVES SUGGEST
THAT NAT2 IS A GENERAL ACTIVATOR OF TRANSCRIPTION.
GENOME RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LOTUS SPECIES BASED
ON RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD). (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: CAMPOS, L.P. ; RAELSON, J.V. ; GRANT, W.F.
SOURCE: THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. (THEOR. APPL. GENET.)
JUNE 1994. V. 88 (3/4) P. 417-422.
THE ABILITY OF RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) TO DISTINGUISH A MONG DIFFERENT TAXA OF LOTUS WAS EVALUATED FOR SEVERAL GEOGRAPHICALLY DISPERSED ACCESSIONS OF FOUR DIPLOID LOTUS SPECIES, L. TENUIS WALDST. ET KIT, L. ALPINUS SCHLIECH., L. JAPONICUS ( REGEL) LARSEN, AND L. ULIGINOSUS SCHKUHR AND FOR THE TETRAPLOID L. CORNICULATUS L., IN ORDER TO ASCERTAIN WHETHER RAPD DATA COULD OFFER ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE ORIGIN OF THE TETRAPLOID L. CORNICULATUS. CLEAR BANDS AND SEVERAL POLYMORPHISMS WERE OBTAINED FOR 20 PRIN ERS USED FOR EACH SPECIES/ ACCESSION. THE EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS AMONG THE SPECIES/ACCESSIONS PRESENTED IN A CLADOGRAM WERE EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF TREELENGTHS GIVING THE MOST PARSIMONIOUS RECONSTRUCTIONS. ACCESSIONS WITHIN THE SAME SPECIES GROUPED CLOSELY TOGETHER. IT IS CONSIDE RED THAT L. ULIGINOSUS WHICH IS MOST DISTANTLY RELATED TO L. CORNICULATUS, MAY BE EXCLUDED A S A DIRECT PROGENITOR OF L. CORNICULATUS, CONFIRMING PREVIOUS RESULTS FROM ISOENZYME STUDIES . LOTUS ALPINUS IS GROUPED WITH ACCESSIONS OF L. CORNICULATUS, WHICH DIFFERS FROM PREVIOUS S TUDIES. WITH THIS EXCEPTION, THESE FINDINGS ARE IN AGREEMENT WITH PREVIOUS EXPERIMENTAL STUL IES IN THE L. CORNICULATUS GROUP. THE VALUE OF THE RAPD DATA TO THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN IN OF L. CORNICULATUS IS DISCUSSED.
EFFECTS OF CONDENSED TANNINS IN LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS
ON ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR SHEEP. 1. NONNITROGENOUS ASPECTS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: WAGHORN, G.C.; SHELTON, I.D.; MCNABB, W.C.
SOURCE: THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. (J. AGRIC. SCI.)
APR 1994. V. 123 (PT.1) P. 99-107. EFFECTS OF CONDENSED TANNINS
IN LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS ON ITS NUTRITIVE VALUE FOR SHEEP. 2. NITROGENOUS
ASPECTS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: WAGHORN, G.C.; SHELTON, I.D.; MCNABB, W.C.; MCCUTCHEON,
S.N.
SOURCE: THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. (J. AGRIC. SCI.)
APR 1994. V. 123 (PT.1) P. 109-119.
SITE-SPECIFIC MUTAGENESIS OF THE NODULE-INFECTED
CELL EXPRESSION (NICE) ELEMENT AND THE AT-RICH ELEMENT ATRE-BS2*
OF THE SESBANIA ROSTRATA LEGHEMOGLOBIN GLB3 PROMOTER. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: SZCZYGLOWSKI. K.; SZABADOS, L.; FUJIMOTO, S.Y.; SILVER,
D.; DE BRUIJN, F.J. SOURCE: THE PLANT CELL. (PLANT CELL) MAR 1994.
V. 6 (3) P. 317-332.
SESBANIA ROSTRATA LEGHEMOGLOBIN GLB3 (SRGLB3) PROMOTER SEQUENCES
RESPONSIBLE FOR EXPRESSION IN INFECTED CELLS OF TRANSGENIC LOTUS
CORNICULATUS NODULES WERE DELIMITED TO A 78-BP DRAI-HINFI FRAGMENT.
THIS REGION, WHICH IS LOCATED BETWEEN COORDINATES -194 TO -116
RELATIVE TO THE START CODON OF THE SRGLB3 GENE, WAS NAMED THE
NODULE-INFECTED CELL EXPRESSION (NICE) ELEMENT. INSERTION OF THE
NICE ELEMENT INTO THE TRUNCATED NOPALINE SYNTHASE PROMOTER WAS
FOUND TO CONFER A NODULE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION PATTERN ON THIS NORMALLY
ROOT-ENHANCED PROMOTER. WITHIN THE NICE ELEMENT, THREE DISTINCT
MOTIFS ((A)AAAGAT, TTGTCTCTT, AND CACC C(T)) WERE IDENTIFIED;
THEY ARE HIGHLY CONSERVED IN THE PROMOTER REGIONS OF A VARIETY
OF PLANT (LEG) HEMOGLOBIN GENES. THE NICE ELEMENT AND THE ADJACENT
AT-RICH ELEMENT (ATRE-BS2) WERE SUBJECTED TO SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS.
THE EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF NINE SELECTED SRGLB3 PROMOTER FRAGMENTS
CARRYING MUTATIONS IN ATRE-BS2 AND 19 WITH MUTATIONS IN THE NICE
ELEMENT WERE EXAMINED. MUTATIONS IN ATRE-BS2 HAD VARYING EFFECTS
ON SRGLB3 PROMOTER ACTIVITY, RANGING FROM A TWO- TO THREEFOLD
REDUCTION TO A SLIGHT STIMULATION OF ACTIVITY. MUTATIONS IN THE
HIGHLY CONSERVED (A)AAAGAT MOTIF OF THE NICE ELEMENT REDUCED SRGLB3
PROMOTER ACTIVITY TWO- TO FOURFOLD, WHEREAS MUTATIONS IN THE TCTT
PORTION OF THE TTGTCTCTT MOTIF VIRTUALLY ABOLISHED PROMOTER ACTIVITY,
DEMONSTRATING THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF THESE MOTIFS FOR SRGLB3
GENE EXPRESSION . AN A-TO-T SUBSTITUTION IN THE CACCC(T) MOTIF
OF THE NICE ELEMENT ALSO ABOLISHED SRGLB3 PROMOTER ACTIVITY, WHILE
A C-TO-T MUTATION AT POSITION 4 RESULTED IN A THREEFOLD REDUCTION
OF PROMOTER STRENGTH. THE LATTER PHENOTYPES RESEMBLE THE EFFECT
OF SIMILAR MUTATIONS IN THE CONSERVED CACCC MOTIF LOCATED IN THE
PROMOTER REGION OF MAMMALIAN BETA-GLOBIN GENES. THE PDSSIBLE ANALOGIES
BETWEEN THESE TWO SYSTEMS WILL BE DISCUSSED.
STOMATAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FOUR NATIVE HERBS
FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED CO2. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: FERRIS, R.; TAYLOR, G.
SOURCE: ANNALS OF BOTANY. (ANN BOT.) APR 1994. V. 73 (4) P. 447-453.
CONTRASTING EFFECTS ON THE STOMATAL INDEX (SI), STOMATAL DENSITY,
EPIDERMAL CELL SIZE AND NUMBER WERE OBSERVED IN FOUR CHALK GRASSLAND
HERBS (SANGUISORBA MINOR SCOP., LOTUS CORNICULATUS L., ANTHYLLIS
VULNERARIA L. AND PLANTAGO MEDIA L.) FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED
CARBON DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS (CO2) IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
GROWTH CABINETS. SI OF S. MINOR INCREASED FOR BOTH LEAF SURFACES,
WHILST IN A. VULNERARIA AND P. MEDIA SI DECREASED ON ONE SURFACE
ONLY. IN L. CORNICULATUS, NO DIFFERENCES IN SI WERE OBSERVED AS
EPIDERMAL CELL DENSITY CHANGED IN PARALLEL WITH STOMATAL DENSITY.
IN L. CORNICULAIUS AND S. MINOR STOMATAL DENSITY INCREASED ON
BOTH SURFACES, WHEREAS IN P. MEDIA IT DECREASED; IN A. VULNERARIA
STOMATAL DENSITY DECREASED ON THE ABAXIAL LEAF SURFACE ALONE FOLLOWING
EXPOSURE TO ELEVATED CO2. IN THE LATTER THREE SPECIES, SI CHANGED
BECAUSE STOMATAL DENSITY DID NOT CHANGE IN PARALLEL WITH EPIDERMAL
CELL DENSITY. THE RESULTS SUGGEST ELEVATED CO2 IS EITHER DIRECTLY
OR INDIRECTLY AFFECTING CELL DIFFERENTIATION AND THUS STOMATAL
INITIATION IN THE MERISTEM. IN S. MINOR AND P. MEDIA LEAF GROWTH
INCREASED IN ELEVATED CO2, BECAUSE OF INCREASED CELL EXPANSION
OF EPIDERMAL CELLS, WHEREAS IN L CORNICULATUS, EPIDERMAL CELL
SIZE DECREASED AND GREATER LEAF GROWTH WAS BECAUSE OF AN INCREASE
IN EPIDERMAL CELL DIVISIONS. IN A. VULNERARIA, LEAF SIZE DID NOT
CHANGE, BUT INCREASED CELL EXPANSION ON THE ADAXIAL SURFACE SUGGESTS
CO2 AFFECTS LEAF SURFACES DIFFERENTLY, EITHER DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY
AT THE CELL DIFFERENTIATION STAGE OR AS THE LEAF GROWS. THESE
RESULTS SUGGEST COMPONENT SPECIES OF A PLANT COMMUNITY MAY DIFFER
IN THEIR RESPONSE TO ELEVATED CO2. PREDICTING THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE IS THEREFORE DIFFICULT.
HILL-PASTURE RENOVATION USING PHOSPHATE ROCK AND
STOCKING WITH SHEEP AND GOATS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BELESKY, D.P.; WRIGHT, R.J.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE. (J. PROD. AGRIC.) APR/JUNE
1994. V. 7 (2) P. 233-238.
INTERACTION BETWEEN SOME PASTURE SPECIES AND TWO
HIERACIUM SPECIES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: SCOTT, D.; SUTHERLAND, B. L. (AGRESEARCH, LINCOLN, NEW
ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY:17: 1, P47-51, 1993.
IN A POT EXPERIMENT, REGRESSION OF INPUT TO OUTPUT RATIOS OF ABOVE
GROUND BIOMASS OVER SUCCESSIVE HARVESTS FROM BINARY MIXTURES WAS
USED TO DETERMINE THE COMPETITIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN 13 PASTURE
SPECIES AND H. PILOSELLA AND H. PRAEALTUM IN A LOW FERTILITY SOIL.
TREATMENTS ALSO INCLUDED A FACTORIAL OF PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF
COMPARTMENTS SEPARATING ROOTS AND SHOOTS OF SPECIES. SPECIES DIFFERED
IN THEIR MEAN GROWTH RATE, RELATIVE TO HIERACIUM SPECIES. THE
RANKING OF MEAN GROWTH RATE RELATIVE TO H. PILOSELLA WAS TRIFOLIUM
REPENS (BEST), AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS, BROMUS INERMIS, SANGUISORBA
MINOR, FESTUCA NOVAE-ZELANDIAE, F. RUBRA, ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS,
ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, HYPOCHOERIS RADICATA,
T. HYBRIDUM, T. MEDIUM AND ASTRAGALUS CICER. SHOOT PARTITIONS
DECREASED HIERACIUM'S INTERACTION WITH T. REPENS WHILE ROOT PARTITIONS
INCREASED INTERACTION WITH B. INERMIS. HOWEVER, THE RATES WERE
NOT RELATED TO THE PROPORTION OF HIERACIUM IN THE MIXTURES, INDICATING
A GENERAL LACK OF SPECIFIC COMPETITIVE EFFECTS AGAINST HIERACIUM.
PASTURE SPECIES FOR DROUGHT-PRONE LOWER SLOPES
IN THE SOUTH ISLAND HIGH COUNTRY. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: WOODMAN, R. F.; KEOGHAN, J. M.; ALLAN, B. E.
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION:
54: P115-120, 1992
121 CULTIVARS AND ACCESSIONS OF CONVENTIONAL AND ALTERNATIVE LEGUMES,
GRASSES AND FORBS WERE ASSESSED FOR 7-8 YEARS ON A WIDELY VARIABLE
LOWER SUNNY ASPECT LANDSCAPE MOSAIC WITHIN SEMIARID TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS.
THE SOIL WAS A DRY SUBHYGROUS YELLOW-GREY EARTH. A SOIL MOISTURE
DEFICIT FROM OCT. TO APR. WAS CONSIDERED TYPICAL. TRIFOLIUM AMBIGUUM,
DORYCNIUM HIRSUTUM, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, CORONILLA VARIA AND MEDICAGO
SATIVA WERE THE BEST ADAPTED LEGUMES. DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, ELYTRIGIA
INTERMEDIA (ELYMUS HISPIDUS), BROMUS INERMIS AND FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA
SHOWED GOOD VIGOUR AND PERSISTENCE. D. GLDMERATA WAS PARTICULARLY
WELL ADAPTED WHEREAS PERSISTENCE OF LOLIUM PERENNE DECLINED MARKEDLY
AFTER THE 3RD YEAR.
INCREASE IN YIELDS OF FESTUCA VALESIACA PASTURES
IN THE JIIA-BAHLUI BASIN WITH ORGANIC AND MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS.
((LANG:RO, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: VINTU, V.
SOURCE: CERCETARI AGRONOMICE IN MOLDOVA:26: 1-2, P110-116, 1993.
IN 1989-91 A PASTURE ON A 9-12, SLOPE WITH A NE ASPECT ON A TYPICAL
CAMBIC CHERNOZEM WAS GIVEN 0-30 T FYM/HA, 66 KG N + 16 KG P205
+ 10 T FYM, 33 KG N + 8 KG P205 + 20 T FYM OR 16 KG P205 + 30
T FYM/HA; FYM WAS APPLIED IN AUTUMN AND NP IN SPRING. THE PASTURE
CONTAINED FESTUCA VALESIACA, F. PSEUDOVINA, ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS,
POA PRATENSIS, KOELERIA CRISTATA (K. MACRANTHA), BOTHRIOCHLOA
ISCHAEMUM, MEDICAGO FALCATA, TRIFOLIUM REPENS, MEDICAGO MINIMA
AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS. MEAN DM YIELDS RANGED FROM 3.34 T/HA WITH
NO FERTILIZERS TO 6.21 T WITH 66 K G N + 16 KG P205 + 10 T FYM.
FYM ALONE HAD VERY LITTLE EFFECT ON BOTANICAL COMPOSITION BUT
WITH N AND P GRASS CONTENT INCREASED AND LEGUME CONTENT DECREASED.
LOTUS CORNICULATUS CLASSIFICATION BY SEED GLOBULIN
POLYPEPTIDES AND RELATIONSHIP TO ACCESSION PEDIGREES AND GEOGRAPHIC
ORIGIN. (ENG)
AUTHOR: STEINER, J.J.; POKLEMBA, C.J.
SOURCE:CROP SCIENCE. (CROP SCI.) JAN/FEB 1994. V. 34 (1) P. 255-264.
THE BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.) ACCESSIONS FROM
THE NATIONAL PLANT GERMPLASM SYSTEM (NPGS) HAVE NOT BEEN SYSTEMATICALLY
EVALUATED TO DETERMINE THE GENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF INDIVIDUALS
OR GROUPS OF SIMILAR ACCESSIONS. THIS STUDY WAS DONE TO CLASSIFY
AND DETERMINE THE DIVERSITY OF A COLLECTION OF BIROSFOOT TREFOIL
ACCESSIONS USING HIGH SALT-SOLUBLE GLOBULIN POLYPEPTIDES (SGPP)
AND TO COMPARE THEIR CLASSIFICATION WITH GEOGRAPHIC AND ECOLOGICAL
DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGY, AND KNOWN ACCESSION PEDIGREES. SEEDS
OF 128 PLANT INTRODUCTIONS, GERMPLASMS, AND CULTIVARS THAT REPRESENTED
A WIDE-RANGE OF GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS AND COLLECTION SITE ECOLOGICAL
HABITATS WERE ANALYZED FOR SGPPS. THE ACCESSIONS WERE GROUPED
INTO FIVE MAJOR CLASSES BASED ON 13 PROTEIN BANDS RANGING IN MOLECULAR
WEIGHTS FROM 23.1 TO 65.3 KDA. SEVENTY-NINE PERCENT OF THE ACCESSIONS
WERE PLACED INTO TWO MAJOR CLASSES WITH SUBCLASS DIFFERENCES DUE
TO COLLECTION FROM EITHER HIGHLAND OR LOWLAND ECOREGION SITES.
SIXTEEN PERCENT OF THE ACCESSIONS WERE PLACED IN A THIRD CLASS
AND A LIMITED NUMBER OF ACCESSIONS WERE PLACED INTO TWO DISTINCT
MINOR CLASSES THAT EXHIBITED ATYPICAL BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL MORPHOLOGY.
APPROXIMATELY 79% OF THE CULTIVARS AND GERMPLASMS FROM NORTH AND
SOUTH AMERICAN AND EUROPE HAVE BEEN SELECTED FROM A LIMITED BASE
OF GENETIC RESOURCES FOUND IN THE TWO MAJOR CLASSES. FEW IMPROVED
CULTIVAR5 OR GERMRLA5MS HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FROM MATERIALS SIMILAR
TO ACCESSIONS FOUND IN CLASS 3 (18%), CLASS 4 (3%), AND CLASS
5 (0%). USING ESTABLISHED WORLD ECOREGION DESCRIPTIONS GREATLY
ASSISTED WITH THE INTERPRETATION OF THE SGPP CLASSIFICATION AND
PROVIDED A USEFUL APPROACH THAT SHOULD APPLY TO OTHER GERMPLASM
COLLECTIONS.
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE HOST FEEDING PREFERENCES
OF SITONA WEEVILS FOUND COMMONLY IN WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS)
IN THE UK. (ENG)
AUTHOR: MURRAY, P.J.; CLEMENTS, R.O.
SOURCE: ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA. (ENTOMOL. EXP.
APPL.) APR 1994 V 71; DORDRECHT; KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS.
THE POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF THE TRIBES LOTEAE AND
CORONILLEAE (PAPILIONOIDEAE: LEGUMINOSEAE). 2. LOTUS L. AND RELATED
GENERA. (ENG)
AUTHOR: DIEZ, M.U.; FERGUSON, I.K. SOURCE: REVIEW OF PALAEOBOTANY
AND PALYNOLOGY. (REV. PALAEOBOT. PALYNOL.) MAY 1994. V. 81 (2/4)
P. 2SS-255 : AMSTERDAM &IUML; ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS,
B.V.
THE EFFECTS OF PHOSPHORUS AND FORM OF NITROGEN
SUPPLY ON LEAF CELL SIZE AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS
AND LOTUS ULIGINOSUS. (LANG: EN)
AUTHOR: HART, A. L.; COLLIER, W. A. (AGRESEARCH GRASSLANDS, PALMERSTON
NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE:49: 1, P96-104, 1994.
T. REPENS CV. GRASSLAND HUIA AND L. ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLANDS
MAKU WERE GROWN IN POTS OF SOIL IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT AT
A RANGE OF P SUPPLY, AND SOIL INOCULATED WITH RHIZOBIUM N FIXATION
(SN PLANTS) OR NOT INOCULATED (MN PLANTS). SHOOT DW INCREASED
WITH P SUPPLY. T. REPENS MN SHOOTS WERE BIGGER THAN THOSE OF SN
PLANTS EXCEPT AT THE LOWEST LEVELS OF P SUPPLY. L . ULIGINOSUS
MN SHOOTS WERE ONLY BIGGER THAN SN SHOOTS AT THE HIGHEST LEVEL
OF P SUPPLY. LEAF GROWTH RATE AND SIZE INCREASED WITH P SUPPLY
BUT WERE NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE N TREATMENTS. ESTIMATES
OF CELL SIZE WERE MADE BY DETERMINING DNA CONCENTRATION, BY DIGESTION
OF YOUNGEST MATURE LEAVES FOLLOWED BY COUNTING AND BY TAKING VINYL
IMPRESSIONS OF EPIDERMAL CELL SURFACES. L. ULIGINOSUS CELLS WERE
BIGGER THAN THOSE OF T. REPENS. 'DIGESTED' CELL SIZES WERE NOT
AFFECTED BY CHANGES IN P SUPPLY. EPIDERMAL CELL SIZE INCREASED
WITH P SUPPLY, BUT THE RELATIONSHIP WAS WEAKER IN SN THAN IN MN
PLANTS. AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS OF TOTAL AND INORGANIC P ON A DNA
BASIS DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN THE SPECIES, CONTRARY TO CONCENTRATIONS
ON A DW BASIS, INDICATING THAT DIFFERENCES IN P EFFICIENCY CAN
BE PARTLY EXPLAINED ON THE BASIS OF AVERAGE DIFFERENCES IN CELL
SIZE. DIFFERENCES IN INORGANIC P ON A DNA BASIS AT HIGHER LEVELS
OF SUPPLY SUGGESTED AN ADDITIONAL INTRINSIC DIFFERENCE IN CELLULAR
ACCUMULATION OF INORGANIC P BETWEEN THE 2 SPECIES.
RESPONSE OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS TO INOCULATION
AND PELLETING ON A RANGE OF OTAGO TUSSOCK GRASSLAND ENVIRONMENTS.
(LANG: EN)
AUTHOR: PATRICK, H. N.; LOWTHER, W. L.
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION:54:
P105-109, 1992.
SEEDS OF L. CORNICULATUS CV. MAITLAND WERE INOCULATED WITH COMMERCIAL
PEAT INOCULANT CONTAINING RHIZOBIUM LOTI BY (A) SLURRY INOCULATION
AT 19 G PEAT/KG SEED, (B) AS IN (A) BUT WITH 1O. GUM ARABIC ADDED
TO THE SLURRY, (C) INOCULATED AND PELLETED WITH 40, GUM ARABIC
AS ADHESIVE AND MICROFINE LIME AS COATING MATERIAL, (D) INOCULATED
AT 95 G OF PEAT/KG SEED AND PELLETED AS IN (C), AND (E) COMMERCIALLY
PELLETED. TREATMENTS (A) TO (D) WERE PREPARED IN THE LABORATORY
AND AFTER INOCULATION THE SEED WAS SPREAD OUT TO DRY FOR 1 H AND
STORED IN PAPER BAGS AT 12-18 DEGC FOR 1 D BEFORE SOWING. COMMERCIALLY
PELLETED SEED WAS PROCESSED 7 WEEKS BEFORE SOWING AND STORED AT
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. SEEDS WERE OVERSOWN AT BERWEN (SOIL PH 5.6),
TARA HILLS (5.2) AND ROCKLANDS (5.1). TREATMENT (D) GAVE BEST
RESULTS AT ALL SITES, WITH 53, 15 AND 33, NODULATED SEEDLINGS
AFTER 5 MONTHS, FOR THE SITES AS LISTED. APPLICATION OF 1 T LIME
INCREASED NODULATED SEEDLINGS TO 42, AT ROCKLANDS. TREATMENT (E)
GAVE THE POOREST RESULTS. INOCULATION OF L. CORNICULATUS WITH
AT LEAST 30 G PEAT/KG SEED WAS RECOMMENDED.
************************************
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOME MIXTURES OF GRASSES WITH
PERENNIAL LEGUMES ON ERODED SLOPING LAND UNDER GRAZING AND CUTTING.
(LANG:RO, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: SILISTRU, D.
SOURCE: CERCETARI AGRONOMICE IN MOLDOVA:25: 4, P113-118, 1992.
AT VASLUI AN ERODED PASTURE WITH A SLOPE OF 25-30, SOWN WITH 14
GRASS/LEGUME MIXTURES WAS GRAZED ROTATIONALLY BY SHEEP OR CUT.
MEAN DM YIELDS WERE 3.86 T/HA UNDER GRAZING AND 4.00 T/HA UNDER
CUTTING AND RANGED FROM 3.26 T WITH 16 KG BROMUS INERMIS + 18
KG CORONILLA VARIA/HA TO 4.76 T WITH 20 KG B. INERMIS + 50 KG
ONOBRYCHIS VICIFOLIA/HA. UNDER GRAZING 10 KG POA PRATENSIS + 8
KG LOTUS CORNICULATUS GAVE HIGHER YIELDS THAN THE CONTROL (B.
INERMIS + O.VICIIFOLIA).
GROWTH OF SHEEP'S BURNET AND TWO DRYLAND LEGUMES
UNDER PERIODIC MOB-STOCKING WITH SHEEP. (LA
NG:EN)
AUTHOR: DOUGLAS, G. B.; FOOTE, A. G.
SOURCE: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH:36: 4, P393-397,
1992.
KEYWDS: SANGUISORBA MINOR; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA;
GRAZING; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; PERSISTENCE
GROWTH OF ESTABLISHED PURE AND MIXED SWARDS OF SANGUISORBA MINOR
SUBSP. MURICATA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND MEDICAGO SATIVA WAS INVESTIGATED
UNDER PERIODIC SHEEP-GRAZING FOR 19 MONTHS AT A SITE 15 KM N OF
MASTERTON. SWARDS WERE 16 MONTHS OLD AT THE START OF GRAZING AND
CONTAINED OF 34-73, WEEDS (MAINLY LOLIUM PERENNE AND TRIFOLIUM
REPENS). SEVEN GRAZINGS (LEAVING 2-4 CM STUBBLE) WERE UNDERTAKEN,
EACH WITH 150 SHEEP FOR 3 D. NET HERBAGE ACCUMULATION OF ALL SWARDS
(SOWN SPECIES + WEEDS) AVERAGED 9.7 T DM/HA PER YEAR WITH HIGHEST
AND LOWEST ACCUMULATION IN THE SPRING (50 KG DM/HA PER DAY), AND
LATE AUTUMN/ WINTER (11 KG DM/HA PER DAY), RESPECTIVELY. MEAN
SWARD CONTENT OF SOWN SPECIES VARIED FROM 5, (WINTER) TO 70, (SUMMER/
AUTUMN). MOST VARIATION IN CONTENT OF SOWN SPECIES WAS ATTRIBUTABLE
TO SEASON RATHER THAN TO DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SWARDS WITHIN HARVESTS.
THE CONTENT OF SOWN SPECIES OFTEN DECLINED OVER THE STUDY PERIOD
WITH THAT OF S. MINOR DECLINING 20-60, IN ONE YEAR. THE DATA SUGGESTED
THAT S. MINOR, L. CORNICULATUS, AND M. SATIVA WERE NOT PERSISTENT
AND THEREFORE THAT THEIR MOST APPROPRIATE ROLES WERE AS SHORT-TERM
(LESS THAN 3 YEARS) FORAGES.
SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE AFFECT CONDENSED
TANNIN CONCENTRATIONS AND GROWTH IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND LOTUS
PEDUNCULATUS. (LANG: EN)
AUTHOR: ANURAGA, M.; DUARSA, P.; HILL, M. U.; LOVETT, U. V.
SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH:44: 7, P1667-1681.
LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. MAKU AND L. CORNICULATUS
CV. DEWEY WERE GROWN AT 14/10, 20/16, 26/22 AND 32/28DEGC (14/10
H) IN GROWTH CABINETS. GROWTH RATES AND CONDENSED TANNIN (CT)
CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED AS SOIL MOISTURE WAS CHANGED FROM
FIELD CAPACITY (FC) TO 20, FC TO FC AGAIN IN 3 REGROWTH CYCLES.
SEASONAL DM ACCUMULATION AND CT CONCENTRATIONS WERE ALSO MEASURED
ON THESE CULTIVARS TOGETHER WITH L. CORNICULATUS CV. SHARNEE,
ASTRAGALUS CICER CV. MONARCH, CORONILLA VARIA CV. CHEMUNG AND
MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. WL605 AT 2 SITES IN THE FIELD. CONDENSED TANNIN
CONCENTRATIONS WERE NOT GREATLY AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE ALONE.
HOWEVER, MOISTURE STRESS INDUCED PROPORTIONATELY LARGER REDUCTIONS
IN GROWTH RATES OF L. ULIGINOSUS AS TEMPERATURE INCREASED, AND
CORRESPONDING LARGER RISES IN CT CONCENTRATIONS. CONDENSED TANNIN
CONCENTRATIONS IN L. CORNICULATUS WERE LARGELY UNAFFECTED BY THESE
FACTORS. IN L. ULIGINOSUS, THE RESPONSES IN CT LEVELS AND GROWTH
RATES CONTINUED EVEN WHEN SOIL MOISTURE WAS RETURNED TO FC. LOW
TEMPERATURE DID NOT APPEAR TO AFFECT CT CONCENTRATIONS IN L. ULIGINOSUS,
BUT CAUSED SOME SLIGHT ELEVATION IN CONCENTRATIONS IN L. CORNICULATUS.
IN THE FIELD, CT LEVELS IN THE L. ULIGINOSUS CULTIVARS, AND IN
L. CORNICULATUS, WERE ELEVATED IN SUMMER AND AUTUMN, WHEN TEMPERATURES
WERE HIGH AND PERIODS OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS OCCURRED.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE NODULE-FORMING BACTERIUM
RHIZOBIUM GALEGAE AND LEGUMES. (LANG:RU,
E N(SUMM))
AUTHOR: NOVIKOVA, N. I.; SAFRONOVA, V. I.; PAVLOVA, E. A.
SOURCE: SEL'SKOKHOZYAISTVENNAYA BIOLOGIYA:NO. 5, P105-110, 1992.
HOST SPECIFICITY OF 15 RHIZOBIUM GALEGAE STRAINS ISOLATED FROM
GALEGA ORIENTALIS OR G. OFFICINALIS WERE TESTED ON THESE SPECIES
AND ASTRAGALUS CICER, OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS, HEDYSARUM ALPINUM,
GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE AND
MEDICAGO SATIVA. R. GALEGAE STRAINS (AND 4 OTHER RHIZOBIUM SPECIES
TESTED) WERE SPECIFIC TO THE HOSTS FROM WHICH THEY WERE DERIVED.
DISPERSION ANALYSIS STUDIES WITH 3 R GALEGAE STRAINS AND 4 CLJLTIVARS
OF G. ORIENTALIS INDICATED THAT CULTIVAR WAS A SIGNIFICANT DETERMINANT
OF PLANT MASS AND NODULE QUALITY AND THAT BOTH CULTIVAR AND STRAIN
INFLUENCED ACETYLENE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY.
ROLE OF HIGH FIRE FREQUENCY IN DESTRUCTION OF
MIXED CHAPARRAL. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HAIOINGER, T. L.;KEELEY, J. E.
SOURCE: MADRONO:40: 3, P141-147, 1993.
REGENERATION OF ADENOSTOMA FASCICULATUM AND SALVIA MELLIFERA DOMINATED
CHAPARRAL WAS STUDIED IN ADJACENT SITES ON THE N. SIDE OF THE
VEROUGO MOUNTAINS, S. CALIFORNIA, BURNED ONCE, TWICE OR 3 TIMES
IN 6 YEARS, AT INTERVALS OF 1, 4 AND 6 YEARS BEFORE THE STUDY
IN 1992. MARKED CHANGES IN PLANT COMMUNITY COMPOSITION OCCURRED
AS FIRE FREQUENCY INCREASED. ON A SITE BURNE D ONLY ONCE IN THE
PAST 20 YEARS. THE DOMINANT SHRUBS, A. FASCICULATUM AND S. MELLIFERA
ESTABLISHED ABUNDANT SEEDLINGS IN THE FIRST GROWING SEASON AFTER
BURNING. SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT WAS 62 AND 83, LESS, FOR A. FASCICULATUM
AND S. MELLIFERA, RESPECTIVELY, ON THE SITE THAT HAD ALSO BEEN
BURNED 6 YEARS PREVIOUSLY AND ZERO ON THE SITE BURNED 1, 4 AND
6 YEARS AGO. LOTUS SCOPARIUS ALSO SHOWED ITS LOWEST ESTABLISHMENT
ON THE SITE BURNED MOST FREQUENTLY; IT DID BEST ON THE SITE BURNED
1 AND 6 YEARS AGO. ALTHOUGH A. FASCICULATUM REGENERATED AFTER
FIRE, THERE WAS SOME MORTALITY AFTER EACH FIRE AND THE NUMBER
OF RESPROUTING INDIVIDUALS DIMINISHED AS FIRE FREQUENCY INCREASED.
POSTFIRE ANNUAL SPECIES WERE ABUNDANT ON ALL SITES BURNED THE
PREVIOUS YEAR, REGARDLESS OF THE PREVIOUS FIRE FREQUENCY. NON-NATIVE
SPECIES SUCH AS BRASSICA NIGRA, BROMUS SPP. AND SCHISMUS BARBATUS
WERE ABSENT OR POORLY REPRESENTED ON THE 1-YEAR-OLD BURN THAT
HAD LAST BEEN BURNT 20 YEARS AGO, HOWEVER, POSTFIRE RECRUITMENT
OF THESE ALIENS WAS INCREASED ON SITES WHICH WERE REPEATEDLY BURNED.
SPECIES RICHNESS WAS GREATEST ON THE SITE BURNED 1 AND 6 YEARS
AGO (16 SPP.) AND LOWEST ON THE SITE BURNED 1, 4 AND 6 YEARS AGO
(1O SPP.). IT IS SUGGESTED THAT HIGH FIRE FREQUENCY HAS PLAYED
AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE ALIEN SPECIES AND
THE CONVERSION FROM SHRUB-DOMINATED TO HERBACEOUS-DOMINATED ECOSYSTEMS
IN CALIFORNIA.
THE DISCOVERY OF LOTUS SUBBIFLORUS LAG. IN SOUTH-EAST
IRELAND. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: FITZGERALD, R.
SOURCE: IRISH NATURALISTS' JOURNAL:24: 6, P240-244, 1993.
L. SUBBIFLORUS IS REPORTED FROM 6 SITES IN THE SCREEN HILLS REGION
OF SE IRELAND.
GAS EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS AND NITROGEN RELATIONS
OF TWO MEDITERRANEAN ROOT HEMIPARASITES: BARTSIA TRIXAGO AND PARENTUCELLIA
VISCOSA. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: PRESS, M. C.; PARSONS, A. N.; MACKAY, A. W.; VINCENT,
C. A.; COCHRANE, V.; SEEL, W. E.
SOURCE: OECOLOGIA:95: 1, P145-151, 1993.
PLANT HEIGHT, LIGHT-SATURATED RATES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS (AMAX) AND
FOLIAR NITROGEN CONCN (N1) WERE MEASURED FOR B. TRIXAGO UNDER
FIELD CONDITIONS IN MALLORCA BETWEEN 11 AND 25 APR. 1992. ALL
3 VARIABLES WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED AND WERE ALSO POSITIVELY
RELATED TO THE ABUNDANCE OF NITROGEN-FIXING LEGUMES (PUTATIVE
HOST SPECIES) IN THE ASSOCIATED VEGETATION (MELIOTUS INDICUS (MELILOTUS
INDICA), LOTUS CYTISOIDES, MEDICAGO POLYMORPHA, BROMUS RIGIOUS,
LAGURUS OVATUS AND PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA). AMAX FOR B. TRIXAGO RANGED
FROM 7.7 TO 18.8 MICROMOL M-2 S-1. SIMILAR RATES WERE MEASURED
FOR P. VISCOSA IN MIXED VEGETATION PATCHES, AND BOTH SPECIES WERE
WITHIN THE RANGE OF RATES MEASURED FOR 6 PUTATIVE HOSTS (10.6-19.2
MICROMOL). FERTILIZATION OF UNATTACHED B. TRIXAGO PLANTS WITH
INORGANIC N (AMMONIUM NITRATE) ELICITED NEITHER THE GROWTH NOR
THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES OBSERVED IN PLANTS CONSIDERED TO
BE PARASITIC ON LEGUMES AND IN RECEIPT OF AN ENRICHED ORGANIC
N SUPPLY. BOTH HEMIPARASITES HAD HIGH DIURNAL LEAF CONDUCTANCES
(GS) (469-2291 MMOL M-2 S-1) AND WERE AT THE UPPER END OF THE
RANGE OF THOSE MEASURED IN PUTATIVE HOSTS (409-879 MMOL). IN CONTRAST
WITH THE LATTER, HIGH NOCTURNAL RATES OF GS WERE ALSO RECORDED
FOR THE 2 HEMIPARASITES (517-1862 MMOL). THERE WAS NO CLEAR RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN EITHER AMAX OR N1 AND EITHER GS, TRANSPIRATION (E) OR
WATER USE EFFICIENCY (AMAX/E) IN B. TRIXAGO PLANTS. IT WAS CONCLUDED
THAT THE ECONOMICS OF WATER LOSS ARE INDEPENDENT OF BOTH THE SUPPLY
OF N FROM THE HOST AND AUTOTROPHIC C FIXATION.
SCREENING OF WEEDS FOR VEGETATION RECOVERY IN
A PASTURE IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION OF THE LOESS PLATEAU IN CHINA.
(LANG.JA, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: ICHIZEN, N.; OGASAWARA, M.; KURAMOCHI, H.; KONNAI, M.;
SUNOHARA, W.; TAKEMATSU, T.
SOURCE: WEED RESEARCH (TOKYO):38: 3, P182-189, 1993.
IN PASTURES IN THE SEMI-ARID REGION OF THE LOESS PLATEAU IN CHINA,
BARE GROUND HAS EXPANDED DUE TO OVER-GRAZING. FIELD STUDIES WERE
THEREFORE CARRIED OUT TO ANALYSE THE VEGETATION AND TO IDENTIFY
WEED SPECIES FOR VEGETATION RECOVERY IN SUCH DEGRADED PASTURES.
THE NUMBER OF PLANT SPECIES PRESENT IN PASTURES DIFFERED ACCORDING
TO THE DIRECTION OF SLOPE AND GRAZING CONDITIONS; 9 SPECIES (BELONGING
TO 6 FAMILIES), 14 SPECIES (8 FAMILIES), 18 SPECIES (10 FAMILIES)
AND 24 SPECIES (11 FAMILIES) WERE FOUND TO BE GRAZED ON THE SOUTHERN
SLOPE, NORTHERN SLOPE, PROTECTED SOUTHERN SLOPE AND PROTECTED
NORTHERN SLOPE, RESP. OF THF 231 WEED SPECIES INTRODUCED FROM
FOREIGN COUNTRIES, THE FOLLOWING 28 GREW WELL ON THE SOUTHERN
SLOPE, WHERE THE CONDITIONS WERE MOST UNFAVOURABLE: CARDUUS NUTANS,
CENTAUREA CYANUS, C. NIGRA, TRAGOPOGON PRATENSIS, ECHIUM VULGARE,
ASTRAGALUS ADSURGENS, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, MEDICAGO SATIVA (LUCERNE
), MELILOTUS ALBA, M. OFFICINALIS, ONOBRYCHIS VISIAEFOLIA (O.
VICIIFOLIA), AGROPYRON CRISTATUM, A. ELONGATUM (ELYMUS ELONGATUS),
A. INTERMEDIUM (ELYMUS HISPIDUS), A. MONGOLICUM, A. REPENS (ELYMUS
REPENS), AVENA FATUA, AVENA LUDOVICIANA (A. STERILIS SUBSP. LUDOVICIANA),
BROMUS INERMIS, ELYMUS ANGUSTUS (LEYMUS ANGUSTUS), ELYMUS DAHURICUS,
ELYMUS JUNCEUS (PSATHYROSTACHYS JUNCEA), ELYMUS SIBIRICUS, FESTUCA
OVINA, F. PRATENSIS, ORYZOPSIS HYMENOIDES, SETARIA FABERI AND
S. VIRIDIS.
GROWTH OF PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUMES IN ACIDIC SOILS
OF THE APPALACHIAN HILL-LANDS AFTER LIMING. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: STALEY, T.E.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION. (J. PLANT NUTR.) 1993. V.
16 (12) P. 2577-2590.
A MAJOR CONSTRAINT TO THE RENOVATION OF FORAGE LEGUME-BASED PASTURES
ON ACIDIC SOILS OF THE APPALACHIAN HILL-LANDS IS THOUGHT TO BE
THE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE RHIZOBIA. A GROWTH CHAMBER EXPERIMENT
WAS DONE WITH ALUMINUM (AL) TOXIC, LOW PH (GREATER THAN OR EQUAL
TO 4.2) SOILS FROM FOUR SERIES (BERKS, LILY, TATE, AND WESTMORELAND)
THAT WERE PLANTED WITH ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.), RED CLOVER
(TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.), WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPEN5 L.), OR
BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.). THESE SOILS, WITHOUT
LIME ADDITION, WERE PREVIOUSLY SHOWN NOT TO CONTAIN EFFECTIVE,
NATURALIZED POPULATIONS OF RHIZOBIA FOR THESE PLANT SPECIES. HOWEVER,
A NON-TOXIC, PH 6.8, WATAUGA SOIL WAS SHOWN TO HAVE SUCH RHIZOBIA
BUT ONLY FOR ALFALFA. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THESE FIVE SOILS WERE
REEXAMINED AFTER LIMING TO PH GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 5.5 FOR
EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED POPULATIONS OF RHIZOBIA AND THE EFFICACY
OF SOIL INOCULATION WITH COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE RHIZOBIA. IN ADDITION
TO EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED R. MELILOTI FOR ALFALFA IN THE WATAUGA
SOIL, SIMILAR POPULATIONS OF R. TRIFOLII FOR RED CLOVER, AND R.
LOTUS FOR BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, WERE NOW FOUND. SUCH RHIZOBIA WERE
ALSO FOUND FOR ALFALFA IN THE LILY SOIL AND FOR RED CLOVER IN
THE LILY AND TATE SOIL. THUS, LIMING ALLOWED THE EXPRESSION OF
EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL RHIZOBIA THAT OTHERWISE WOULD NOT HAVE
BEEN DETECTED IN SOIL POT EXPERIMENTS WITHOUT LIME. INOCULATION
OF THE TOXIC SOILS AFTER LIME ADDITION WITH COMMERCIAL RIIIZOBIA
WAS EFFECTIVE IN ABOUT HALF OF THE SOIL-PLANT COMBINATIONS THAT
DID NOT CONTAIN POPULATIONS OF EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED RHIZOBIA.
ASYMBIOTIC SHOOT GROWTH OF ALL THE PLANT SPECIES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY
(P LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.05) CORRELATED WITH SOIL PH OVER A
RANGE OF 5.5-6.6. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT, IN THE ABSENCE
OF EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED POPULATIONS OF RHIZOBIA, IMPROVEMENT
OF RHIZOBIAL INOCULA COULD INCREASE FORAGE PRODUCTION BY APPROXIMATELY
34% FOR SOME SPECIES ON SOME OF THE TOXIC SOILS, EVEN AFTER THE
PH OF THE SOILS IS INCREASED TO GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 5.5.
A NEW SPECIES OF LOTUS SECT. HOSACKIA (FABACEAE)
FROM NUEVO LEON, MEXICO. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: TURNER, B.L.
SOURCE: PHYTOLOGIA. (PHYTOLOGIA) NOV 1993. V. 75 (5) P. 409-410.
REGISTRATION OF AG-S4 AUTOGAMOUS BROAD-LEAF BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL GERMPLASM. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: STEINER, J.J.
SOURCE: CROP SCIENCE. (CROP SCI.) NOV/DEC 1993. V. 33 (6) P. 1424-1425.
THE AGRICULTURAL VALUE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOILS IN
SCOTLAND / BY JOHN FREDERIC LIVINGSTONE
CHARLTON. (ENG)
AUTHOR: CHARLTON, JOHN FREDERIC LIVINGSTONE
SOURCE:1971. MONOGRAPH.
SPERMODERM PATTERN IN SOME LOTUS SPECIES
(FABACEAE). (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: PANOEY, A. K.; CHAUDHARY, L. B.
SOURCE: NATIONAL ACADEMY SCIENCE LETTERS:15: 12, P385-386, 1992.
SEEDS OF 13 LOTUS SPP. WERE STUDIED FOR TESTA TOPOGRAPHY USING
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. A RETICULATE SPERMODERM PATTERN
WAS OBSERVED FOR ALL SPECIES EXCEPT L. GARCINII, WHICH HAD A RUGULATE
PATTERN. BASED ON THE RESULTS IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE RETICULATE
PATTERN IS COMMON IN THE GENUS LOTUS, AND THE TRIBES LOTEAE AND
CORONILLEAE ARE CLOSELY RELATED.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A RHIZOBIUM
LOTI GENE REQUIRED FOR EFFECTIVE MODULATION OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: WARO, L.J.H. ; ROCKMAN, E.S.; BALL, P.; JARVIS, B.O.W.;
SCOTT, D.B.
SOURCE: MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI. (MOL. PLANT-MICROB.
INTERACT.) SEPT/OCT 1989. V. 2 (5) P. 224-232.
PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUME GROWTH IN ACIDIC SOILS
FROM THE MAJOR SERIES OF THE APPALACHIAN HILL-LANDS.
(LANG:EN)
DIGHT, R. J.; BALIGAR, V. C.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION:16: 4, P573-587, 1993.
A GROWTH CHAMBER EXPERIMENT WAS INITIATED WITH 14 SOILS, EACH
OF A DIFFERENT SERIES, FROM DIVERSE SITES WITHIN THE APPALACHIAN
REGION TO DETERMINE THE NEED OF RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION, AND THE
SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES LIMITING GROWTH, OF MEDICAGO SATIVA,
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, T. REPENS, AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS. EFFECTIVE,
NATURALIZED POPULATIONS OF RHIZOBIA PRODUCING ACCEPTABLE (50,
MAXIMUM) SHOOT GROWTH WERE FOUND IN FEW OF THE SOILS. COMMERCIAL
RHIZOBIAL MIXTURES EFFECTIVE IN PRODUCING SIMILARLY ACCEPTABLE
GROWTH IN 3 SOILS FOR M. SATIVA AND T. PRATENSE, BUT ONLY IN ONE
SOIL FOR T. REPENS AND L. CORNICULATUS. SOIL RANKINGS BASED ON
ASYMBIOTIC SHOOT GROWTH WERE SIMILAR FOR ALL SPECIES, PARTICULARLY
WHEN ONLY THE BETTER SOILS WERE CONSIDERED, AND CHANGED LITTLE
COMPARED WITH SYMBIOTICALLY-GROWN PLANTS. ADVERSE EFFECTS ON GROWTH
OF ALL SPECIES, PARTICULARLY M. SATIVA, WERE LOW PH, AND LOW CA
AND HIGH AL CONCENTRATIONS. L. CORNICULATUS WAS LEAST SENSITIVE
TO THESE SOIL ACIDITY-RELATED FACTORS. FOR PLANT SPECIES AND SOIL
COMBINATIONS THAT ALLOWED ONLY INEFFECTIVE SYMBIOSES, NO SIGNIFICANT
CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN DIFFERENCES IN ASYMBIOTIC AND SYMBIOTIC
SHOOT GROWTH AND ANY CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE 7 SOILS INVOLVED.
HARDNESS IN LOTUS TENUIS SEEDS: EFFECTS OF STORAGE
CONDITIONS. (LANG:ES)
AUTHOR: MUJICA, M. M.; RUMI, C. P.
SOURCE: REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA (LA PLATA):66-67:
P63-66, 1991.
THE EFFECTS OF WINTER CONDITIONS ON THE NUTRITIVE
VALUE OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU AND TRIFOLIUM
REPENS CV. HAIFA. (LANG:EN, ES(SUMM))
AUTHOR: SCHILLER, K. N.; AYRES, J. F.
SOURCE: TROPICAL GRASSLANDS:27: 1, P43-47, 1993.
SEASONAL VARIATION IN FIELD PLOTS ESTABLISHED IN 1987 AT GLEN
INNES, TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV. HAIFA MAINTAINED RELATIVELY CONSTANT
LEVELS OF FORAGE NITROGEN, IN VITRO OM DIGESTIBILITY (OMD) AND
STRUCTURAL FIBRE CONSTITUENTS FROM LATE MAY-JULY 1991. THE LEVELS
OF NITROGEN AND OMD OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV.
GRASSLANDS MAKU DECREASED OVER THE WINTER PERIOD (FROM 42 TO 32
G/KG AND 78 TO 63, RESPECTIVELY), AND THESE EFFECTS WERE ASSOCIATED
WITH MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCED BY SEVERE FROST DAMAGE. IT
IS CONCLUDED THAT THESE EFFECTS ON NUTRITIVE VALUE LIMIT THE PONTENTIAL
ROLE OF L. PFDUNCULATUS ON THE NORTHERN TABLELANDS OF NEW SOUTH
WALES.
TITLE. METHOD OF OVERSOWING WITH LEGUMES IN PASTURES
AFFECTED BY EROSION ON THE MOLDAVIAN FOREST STEPPE. (LANG:RO,
EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: ARMASU, C.; DUMITRESCU, N.; SILISTRU, D.
SOURCE: CERCETARI AGRONOMICE IN MOLDOVA:25: 1, P243-247, 1992.
ON A MODERATELY ERODED LEACHED CHERNOZEM WITH A 20, N.-FACING
SLOPE AT DOROSCANI THE NATURAL PASTURE (COMPOSED OF FESTUCA VALESIACA,
F. PRATENSIS, POA PRATENSIS, ARTEMISIA AUSTRIACA AND PLANTAGO
LANCEOLATA) WAS GIVEN 50 KG P205 + 50 KG K20 OR 50 KG N + 50 KG
P205 + 50 KG K20/HA AND WAS OVERSOWN WITH A MIXTURE OF 50 KG ONOBRYCHIS
VICIIFOLIA + 5 KG LOTUS CORNICULATUS + 5 KG TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV.
LAOINO/HA BROADCAST AND INCORPORATED (A) BY ANIMALS, (B) BY FIXED
HARROWING + ANIMALS, (C) BY HARROWING, DISCING AND ANIMALS, (D)
BY FIXED DISCING AND ROLLING OR (E) BY HARROWING, DISCING AND
ROLLING, OR SOWN MECHANICALLY AND INCORPORATED (F) BY FIXED DISCING
AND ROLLING OR (G) HARROWING WITH DISCING AND ROLLING. HAY YIELDS
RANGED FROM 4 T/HA IN (C) TO 4.91 T IN (B) WITH P + K AND FROM
5.06 T IN (F) TO 6.11 T IN (D) WITH NPK. OVERSOWING IMPROVED THE
LEGUME CONTENT AND THE ROOT MASS AND STABILITY OF SOIL AGGREGATES.
CUSCUTA EPITHYMUM (L.) L. (CONVOLVULACEAE), ITS
HOSTS AND ASSOCIATED VEGETATION IN A LIMESTONE PAVEMENT HABITAT
IN THE BURREN LOWLANDS IN COUNTY CLARE (H9), WESTERN IRELAND.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: DOYLE, G. J.
SOURCE: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL IRISH
ACADEMY, SECTION B:93B: P61-67, 1993.
C. EPITHYMUM WAS FOUND GROWING IN A LIMESTONE PAVEMENT HABITAT
IN THE BURREN LOWLANDS IN 1990. THE SPECIES WAS FOUND TO BE RELATIVELY
RARE IN THE IRISH REPUBLIC AND WAS CONFINED TO 16 COASTAL VICE-COUNTIES.
ON LIMESTONE PAVEMENT, C. EPITHYMUM WAS FOUND IN ASPERULO-SESLERIETUM
VEGETATION, AN ASSOCIATION ASSIGNED TO THE CHALK GRASSLAND CLASS
FESTUCO-BROMETEA. THE VEGETATION OF THE LIMESTONE PAVEMENT HABITAT
WAS COMPARED WITH MATURE DUNE GRASSLAND AT FANORE, ALSO IN THE
BURREN REGION, WHERE EXTENSIVE POPULATIONS OF C. EPITHYMUM OCCUR
IN VEGETATION ASSIGNED TO THE CAMPTOTHECIO-ASPERULETUM, ANOTHER
ASSOCIATION BELONGING TO THE FESTUCO-BROME TEA CLASS. WHILE THERE
WERE SPECIES DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE COMMUNITIES IN THESE CONTRASTING
HABITATS, THERE WAS CONSIDERABLE FLORISTIC OVERLAP. C. EPITHYMUM
WAS FOUND TO BE CATHOLIC IN ITS SELECTION OF HOST PLANTS AT THESE
SITES. THE HOSTS COMMON TO THE 2 SITES INCLUDED ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM,
LOTUS CORNICULATUS, THYMUS PRAECOX, ASPERULA CYNANCHICA, TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE AND VIOLA SPECIES. THERE WERE 14 ADDITIONAL HOSTS ON
THE LIMESTONE PAVEMENT, AND 15 CONFINED TO THE MATURE DUNE GRASSLAND
SITE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT, DESPITE THE CATHOLICITY OF HOST SELECTION,
THE RARITY OF C. EPITHYMUM IN THE IRISH REPUBLIC SUGGESTS THAT
ESTABLISHMENT IS A CRITICAL DETERMINANT OF THE SPECIES' DISTRIBUTION
AND DEPENDS ON THE INITIAL INFECTION OF A PRIMARY HOST IN AN APPROPRIATE
HABITAT WITH SUITABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.
IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF SEEDLING VIGOUR IN BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL, LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: NOWAK, J.; PILLAY, V. K.; PAPADOPOULOS, Y. A.
SOURCE: PLANT VARIETIES & SEEDS:6: 3, P161-168, 1993.
EXPERIMENTS WITH 3 CULTIVARS AND 5 BREEDING LINES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS
ASSESSED THE USEFULNESS OF IN VITRO METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING
SEEDLING VIGOUR, WHICH IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR AFFECTING
ESTABLISHMENT OF THE SPECIES IN E. CANADA. SEEDS WERE SEPARATED
INTO 2 SIZES (MORE THAN OR EQUAL TO 1.4MM AND 1.4-1.18 MM), SURFACE
STERILIZED AND GROWN IN VITRO AT 5DEGC. SEEDLING VIGOUR WAS EVALUATED
IN TERMS OF GERMINATION RATE AND SEEDLING GROWTH. LARGER SEEDS
GERMINATED FASTER, AND HAD GREATER PERCENTAGE GERMINATION, THAN
SMALLER SEEDS. CULTIVARS AND LINES WHICH PERFORMED BETTER UNDER
FIELD CONDITIONS HAD HIGHER GERMINATION RATES IN THE IN VITRO
TEST. SEEDLING GROWTH 4 WEEKS AFTER GERMINATION DID NOT DIFFER
BETWEEN SEED LOTS, WHILE ROOT WEIGHT AND LENGTH, SEEDLING BIOMASS
AND SEEDLING LENGTH DIFFERED BETWEEN GENOTYPES AND SEED SIZES
AFTER 12 WEEKS GROWTH. SEED WEIGHT WAS POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH
ROOT, SHOOT AND TOTAL SEEDLING WEIGHTS, AND WITH ROOT AND SEEDLING
LENGTHS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT THE PROPOSED IN VITRO METHODOLOGY,
BASED ON SEED GERMINATION AT 5DEGC FOR 4 WEEKS AND A CONSECUTIVE
PLANTLET GROWTH FOR 8 WEEKS UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS, CAN BE
USEFUL FOR L. CORNICULATUS ASSESSMENT FOR SEEDLING VIGOUR.
GROWTH OF PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUMES IN ACIDIC SOILS
OF THE APPALACHIAN HILL-LANDS AFTER LIMING. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: STALEY, T. E.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION:16: 12, P2577-2590, 1993.
IN A GROWTH CHAMBER EXPERIMENT, MEDICAGO SATIVA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS,
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE AND T. REPENS WERE GROWN IN AL TOXIC, LOW PH
(MORE THAN OR EQUAL TO 4.2) SOILS FROM 4 SERIES (BERKS, LILY,
TATE AND WESTMORELAND). THESE SOILS, WITHOUT LIME ADDITION, WERE
PREVIOUSLY SHOWN NOT TO CONTAIN EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED POPULATIONS
OF RHIZOBIA FOR THESE PLANT SPECIES. HOWEVER, A NON-TOXIC, PH
6.8, WATAUGA SOIL WAS SHOWN TO HAVE SUCH RHIZOBIA BUT ONLY FOR
M. SATIVA. THESE 5 SOILS WERE REEXAMINED AFTER LIMING TO PH MORE
THAN OR EQUAL TO 5.5 FOR EFFECTIVE NATURALIZED POPULATIONS OF
RHIZOBIA AND THE EFFICACY OF SOIL INOCULATION WITH COMMERCIALLY
AVAILABLE RHIZOBIA. IN ADDITION TO EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED R. MELILOTI
FOR M. SATIVA IN THE WATAUGA SOIL, SIMILAR POPULATIONS OF R. TRIFOLII
FOR T. PRATENSE AND R. LOTUS FOR L. CORNICULATUS, WERE NOW FOUND.
SUCH RHIZOBIA WERE ALSO FOUND FOR M. SATIVA IN THE LILY SOIL AND
FOR T. PRATENSE IN THE LILY AND TATE SOILS. THUS LIMING ALLOWED
EXPRESSION OF EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL RHIZOBIA THAT OTHERWISE
WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN DETECTED IN SOIL POT EXPERIMENTS WITHOUT LIME.
INOCULATION OF THE TOXIC SOILS AFTER LIME ADDITION WITH COMMERCIAL
RHIZOBIA WAS EFFECTIVE IN ABOUT HALF OF THE SOIL-PLANT COMBINATIONS
THAT DID NOT CONTAIN POPULATIONS OF EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED RHIZOBIA.
ASYMBIOTIC SHOOT GROWTH OF ALL THE SPECIES WAS SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED
WITH SOIL PH OVER THE RANGE 5.5 TO 6.6. THESE RESULTS INDICATED
THAT, IN THE ABSENCE OF EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED POPULATIONS OF
RHIZOBIA, IMPROVEMENT OF RHIZOBIAL INOCULA COULD INCREASE FORAGE
PRODUCTION BY ABOUT 34, FOR SOME SPECIES ON SOME OF THE TOXIC
SOILS, EVEN AFTER THE PH OF THE SOILS IS INCREASED TO MORE THAN
OR EQUAL TO 5.5.
EFFECTS OF BENOMYL, CLIPPING, AND COMPETITION
ON GROWTH OF PREREPRODUCTIVE LOTUS CORNICULATUS.
(LANG:EN, FR(SUMM))
AUTHOR: BOROWICZ, V. A.
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY:71: 9, P1169-1175, 1993.
DEFOLIATION AND COMPETITION CAN INFLUENCE SURVIVAL, GROWTH AND
FECUNDITY OF PLANTS, BUT THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF THESE FACTORS
ARE NOT WELL KNOWN. THE EFFECTS OF COMBINATIONS OF THESE FACTORS
ON BIOMASS ALLOCATION AND INVESTMENT IN ROOT NODULES BY 2-WEEK-OLD
LOTUS CORNICULATUS SEEDLINGS WERE INVESTIGATED. SOIL WITH VAM
FUNGI WAS TREATED WITH THE FUNGICIDE BENOMYL OR WATER AND ADDED
TO TRAYS CONTAINING 2 L. CORNICULATUS SEEDLINGS OR 1 L. CORNICULATUS
SEEDLING AND 1 RAPE (A NONMYCOTROPHIC SPECIES) SEEDLING. LEAVES
OF TARGET L. CORNICULATUS PLANTS WERE UNDAMAGED OR CUT 5 TIMES
OVER 40 D; NONTARGET (COMPETITOR) PLANTS WERE NOT CUT. PLANTS
WERE HARVESTED 5, 18 OR 36 D AFTER THE LAST CUT. INTERSPECIFIC
COMPETITION HAD THE GREATEST EFFECT AT ALL HARVESTS: RAPE SIGNIFICANTLY
DECREASED THE GROWTH OF ITS NEIGHBOUR. BENOMYL DECREASED VAM COLONIZATION
ONLY IN THE FIRST HARVEST, AND THE GROWTH REDUCTION ASSOCIATED
WITH DECREASED COLONIZATION DIMINISHED OVER TIME. CUTTING REDUCED
GROWTH MOST IN PLANT PAIRS WITH CONSPECIFICS, BUT THIS INHIBITION
WAS TRANSIENT. BENOMYL AND CUTTING DECREASED THE WEIGHT OF ROOT
NODULES IN THE FIRST HARVEST. BENOMYL DECREASED ROOT WEIGHT IN
NONTARGET L. CORNICULATUS BUT PLANTS RECOVERED WITH TIME. NEITHER
BENOMYL NOR CUTTING OF THE TARGET PLANT AFFECTED RAPE. INTERACTIONS
WERE FEW, INDICATING THAT THE EFFECTS OF FACTORS WERE MOSTLY ADDITIVE.
SURVIVAL AND ESTABLISHMENT OF DICOTYLEDONOUS SMALL-SEEDED
FORAGE SPECIES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR:PAPANIKOLAOU, G. D.
SOURCE: REUR TECHNICAL SERIES - FAO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR EUROPE:NO.
28, P40-43, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 7TH MEETING OF THE FAD EUROPEAN
SUB-NETWORK ON MEDITERRANEAN PASTURES AND FODDER CROPS ENTITLED
MANAGEMENT OF MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS AND RELATED FORAGE RESOURCES,
HELD AT CHANIA, CRETE ON 21-23 APR. 1993.
IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT TESTS OVER A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES (10-35DEGC),
THE OPTIMUM SEED GERMINATION PERCENTAGES WERE 96, AT 20DEG IN
MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. ILIKI, 91, AT 20DEG IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV.
KONITSA, 90, AT 20DEG IN T. PRATENSE CV. ARNI, 88, AT 25DEG IN
LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. EMPIRE, 77, AT 20DEG IN HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM
CV. EGEO AND 84, AT 20DEG IN SANGUISORBA MINOR CV. AMFIKLIA. IN
FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1988-89 AT FTHIOTIS (520 M ALT.) AND BOEOTIA
(90 M ALT.), GREECE, THE NUMBER OF PLANTS SURVIVING FROM 100 SEEDS
WAS RECORDED 0-350 D AFTER SOWING. AT BOTH SITES, SURVIVAL WAS
LOW IN H. CORONARIUM AT ALL SAMPLING DATES, AND IN THE HIGH TEMPERATURE/LOW
RAINFALL PERIOD (270-350 D) SURVIVAL OF T. PRATENSE DECREASED
SHARPLY. THE HTGHEST SURVIVAI AT BOTH SITES WAS FOUND IN S. MINOR
FOLLOWED BY M. SATIVA.
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF STRAW OF CROPS ON GROWTH
OF WEEDS. (LANG:SH, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: MUMINOVIC, S.
SOURCE: SAVREMENA POLJOPRIVREDA:39: 2, P27-30, 1991.
THE DECOMPOSED STRAW OF WHEAT, RYE, SUNFLOWERS, RAPE, PEAS AND
BIRD'SFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS) HAD AN INHIBITORY EFFECT
ON THE NUMBERS OF SPROUTING SORGHUM HALEPENSE PLANTS, AND BIRD'S
FOOT TREFOIL ALSO INHIBITED WEED MASS IN THIS SPECIES. SUNFLOWER
STRAW DEPRESSED THE HEIGHTS OF AVENA FATUA, AGROPYRON REPENS (ELYMUS
REPENS), ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI, AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA AND CHENOPODIUM
ALBUM AND ALSO DEPRESSED THE MASS OF THE 3 LAST-NAMED SPECIES.
WHEAT, HEMP AND PEA STRAW DEPRESSED THE HEIGHT OF E. REPENS, AND
RYE STRAW DEPRESSED THE HEIGHTS OF A. ARTEMISIIFOLIA AND C. ALBUM.
SUNFLOWER AND RAPE STRAW EXHIBITED INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON THE BIOMASS
OF A. FATUA, WHILST HEMP STRAW HAD A STIMULATORY EFFECT. PEA STRAW
DEPRESSED THF MASS OF S. HALEPENSE AND E. CRUS-GALLI.
BORON AND SELENIUM REMOVAL IN BORON-LADEN SOILS
BY FOUR SPRINKLER IRRIGATED PLANT SPECIES.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BANUELOS, G.S. ; CARDON, G. ZMACKEY, B. ; BEN-ASHER, J.
; WU, L. ; BEUSELINCK, P.; ZAKOHOUE, S.; ZAMBRZUSKI, S.
SOURCE:JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY. (J. ENVIRON. QUAL.) OCT/DEC
1993. V. 22 (4) P. 786-792.
HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF B AND SE FOUND IN SOME ARID ENVIRONMENTS
ARE DETRIMENTAL TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE. VEGETATION MANAGEMENT
MAY BE A REMEDIATION STRATEGY DESIGNED TO REDUCE SOIL B AND SE
CONCENTRATIONS TO NONTOXIC LEVELS. TWO SEPARATE FIELD EXPERIMENTS
WERE CONDUCTED TO STUDY B AND SE UPTAKE IN FOUR DIFFERENT PLANT
SPECIES GROWN IN SOIL CONTAINING HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF B (WATER-EXTRACTABLE
B RANGING FROM 1-10 MG KG-1 SOIL) AND SE (TOTAL SOIL SE RANGING
FROM 0.1-1.2 MG KG-1 SOIL). THE FOUR SPECIES WERE BRASSICA JUNCEA
L. CZERN AND COSS (INDIAN MUSTARD), FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA SCHREB
CV. FAWN (TALL FESCUE), LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. (BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL),
AND HIBISCUS CANNIBINUS L. (KENAF). IN THE 1990 EXPERIMENT. THERE
WERE NO DIFFERENCES IN EITHER TISSUE B OR SE CONCENTRATIONS AMONG
THE SPECIES. THE MEAN TISSUE CONCENTRATION WAS 105 MG B KG-1 DRY
MATTER (DM) AND 0.75 MG SE KG-1 DM, RESPECTIVELY. IN THE 1991
EXPERIMENT, MEAN SHOOT TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS OF B RANGED FROM
A LOW OF 96 MG KG-1 DM IN TALL FESCUE TO A HIGH OF 684 MG B KG-1
DM IN LEAVES FROM KENAF. INDIAN MUSTARD ACCUMULATED THE GREATEST
AMOUNT OF SE (> 1 MG SE KG-1 DM), WHILE THE MEAN TISSUE
CONCENTRATION AMONG THE OTHER THREE SPECIES WAS 0.36 MG SE KG-1
DM. FOR BOTH EXPERIMENTS, SOIL SAMPLES WERE TAKEN PRIOR TO PLANTING
AND AFTER HARVEST FOR EACH SPECIES TO A DEPTH OF 0 TO 30 AND 30
TO 60 CM, AND ANALYZED FOR WATER-EXTRACTABLE B AND TOTAL SE. SUMMARY
DATA FROM ALL SPECIES INDICATED THAT EXTRACTABLE SOIL B AND TOTAL
SE CONCENTRATIONS WERE REDUCED BETWEEN 0- TO 60-CM SOIL DEPTH
BY 52 AND 48% IN 1990, AND BY 24 AND 13% IN 1991, RESPECTIVELY.
PLANTING ANY OF THE FOUR SPECIES TESTED IN B-LADEN SOILS MAY LEAD
TO A REDUCTION IN BOTH B AND SE CONCENTRATIONS IN THE SOIL.
FURTHER RESPONSES TO CO2 ENRICHMENT IN BRITISH
HERBACEOUS SPECIES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HUNT, R.; HAND, D. W.; HANNAH, M. A.; NEAL, A. M.
SOURCE: FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY:7: 6, P661-668, 1993.
FIFTEEN BRITISH HERBACEOUS SPECIES OF WIDELY DIFFERENT ECOLOGY
WERE GROWN IN A GREENHOUSE AT CO2 LEVELS OF 350, 500, 650 OR 800
VPM FOR 49 OR 52 D. HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS WERE FITTED TO YIELD
VS. CO2 CONCENTRATIONS AND USED TO GENERATE PREDICTIONS OF Q540/350
(THE QUOTIENT OF THE PRESENT YIELD WHICH IS PREDICTED FOR THE
CO2 REGIME EXPECTED BY THE YEAR 2050) AND Q700/ 350 (THE QUOTIENT
PREDICTED FOR A DOUBLING OR THE PRESENT AMBIENT CO2 CONCENTRATION).
VALUES OF Q540/350 FOR WHOLE-PLANT DW RANGED FROM 1.00 TO 1.19.
THE MEAN VALUE OF WHOLE-PLANT Q700/350 FOR 8 SPECIES OF 'COMPETITIVE'
FUNCTIONAL TYPE (ANTHRISCUS SYLVESTRIS, ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS,
BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM, CHAMERION (CHAMAENERION) ANGUSTIFOLIUM,
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, EPILOBIUM HIRSUTUM, GALIUM APARINE AND URTICA
DIOICA) WAS 1.13, WHILE THE MEAN VALUE FOR 6 'STRESS-TOLERANT'
OR 'RUDERAL' SPECIES (ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, BRIZA MEDIA, CENTAUREA
SCABIOSA DRYAS OCTOPETALA, LEONTODON HISPIDUS, LOTUS CORNICULATUS
AND ORIGANUM VULGARE) WAS 1.07. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT HIGH CO2
RESPONSIVENESS IS NORMAL ONLY WITHIN THE COMPETITIVE FUNCTIONAL
TYPE AND ITS CLOSE RELATIONS. A GENERAL PREDICTION, USING THE
EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND PREVIOUSLY PUBLISHED DATA, GAVE A FITTED
PERCENTAGE INCREASE AFTER ABOUT 7 WEEKS GROWTH AT 540 VPM CO2
OF 27, FOR SPECIES OF BROADLY COMPETITIVE STRATEGY. IN THE CENTRE
OF THE RANGE OF FUNCTIANAL TYPES THE FITTED VALUES RANGED FROM
13 TO 20,, WHILE THE VALUE FOR RUDERAL OR STRESS-TOLERANT SPECIES
WAS 6,. THE GRADIENT OF THIS RESPONSE, WHILE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT,
WAS LESS STEEP THAN PREVIOUSLY REPORTED.
EFFECT OF COAL FLY ASH AND CO-COMPOSTED SEWAGE
SLUDGE ON EMERGENCE AND EARLY GROWTH OF COVER CROPS.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: SIMS, J. T.; VASILAS, B. L.; GBODRATI, M.
SOURCE: COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS:24:
5-6, P503-512, 1993.
FLY ASH (FA), A BY-PRODUCT OF COAL COMBUSTION CONTAINING PHYTOTOXIC
B AND SOLUBLE SALTS, IS FREQUENTLY STORED IN LANDFILLS OR USED
AS A COMPONENT OF A LANDFILL CAP IN COMBINATION WITH SOIL AND
COMPOSTS. IN A GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT, 8 COVER CROPS (LOTUS CORNICULATUS,
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, COMILLA (CORONILLA) VARIA, VICIA VILLOSA,
FESTUCA RUBRA, FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA, LOLIUM PERENNE AND POA PRATENSIS)
WERE SCREENED FOR IMPAIRED EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT
IN A GROWTH MEDIUM OF 0, 40 OR 100, FA. FA DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY
AFFECT EMERGENCE EXCEPT FOR C. VARIA (52, 23 AND 22, EMERGED SEEDLINGS
IN SOIL CONTAINING 0, 40 OR 100, FA, RESPECTIVELY) AND P. PRATENSIS
(CORRESPONDING VALUES 38, 64 AND 50,). SHOOT DW OF 30-D-OLD PLANTS
GROWN IN PURE SOIL OR IN 100, FA AVERAGED 4.8 AND 2.2 MG/PLANT
IN L. CORNICULATUS, 7.0 AND 3.9 MG IN C. VARIA, 23.5 AND 13.2
MG IN V. VILLOSA, 6.6 AND 4.0 MG IN T. PRATENSE, 0.6 AND 0.4 MG
IN P. PRATENSIS, 4.6 AND 2.4 MG IN L. PERENNE, 2.3 AND 1.6 MG
IN F. RUBRA AND 3.8 AND 3.2 MG/PLANT IN F. ARUNDINACEA, RESPECTIVELY.
IN A FURTHER GREENHOUSE STUDY, F. ARUNDINACEA, LESPEDEZA STIPULACEA
OR A 1:1 SEED MIXTURE OF BOTH SPECIES WERE GROWN IN LOAMY SAND
OR IN FA AMENDED WITH 0, 10, 20, 40 OR 60, SLUDGE COMPOST. SLUDGE
COMPOST HAD NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON F. ARUNDINACEA BUT INCREASED
EMERGENCE AND EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH OF BOTH L. STIPULACEA AND
THE SPECIES MIXTURE.
A COMPARISON OF THE POTASSIUM REQUIREMENRS DURING
EARLY GROWTH OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS, MEDICAGO MUREX, M. POLYMORPHA,
M. TRUNCATULA, ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS, TRIFOLIUM BALANSAE, T. RESUPINATUM,
PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUM, AND PHALARIS AQUATICA.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: PINKERTON, A.; RANDALL, P. J.
SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE:33: 1,
P31-39, 1993.
PLANTS WERE GROWN IN SAND CULTURE IN GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS, GIVEN
NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS CONTAINING 7 RATES OF K (0-5 MMOL/ LITRE),
AND N (12 MMOL/LITRE), AND SAMPLED TWICE, THE 2ND SAMPLING COINCIDING
WITH FLOWERING OF MOST SPECIES. SYMPTOMS INDICATING K DEFICIENCY
WERE RECORDED, AND DIAGNOSTIC INDICES WERE DERIVED FOR BLADES
AND PETIOLES OF THE YOUNGEST OPEN LEAVES (YOL), OR FOR YOUNGEST
EXPANDED BLADES, AND FOR WHOLE SHOOTS. M. MUREX AND M. TRUNCATULA
HAD THE HIGHEST YIELD AT THE 1ST SAMPLING. P. CLANDESTINUM, P.
AQUATICA AND M. POLYMORPHA HAD THE HIGHEST YIELD AT THE 2ND SAMPLING
AND HAD A LOWER INTERNAL REQUIREMENT FOR K THAN THE REMAINING
SPECIES, WHILE O. COMPRESSUS HAD THE LOWEST YIELD. IN ALL SPECIES
EXCEPT M. MUREX, CRITICAL K CONCENTRATIONS IN WHOLE SHOOTS DECLINED
WITH PLANT AGE. ONLY IN L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) DID THE
USE OF THE YOL YIELD SIMILAR K CONCENTRATIONS AT THE 2 SAMPLINGS.
O. COM PRESSUS HAD A LOW REQUIREMENT FOR K AND A HIGH K EFFICIENCY,
BUT SHOWED POOR SCAVENGING ABIL ITY. ALL PLANT PARTS SAMPLED COULD
BE USED TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN K-DEFICIENT AND K-SUFFICIENT PLANTS.
CRITICAL K CONCENTRATIONS WERE HIGHER IN PETIOLES THAN IN BLADES
OF THE YOL AND, GENERALLY, WERE HIGHER IN WHOLE SHOOTS THAN IN
BLADES. THE CRITICAL K CONCENTRATIONS DERIVED FROM SOME SPECIES
WERE SIMILAR TO CRITICAL CONCENTRATIONS PREVIOUSLY REPORTED FOR
OTHER MEMBERS OF THE SAME GENERA.
SURVEY OF USE AND MANAGEMENT OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS
CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HARRIS, C. A.; BLUMENTHAL, M. D.; SCOTT, J. M.
SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE:33: 1,
P41-47, 1993.
A TELEPHONE SURVEY OF DISTRICT AGRONOMISTS AND A POSTAL SURVEY
OF FARMERS KNOWN TO HAVE HAD EXPERIENCE WITH L. PEDUNCULATUS (L.
ULIGINOSUS) CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU WERE CONDUCTED IN E. AUSTRALIA
IN 1990 WITH THE OBJECTIVES OF DETERMINING THE PRESENT USE OF
THE CULTIVAR IN E. AUSTRALIA, AND DOCUMENTING MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
AND PROBLEMS OF GRASSLANDS MAKU PASTURES. THE DATA FROM THE SURVEY
WERE USED AS AN AID IN IDENTIFYING RESEARCH NEEDS RELATING TO
GRASSLANDS MAKU, THE RESULTS OF WHICH MAY OVERCOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH ITS WIDER ADOPTION AND USE , 14 DISTRICT AGRONOMISTS WERE
INTERVIEWED, AND OF THE 100 QUESTIONNAIRES SENT TO FARMERS, 70
VALID RETURNS WERE RECEIVED. THE AREA SOWN TO GRASSLANDS MAKU
ALONG THE COASTAL REGIONS OF E. AUSTRALIA INCREASED FROM 100 HA
IN 1984 TO 5500 HA IN 1990. THE MAIN USE OF GRASSLANDS MAKU WAS
IN BEEF ENTERPRISES; THERE WAS A LESSER, BUT STILL SUBSTANTIAL,
USE IN THE DAIRY SECTOR. IT WAS SOWN OVER A WIDE RANGE OF SOIL
CONDITIONS. IN THE DAIRY SECTOR IT WAS MOST COMMONLY REPORTED
TO BE SOWN ON POORLY DRAINED, WATERLOGGED SOILS (57, OF RESPONDENTS),
FOLLOWED BY INFERTILE AND ACIDIC SOILS. IN BEEF SYSTEMS IT WAS
SOWN INTO A COMBINATION OF LOW PH AND INFERTILE SOILS (42,). DISTRICT
AGRONOMISTS WERE UNSURE OF ITS FEED VALUE, HOWEVER, THERE WAS
A HIGH LEVEL OF SATISFACTION AMONG THE FARMERS, WITH 87, OF BEEF
FARMERS AND 75, OF DAIRY FARMERS REPORTING ITS FEED VALUE TO BE
EQUAL TO, OR BETTER THAN, TRIFOLIUM REPENS. ALL BEEF FARMERS INTENDED
TO ESTABLISH LARGER AREAS OVER THEIR PROPERTIES, WHEREAS 215 OF
DAIRY FARMERS SURVEYED DID NOT INTEND TO EXPAND THEIR SOWING OF
GRASSLANDS MAKU PASTURES.
EFFECTS OF SOME TRACE ELEMENTS ON THE SEED AND
FODDER YIELDS OF TREFOIL. (LANG:BG, RU,
EN(SU MM))
AUTHOR: MAMAROVA, L.; STOEVSKI, T.
SOURCE: POCHVOZNANIE I AGROKHIMIYA:26: 1-2, P26-32, 1991.
IN FIELD TRIALS IN 1987-88 ON CHERNOZEM SOIL, SEED YIELDS OF LOTUS
(CORNICULATUS) GROWN WITHOUT IRRIGATION WERE INCREASED BY 22.4,
BY APPLICATION OF B + MO FERTILIZER. FODDER YIELDS W ERE INCREASED
BY 14.5-15.1, BY B WITH OR WITHOUT IRRIGATION. B WAS GENERALLY
MORE EFFECTIVE WITH THAN WITHOUT IRRIGATION.
VARIETY: 'GRASSLANDS GOLDIE' (COMMERCIAL SYNONYM:
'G32'). APPLICATION NO. 92/098. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: NEW ZEALAND, AGRESEARCH GRASSLANDS RESEARCH CENTRE.
SOURCE: PLANT VARIETIES JOURNAL:6: 2, P24-26, 1993.
THIS LOTUS CORNICULATUS VARIETY ORIGINATED AMONG OVERSEAS MATERIAL
FOLLOWING A SPACED PLANT EVALUATION IN THE NORTH AND SOUTH ISLANDS
OF NEW ZEALAND WITH SELECTION FOR PRODUCTIVE AND PERSISTANT PLANTS
WHICH WERE SUBSEQUENTLY POLYCROSSED TO ESTABLISH A PRENUCLEUS
SEED BLOCK. GRASSLANDS GOLDIE IS AN ERECT, EARLY FLOWERING VARIETY
WITH A BRANCHED TAP ROOT AND 30-70 CM LONG STEMS. FLOWERS ARE
GOLDEN YELLOW AND RIPE SEED PODS ARE DEEP PURPLE TO BROWN, CONTAINING
SEEDS WITH A 1000-SEED WEIGHT OF 1.6 G. ABOUT 90-100, OF PLANTS
ARE CYANOGENIC. COMPARED WITH MAITLAND, LEO AND NORCEN, GRASSLANDS
GOLDIE HAS MORE VIGOROUS WINTER GROWTH AND SPRING GROWTH AND IS
MORE ERECT DURING BOTH THESE GROWTH SEASONS. COMPARED WITH MAITLAND,
GRASSLANDS GOLDIE IS OF SIMILAR FLOWERING DATE BUT PRODUCES MORE
FLOWERS PER CLUSTER AND LONGER LEAVES.
THE SELF-INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM IN LOTUS TENUIS
(FABACEAE). (LANG:EN) A
AUTHOR: LUNDQVIST, A.
SOURCE: HEREDITAS (LANDSKRONA):119: 1, P59-66, 1993.
THE INVESTIGATED MATERIAL OF THIS DIPLOID LOTUS SPECIES CONSISTS
OF FOUR PARENTAL (P) PLANTS COLLECTED FROM A MOIST MARITIME MEADOW
NORTH OF SKANOR, SCANIA, SWEDEN; FOUR F1 FAMILIES, EACH CONSISTING
OF 4-11 PLANTS (TOTALLING 27 PLANTS); AND ONE BACKCROSS FAMILY
(FEMALE F1 X MALE P) WITH 108 PLANTS. THREE OF THE P PLANTS HAD
LOW SELF SEED SET, THE FOURTH YIELDED AN F1 WITH HIGH SELF SEED
SET. INTERCROSSES BETWEEN SIBS IN THE OTHER THREE F1 FAMILIES
SHOWED COMPLEXITIES IN MATING BEHAVIOUR. THESE INDICATIONS OF
A COMPLEX GENETIC CONTROL WERE SUBSTANTIATED BY THE STUDIES IN
THE LARGE BACKCROSS FAMILY. THE PROPORTION OF PLANTS WHOSE POLLEN
FAILED TO FERTILIZE THEIR BACKCROSS P PLANT WAS ONLY 12 OUT OF
THE 101 TESTED, AND NONE OF 11 FAILED PLANTS COULD BE FERTILIZED
WITH POLLEN FROM THE P PLANT. SUCH DATA INDICATE THE PRESENCE
OF AT LEAST 3, AND MORE PROBABLY 4, S-LOCI IN A GAMETOPHYTIC COMPLEMENTARY
S-GENE SYSTEM . THIS CONCLUSION IS SUPPORTED BY COMPLEX MATING
BEHAVIOUR IN THE SEVEN 10-PLANT SAMPLES TAKEN FROM THE BACKCROSS
FAMILY, NONE OF THE 10 PLANTS IN FOUR OF THESE SAMPLES BEING ALIKE
IN THEIR MATING BEHAVIOUR. A COMPLEX COMPLEMENTARY S-GENE SYSTEM
EXISTING SIDE BY SIDE WITH THE CONVENTIONAL GAMETOPHYTIC ONE-LOCUS
SYSTEM ESTABLISHED FOR SEVERAL OTHER SPECIES WITHIN THE FABACEAE
(LEGUMINOSAE) WOULD MAKE THIS FAMILY FORM A MAJOR EXCEPTION TO
THE RULE THAT FAMILIES ARE CHARACTERIZED BY ONE PARTICULAR S-GENE
SYSTEM.
SOYBEAN NODULIN-26 GENE ENCODING A CHANNEL PROTEIN
IS EXPRESSED ONLY IN THE INFECTED CELLS OF NODULES AND IS REGULATED
DIFFERENTLY IN ROOTS OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS PLANTS. (LANG
:EN)
AUTHOR: MIAO, G. H.; VERMA, O. P. S.
SOURCE: PLANT CELL: 5: 7, P781-786, 1993.
NODULIN-26 (N-26) IS A MAJOR PERIBACTEROID MEMBRANE PROTEIN IN
SOYABEAN ROOT NODULES. THE GENE ENCODING THIS PROTEIN IS A MEMBER
OF AN ANCIENT GENE FAMILY CONSERVED FROM BACTERIA TO HUMANS. N-26
IS SPECIFICALLY EXPRESSED IN ROOT NODULES, WHILE ITS HOMOLOGUE,
SOYABEAN PUTATIVE CHANNEL PROTEIN (SPCP), IS EXPRESSED IN VEGETATIVE
PARTS OF THE PLANT, WITH ITS HIGHEST LEVEL IN THE ROOT ELONGATION
ZONE. TWO SPCP DNA SEQUENCES, SPCBP1 AND SPCP2, WERE DETERMINED
AND HAVE GENBANK ACCESSION NUMBERS L12257 AND L12258. ANALYSIS
OF THE SOYBEAN N-26 GENE SHOWED THAT ITS FOUR INTRONS MARK THE
BOUNDARIES BETWEEN TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS AND THE SURFACE PEPTIDES,
SUGGESTING THAT INDIVIDUAL TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS ENCODED BY A
SINGLE EXON ACT AS FUNCTIONAL UNITS. THE NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT
OF INTRONS BETWEEN N-26 AND ITS HOMOLOGUE DIFFER, HOWEVER. PROMOTER
ANALYSIS OF N-26 WAS CONDUCTED IN BOTH HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS
TRANSGENIC PLANTS. THE CIS-ACTING ELEMENTS OF N-26 ARE DIFFERENT
FROM THOSE OF THE OTHER NODULIN GENES, AND NO NODULE-SPECIFIC
CIS-ACTING ELEMENT WAS FOUND IN THIS GENE. IN TRANSGENIC NODULES.
THE EXPRESSION OF N-26 WAS DETECTED ONLY IN THE INFECTED CELLS;
NO ACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN NODULE PARENCHYMA AND UNINFECTED CELLS
OF THE SYMBIOTIC ZONE. THE N-26 GENE IS EXPRESSED IN ROOT MERISTEM
OF TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND TOBACCO BUT NOT IN UNTRANSFORMED
AND TRANSGENIC SOYBEAN ROOTS, SUGGESTING THAT THIS NODULIN GENE
IS POSSIBLY CONTROLLED BY A TRANS-NEGATIVE REGULATORY MECHANISM
IN HOMOLOGOUS PLANTS. THIS STUOY DEMONSTRATES HOW A PRE-EXISTING
GENE IN THE ROOT MAY HAVE BEEN RECRUITED FOR SYMBIOTIC FUNCTION
AND BROUGHT UNDER NODULE SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENTAL CONTROL.
MINIMAL ENHANCER ELEMENTS OF THE LEGHEMOGLOBIN
LBA AND LBC3 GENE PROMOTERS FROM GLYCINE MAX L. HAVE DIFFERENT
PROPERTIES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: SHE, Q ; LAURIDSEN, P.; STOUGAARD, J.; ZMARCKER, K.A.
SOURCE: PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. (PLANT MOL. BIOL.) SEPT 1993.
V. 22 (6) P. 945-956.
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOYBEAN LEGHEMOGLOBIN LBA GENE PROMOTER
WERE ANALYZED AND IMPORTANT PROMOTER ELEMENTS FROM THE LBA AND
LBC3 PROMOTERS WERE COMPARED USING TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS
PLANTS. A 5' DELETION ANALYSIS OF THE LBA PROMOTER DELIMITED TWO
CIS-ACTING ELEMENTS CONTROLLING EXPRESSION: A DISTAL POSITIVE
ELEMENT (-1254, -884) REQUIRED FOR EXPRESSION AND A PROXIMAL ELEMENT
(-285, -60) ESSENTIAL FOR FULL-LEVEL ACTIVITY. IN CONTRAST TO
THE CORRESPONDING REGION OF THE LBC3 PROMOTER, THE LBA PROXIMAL
ELEMENT IS UNABLE TO CONTROL EXPRESSION FROM THE HETEROLOGOUS
CAMV 355 ENHANCER. THE UPSTREAM POSITIVE ELEMENT OF THE LBA GENE
CONTAINS A POSITION- AND ORIENTATION-INDEPENDENT ENHANCER BETWEEN
POSITIONS (-1091, 788). THE SEQUENCE OF THIS ENHANCER REGION IS
CONSERVED IN THE LBC3 GENE UPSTREAM (-1333, -1132) OF THE PRIVIOUSLY
ASSIGNED STRONG POSITIVE ELEMENT (SPE: -1090. -947). THE PRESENT
ANALYSIS REVEALED SOME OF THE PROPERTIES OF THIS EXTENDED LBC3
SPE ELEMENT. THE EXTENDED ELEMENT (-1364, -947) FUNCTIONS IN BOTH
ORIENTATIONS FROM 5' LOCATIONS WHEREAS THE SPE 2 SUBCOMPONENT
(-1364, -1154) CONTAINING THE CONSERVED SEQUENCE IS ONLY ACTIVE
IN THE CORRECT ORIENTATION. REMOVAL OF THE SPE2 BY INTERNAL DELETION
DEMONSTRATES THAT THE SPE2 SUBCOMPONENT IS INDISPENSABLE FOR THE
ACTIVITY OF THE LBC3 UPSTREAM POSITIVE ELEMENT. THESE RESULTS
INDICATE THAT THE UPSTREAM POSITIVE ELEMENTS OF THE LBA AND LBC3
GENES POSSESS DIFFERENT PROPERTIES ALTHOUGH THEIR CONSERVED MINIMAL
ENHANCER SEQUENCE HAS SIMILAR FUNCTION. THIS MAY REFLECT THE DIFFERENTIAL
EXPRESSION OF THE TWO LB GENES OF GLYCINE MAX L.
QUANTIFICATION OF TANNIS IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
GERMPLASM. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: ROBERTS, C.A. ; BEUSELINCK, P.R.; ELLERSIECK, M.R.; DAVIS,
D.K., MCGRAW, R.L.
SOURCE: CROP SCIENCE. (CROP SCI.) JULY/AUG 1993. V. 33 (4) P.
675-679.
CONDENSED TANNINS IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.)
HAVE BEEN DETECTED, BUT NOT QUANTIFIED EXTENSIVELY. THE OBJECTIVE
OF THIS STUDY WAS QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TANNINS IN BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL GERMPLASM. DIVERSE ACCESSIONS WERE EVALUATED AT TWO LOCATIONS
AND ON THREE HARVEST DATES, AND THEIR TISSUES WERE ANALYZED BY
NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY (NIRS), AN ACCURATE AND
EFFICIENT PROCEDURE INCREASINGLY USED IN QUANTITATIVE GERMPLASM
EVALUATION. NINETY-SEVEN DIVERSE ACCESSIONS OF L. CORNICULATUS
WERE OBTAINED FROM THE USDA NORTHEAST REGIONAL PLANT INTRODUCTION
STATION AT GENEVA, N.Y. SEEDLINGS WERE TRANSPLANTED TO FIELDS
NEAR CULUMBIA AND MT. VERNON, MO. HERBAGE REGROWTH WAS HARVESTED
THREE TIMES AT 30-D INTERVALS, LYOPHILIZED, AND ANALYZED FOR TOTAL
CONDENSED TANNINS. TREATMENTS WERE ARRANGED IN A SPLIT-PLOT DESIGN
AT TWO LOCATIONS WITH ACCESSIONS AS MAIN PLOTS AND HARVEST DATES
AS SUB-PLOTS. TREATMENT COMBINATIONS WERE REPLICATED THREE TIMES.
ACCESSIONS WERE CLUSTERED ACCORDING TO THE SINGLE VARIABLE, TANNIN
CONCENTRATION, BY THE SCOTTKNOTT NON-OVERLAPPING MEANS SEPARATION
TECHNIQUE. PERFORMANCE MEAN AND STANDARD ERROR OF NIRS EQUATIONS
WERE 51.0 AND 11.0 G CATECHIN EQUIVALENTS (CE) KG-1 DRY MATTER
(DM), RESPECTIVELY; NIRS SQUARED CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS EXCEEDED
0.90. CONDENSED TANNINS DIFFERENT (P < 0.01) AMONG ACCESSIONS
AND HARVEST DATES, AND AN ACCESSION X HARVEST DATE INTERACTION
OCCURRED (P < 0.01). CONCENTRATIONS RANGED FROM 0 TO 132
G CE KG-1 DM, BUT 75% OF THE ACCESSIONS CONTAINED LESS THA N 40
G CE KG-1 DM. FOR ACCESSIONS APPEARING IN THE HIGHEST CLUSTERS,
TANNINS DECREASED 40% AT COLUMBIA AND 27% AT MT. VERNON FROM JULY
TO SEPTEMBER. ACCESSIONS FROM ETHIOPIA CONTAINED AN AVERAGE OF
100 G CE KG-1 DM AND USUALLY APPEARED IN THE HIGHEST CLUSTERS.
EFFECTS OF BENOMYL, CLIPPING, AND COMPETITION
ON GROWTH OF PREREPRODUCTIVE LOTUS CORNICULATUS (ENGLISH(FRENCH
SUMMARY))
AUTHOR: BOROWICZ, V.A.
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE BOTANIQUE.
(CAN. J. BOT.) SEPT 1993. V. 71 (9) P. 1169-1175.
LOTUS JAPONICUS - A MODEL PLANT FOR STRUCTURE-FUNCTION
ANALYSIS IN NODULATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: DIANG, Q. Y.; GRESSHOFF, P. M.
SOURCE: PLANT RESPONSES TO THE ENVIRONMENT (EDITED BY GRESSHOFF,
P. M.). BOCA RATON, USA; CRC PRESS :P97-110, 1993.
THE USE OF L. JAPONICUS AS A MODEL SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
NODULATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION IS DISCUSSED, AND ITS EXPERIMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS ARE LISTED WITH RESPECT TO GENETICS, TISSUE CULTURE,
BIOLOGY AND NODULATION. A DISADVANTAGE OF THE CROP IS THAT IT
NODULATES SLOWLY; POSSIBLE REASONS FOR, AND MEANS OF OVERCOMING,
THIS CONSTRAINT ARE DISCUSSED. EFFICIENT HYBRIDIZATION OF L. JAPONICUS
VARIETIES WAS CONFIRMED AND THE USE OF DNA AMPLIFICATION FINGERPRINTING
IS DISCUSSED WITH RESPECT TO DIAGNOSTIC PRODUCTS AND LINKAGE ANALYSIS
IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE COMPUTER PROGRAM MAPMAKER.
SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS OF THE ORGAN-SPECIFIC
ELEMENT IN THE S0YBEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN LBC3 GENE PROMOTER . (
LANG: EN )
AUTHOR:RAMLOV, K. B.; LAURSEN, N. B.; STOUGAARD, J.; MARCKER,
K. A.
SOURCE:PLANT JOURNAL:4: 3, P577-580, 1993.
THE EXPRESSION OF A SOYABEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN 5'LBC3-GUS-3' NOS
CHIMAERIC GENE WAS ANALYSED IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS AFTER SITE-SPECIFIC
MUTAGENESIS OF THE NODULIN CONSENSUS SEQUENCES, AAAGAT AND CTCTT,
PRESENT IN THE ORGAN-SPECIFIC ELEMENT (OSE) (-139 TO -102). FULL-LENGTH
PROMOTERS (-1956, +46) CARRYING CLUSTERED POINT MUTATIONS IN THE
CTCTT SEQUENCE OR IN BOTH THE AAAGAT AND THE CTCTT SEQUENCES WERE
INACTIVE. POINT MUTATIONS IN THE AAAGAT SEQUENCE HAD ONLY MINOR
EFFECTS ON THE EXPRESSION LEVEL. SUBSTITUTION OF THE ATTG SEQUENCE
BETWEEN THE AAAGAT AND THE CTCTT SEQUENCES IN THE OSE REDUCED
THE ACTIVITY IN NODULES TO 10, . THIS, TOGETHER WITH THE CONSERVATION
OF THE ATTGT SEQUENCE IN THE SAME POSITION OF LEGHAEMOGLOBIN GENES
FROM OTHER LEGUMES, INDICATES THAT THESE SEQUENCES, IN ADDITION
TO THE NODULIN CONSENSUS SEQUENCES OF THE OSE, ARE IMPORTANT FOR
HIGH-LEVEL NODULE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION. SUBSTITUTION OF THE CTCTT
SEQUENCES OUTSIDE THE OSE (-44, -40 AND -79, -75) RE5ULTS IN PROMOTER
ACTIVITIES OF APPROXIMATELY 50.
MOLECULAR STATE IN SOMATIC HYBRIDS AMONG GRAMINEOUS
AND LEGUMINOUS SPECIES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR:NIIZEKI, M.; NAKADO, S.; ISHIKAWA, R.; HARADA, T.; SAITO,
K .
SOURCE: BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE. PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIRST
ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, BEIJING,
CHINA, 20-24 AUGUST 1992 (EDITED BY YOU, C. B.; CHEN, Z. L.; DING.Y.).
DURDRECHT, NETHERLANDS; KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS-P332-335, CURRENT
PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE VOL. 15.; 1993.
ANALYSIS OF ORGANELLE DNAS BY RESTRICTION ENZYME-INDUCED FRAGMENT
PATTERN AND SOUTHERN BLOTTING WERE CARRIED OUT ON INTERFAMILIAL
AND INTERGENERIC SOMATIC HYBRIDS OR HYBRID CALLUSES BETWEEN RICE,
SOYABEAN, LUCERNE (MEDICAGO SATIVA) AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS
CORNICULATUS). IN THE CASES OF INTERFAMILIAL HYBRIDS, SPONTANEOUS
CHROMOSOME ELIMINATION OF RICE OCCURRED, AND SPECIES-SPECIFIC
DNA FRAGMENTS OF BOTH SPECIES AND NOVEL DNA FRAGMENTS (WHICH DID
NOT APPEAR IN EITHER SPECIES) WERE FOUND IN MITOCHONDRIAL DNAS
(MTDNAS). THIS SUGGESTS THAT THESE HYBRIDS HAVE MTDNAS OF BOTH
SPECIES OR RECOMBINANT MTDNA. ON THE OTHER HAND, ONLY THE CHLOROPLAST
DNAS (CTDNAS) OF LEGUMINOUS SPECIES REMAINED IN MOST CASES. IN
THE CASES OF INTERGENE RICE HYBRIDIZATION, THE SOMATIC HYBRIDS
WERE SYMMETRIC OR ASYMMETRIC. THE LATTER WERE INDUCED BY X-RAYS.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF MTDNA WAS ALMOST AS COMPLICATED AS THAT OF MTDNA
IN INTERFAMILIAL HYBRIDS. WHILE THAT OF CTDNA WAS COMPARATIVELY
SIMPLE.
IDENTIFICATION OF LOTUS TENUIS (WALDST. ET KIT.)
FLAVONOIDS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: STRITTMATTER, C.D.; WAGNER, M.L.; KADE, M.; GURNI, A.A.
SOURCE: BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY. (BIOCHEM. SYST. ECOL.)
OCT 1992. V. 20 (7) P. 685-687.
FLAVONOIO METABOLISM WAS INVESTIGATED IN LOTUS TENUIS WALDST.
ET KIT. (BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL). THIS SPECIES IS DOMINANT DURING SPRING
AND SUMMER IN THE NATIVE GRASSLANDS OF THE PROVINCE OF BUENOS
AIRES (ARGENTINA). FLAVONOID COMPOUNDS WERE STUDIED DURING A WHOLE
LIFE CYCLE OF THE PLANT IN FOUR DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES.
THE PRESENCE OF FREE KAEMPFEROL, KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSIDE AND
KAEMPFEROL-3-0 -GLUCOSYL-7-0-RHAMNOSIDE WAS DETECTED. QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN RELATION TO THESE COMPOUNDS WERE
OBSERVED.
SOYBEAN LEGHEMOGLOBIN LBC3 GE SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS
OF THE ORGAN-SPECIFIC ELEMENT IN THE NE PROMOTER. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: RAMIOV, K.B.; LAURSEN, N.B.; STOUGAARD, J.; MARCKER, K.A.
SOURCE: THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. (PLANT
J.) SEPT 1993. V. 4 (3) P. 577-580.
INTERACTION OF A RHIZOBIAL DNA-BINDING PROTEIN
WITH THE PROMOTER REGION OF A PLANT LEGHEMOGLOBIN GENE. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: WELTERS, P.; METZ, B.; FELIX, G.; PALME, K.; SZCZYGLOWSKI,
K.; BRUIJN, F. J. DE
SOURCE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY:102: 4, P1095-1107, 1993.
A NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE WAS IDENTIFIED APPROX. EQUAL T0650 BP UPSTREAM
OF THE SESBANIA ROSTRATA LEGHAEMOGLOBIN GENE SRGLB3 START CODON,
WHICH INTERACTS SPECIFICALLY WITH A PROTEINACEOUS DNA-BINDING
FACTOR FOUND IN NODULE EXTRACTS BUT NOT IN EXTRACTS FROM LEAVES
OR ROOTS (EMBL/ GENBANK/ODBJ DATABASE ACCESSION NUMBER X73283).
THE BINDING SITE FOR THIS FACTOR WAS DELIMITED USING FOOTPRINTING
TECHNIQUES. ITS DNA-BINDING ACTIVITY WAS FOUND TO BE HEAT STABLE,
DEPENDENT ON DIVALENT CATIONS, AND DERIVED FROM THE (INFECTING)
AZORHIZOBIUM CAULINODANS BACTERIA OR BACTEROIDS (A. CAULINODANS
BACTERIAL BINDING FACTOR 1, ACBBF1). A 9- TO 10-KDA PROTEIN WAS
ISOLATED FROM A FREE-LIVING CULTURE OF A. CAULINODANS THAT CO-PURIFIES
WITH THE DNA-BINDING ACTIVITY (A. CAULINODANS BACTERIAL BINDING
PROTEIN 1, ACBBP1) AND INTERACTS SPECIFICALLY WITH ITS TARGET
(S. ROSTRATA BACTERIAL BINDING SITE 1, SRBBS1). THE AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE OF THE N-TERMINAL 27 RESIDUES OF ACBBP1 WAS DETERMINED
AND WAS FOUND TO SHARE SIGNIFICANT SIMILARITY (46, IDENTITY; 68,
SIMILARITY) WITH A DOMAIN OF THE HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS MAJOR DNA-BINDING
PROTEIN INFECTED CELL PROTEIN 8 (ICP8). AN INSERTION MUTATION
IN THE SRBBS1 WAS FOUND TO RESULT IN A SUBSTANTIAL REDUCTION OF
THE EXPRESSION OF A SRGLB3-GUS REPORTER GENE FUSION IN NODULES
OF TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS PLANTS, SUGGESTING A ROLE FOR
THIS ELEMENT IN SRG LB3 PROMOTER ACTIVITY. BASED ON THESE RESULTS,
IT WAS PROPOSED THAT BACTERIAL TRANS-ACTING FACTOR(S) MAY PLAY
A ROLE IN INFECTED CELL-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF THE SYMBIOTICALLY
INDUCED PLANT LB GENES.
FORAGE PRODUCTION BY TWO BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS)
VARIETIES AS INFLUENCED BY FOUR COMPANION GRASSES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: SHELDRICK, R.D.; MARTYN, T.M.; LAVENDER, R.H.
SOURCE: TESTS OF AGROCHEMICALS AND CULTIVARS. (ITSIS AGROCHEM.
CULTIV.) APR 1993. (14) P. 182-183.
NUTRIENT EFFICIENCY AND CELLULAR CONTENTS OF PHOSPHORUS
AND NITROGEN IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND A DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID
LOTUS ULIGINOSUS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HART, A.L.; COLLIER, W.A.
SOURCE: GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE : THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH
GRASSLAND SOCIETY (GRASS FORAGE SCI.) DEC 1992. V. 47 (4) P. 375-381.
LOCALIZED CHANGES IN FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN
ROOTS OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS AFTER INFECTION BY RHIZOBIUM LOTI.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: COOPER, J.E. ;RAO, J.R.
SOURCE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY. (PLANT PHYSIOL.) SEPT 1992. V. 100 (1)
P. 444-450.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN FOUR SOLVENT SYSTEMS,
HIGH-SENSITIVITY SPRAY REAGENTS, AND UV ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY
WERE USED TO SEPARATE AND CHARACTERIZE FLAVONOIDS AND ISOFLAVONOIDS
IN ROOTS AND ROOT NODULES OF 20-D-OLD LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CAV.
SEEDLINGS WERE GROWN EITHER UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS OR AFTER
INOCULATION WITH FIX (+) OR FIX (-) STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM LOTI.
FLAVONOIDS RATHER THAN ISOFLAVONOIDS PREDOMINATED IN ALL TISSUES.
FLAVONOID PROFILES IN STERILE AND DENODULATED ROOT TISSUES WERE
REMARKABLY SIMILAR, BOTH QUALITATIVELY AND QUANTITATIVELY. AT
LEAST T4 PARTIALLY PURIFIED FLAVONOID AGLYCONES AND CONJUGATES
WERE FOUND IN ROOT EXTRACTS; DENODULATED ROOT TISSUES CONTAINED
NO COMPOUNDS THAT WERE NOT ALSO PRESENT IN STERILE ROOTS. FIX
(+) RHIZOBIA WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAJOR POSTINFECTION SHIFTS IN
PLANT FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS AT THE SITES OF NODULE MORPHOGENESIS.
POLYMERIC FLAVOLANS WERE ABSENT FROM FIX (+) NODULES BUT PRESENT
IN ALL ROOT TISSUES AND IN FIX (-) NODULES. CATECHIN WAS DETECTED
ONLY IN FIX (+) NODULES.
