1. Introduction:

• instructions to contributors
• notes from the editor
• questionaire

2. Meeting announcements Lotus Symposium report and list of registrants

3. Lotus Activities: reports and abstracts

• A. M. Bowman. Sharnae ­ a new Lotus pedunculatus for Australia.

• M. B. Dodd. Growth characteristics and phosphate response of three Lotus species

• C. S. Hoveland. Lotus research in Georgia.

• N. Lazlo. The effect of sowing rate, weed control and the first cutting date on forage and seed yield of Lotus corniculatus L. c.v. G keskenylevelu in arid circumstanties.

• N. Altier. Research on Lotus diseases in Uruguay.

• S. Stewart and N. Altier. A flower blight of birdsfoot trefoil.

• A. M. Arambarri. Dehiscence and indehiscence in Lotus legumes (Fabaceae): I. L. conimbricensis, L. corniculatus and L. tenuis.

• M. M. Mujica and C. P. Rumi. Effect of chemical and mechanical scarification on Lotus tenuis seeds on germination

• M. M. Mujica and C. P. Rumi. Effect of three different constant temperature treatments on germination of Lotus tenuis (Waldst. et Kit).

• A. M. Arambarri and M. I. Colares. L. corniculatus L. and L. tenuis Waldst. et Kit (Leguminoseae): Anatomy of the leaf.

• T. Y. Moon. Apis mellifera L. and Megachile spp.: Important insect­pollinators of Lotus corniculatus var japonicus Regel in Chenju Island.

• W. F. Grant, R. B. McDougall, and B. Coulman. Sessile inflorescence ­ an environmental morphological abnormality.

• M. Niizeki. Chromosomal mutation induced by protoplast culture in Lotus corniculatus L.
• P. Robbins, T. R. Carron, and K. J. Webb . Detecting transgenes in Lotus corniculatus using the polymerase chain reaction

• L. P. Campos, J. V. Raelson, and W. F. Grant. Genome relationships among Lotus species based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD).
• J. J. Steiner. Broad­leaf birdsfoot trefoil germplasm classification.

• S. L. Greene and M. Bohning. Selecting accessions from the United States germplasm collection.

• C. D. Stritimatter, M. L. Wagner, M. Kade, and A. A. Gurni. Identification of Lotus tenuis (Waldst. et Kit.) flavonoids: Part III
• Morris, T. R. Carron, M. P. Robbins, and K. J. Webb . Distribution of condensed tannins in flowering plants of Lotus corniculatus var japonicus and tannin accumulation by transformed root cultures

• N. J. Ehlke and D. G. LeGare. The effects of temperature and soil stresses on the production of tannins in birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.).

4. Notes and news.

5. Recent Lotus publications

Purpose: The Lotus Newsletter consists of informal communications of research information on Lotus. Reports of any phase of research on Lotus breeding, genetics, taxonomy, management, utilization or physiology are welcome. Your biographic sketches and information about your research objectives, approaches, and progress including titles of your publications are encouraged. Seed requests and news items are accepted.

This is the 24th year of publication for the Lotus Newsletter. Now is the time to consider contributing to the 25th volume of the Lotus Newsletter. Contributions generally are compiled without editing.

1. Prepare your contribution using any Macintosh or IBM (MS-DOS) word processing program. Then you have two options:

a. submit the file on 3.5 " (90 mm) disk accompanied by a printed copy of the contribution. Identify which program you used. OR

b. submit the file to my e-mail address (AGROBELL@mizzou1.missouri.edu) and send me a hardcopy by FAX to 314-882-1467, or by regular mail.

1. Single space typewritten text on white 8.5" x 11" (21.5 cm x 27.5 cm) paper. Double space between paragraphs and tables. Do not number pages.

2. Leave a minimum of 3/4" (1.9 cm) on the left and bottom of each page.

3. On the first page of each contribution, indicate state or country, title of report, and name(s) of contributor(s).

4. Send your contributions by December 31, 1995 to:

Lotus Newsletter

Dr. P. R. Beuselinck, USDA-ARS

Plant Genetics Research Unit

207 Waters Hall

University of Missouri

Columbia, MO 65211 U.S.A.

E-Mail AGROBELL@mizzou1.missouri.edu

FAX 314-882-1467

The expense of publishing the Lotus Newsletter has been partially covered by unrestricted research support. This issue of the Lotus Newsletter is provided to you without charge. I will continue to strive for financial support of the Lotus Newsletter to provide you with an unencumbered communication resource.

Many thanks to you who respond to my requests for information about your Lotus research. Your contributions to the Lotus Newsletter help generate a better perspective of the research and management on the many species of Lotus.

There is a limited supply of back issues available. Supplies of most volumes have been depleted, but requests will be handled on a first-come first-served basis.

Your suggestions are helpful, and I will strive to incorporate them to make this publication more useful. As you compile your data for analysis please think about making a contribution to the Lotus Newsletter. Use the Lotus Newsletter as a resource for communication: it is published to aid you (and me), the international researchers of Lotus.

If you have not filled-out and sent in a questionnaire in the last two years please complete one. If you know of others interested in receiving the Lotus Newsletter have them submit a questionnaire and they'll be added to the mailing list.

Please note the instructions for submitting your contribution by computer disk or e-mail.

Requests for distribution the Lotus Newsletter to university or research libraries are accepted. If you have a library that needs a copy for your research group or center please notify me.

The illustration on the cover is of a Lotus spp. L. graciously provided by Ana Arambarri (Argentina) . The illustration of L. unifoliatus Benth. (syn. L. purshianus) is the third in a series of illustrations that started with L. edulis in Volume 23.

Name _______________________________________________________

Institute or Agency _____________________________________________
Mailing Address _______________________________________________
Mailing Address _______________________________________________
Mailing Address _______________________________________________
Country _____________________________________________________
Telephone Fax ________________________________________________
E-mail ______________________________________________________

Checkmark all categories that apply to your area of Lotus research:

O Genetics	O Breeding	O Taxonomy	O Physiology
O Pathology	O Ecology	O Biology	O Forage
O Utilization	O Germplasm	O Tissue culture	O Biotechnology
O Entomology	O Seed	O Reclamation	O Other (please indicate)

List the Lotus species you study: _______________________________

Give a brief description of your research _________________________ ___________________________________________________________

Suggestions? _______________________________________________

Send or FAX your completed questionnaire to:

P. R. Beuselinck, USDA-ARS

University of Missouri

207 Waters Hall

Columbia, MO 65211 USA

FAX 573-882-1467

The 1st International Lotus Symposium was held at the Missouri Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on 22­24 March 1994. The Lotus Symposium was co­sponsored by the Missouri Botanical Society, the University of Missouri, the Agricultural Research Service­USDA, the American Society of Agronomy, and Crop Science Society of America. The main objective of the Lotus Symposium was to discuss what is known about the many basic and applied disciplines of this genus including breeding, genetics, taxonomy, management, utilization, physiology, and pathology from applied agronomy to genetic manipulation. The secondary objective was to organize the proceedings in a manner so that they could be used as the a standard reference for Lotus and as the base for developing a monograph on Lotus.

Comments received during and after the symposium from the more than 60 registrants were quite complimentary. The weather cooperated with the springtime urges of the plantings at the Botanical Gardens resulting in a daily changing floral scene. Over 40 papers were presented during the 2.5 days of the symposium. The papers that were actually presented are listed below. Other papers were submitted and will be found in the proceedings of the symposium, but due to travel or funding complications the authors were not able to attend.

An ad hoc committee was formed to initate and coordinate the timing and location of a second Lotus symposium. Members of the committee are: P. R. Beuselinck (USA, Chair), M. Blumenthal (Australia), P. Gayraud (France), M. Jay (France), K. Urbanska (Switzerland), and Y. Papadopoulos (Canada). Suggestions or offers can be made to any member of the committee and their address/phone/fax/e­mail address can be found in the list of registrants.

Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr: Taxonomic circumscription of the genus Lotus Linnaeus (Fabaceae, Loteae), its tribal position, and its species.

William F. Grant: Interspecific hybridization and amphiploidy of Lotus as it relates to phylogeny and evolution.

Maurice Jay, Joel Reynaud, D. Cartier, and S. Blaise: Diversification strategies of Lotus corniculatus s.1. in the light of chemical markers.

Joel Reynaud and Maurice Jay: Phytochemical approach to Lotus corniculatus s.1. diversification.

Stephanie L. Greene and James R. McFerson: Conservation of the Lotus genetic resources: Status of the U.S. collection.

Jeffrey J. Steiner: Lotus germplasm utilization: Integrating genetic diversity, species relationships, and ecological distributions.

Robert G. Gregorson, D. Lowell­Robinson, and Carroll P. Vance: Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Lotus.

Thomas J. Wacek: Rhizobium species associated with Lotus.

C. Jerry Nelson, S. N. Hur, and Paul R. Beuselinck: Physiology of seedling vigor of birdsfoot trefoil.

D. O. Gimenez and Pedro A. Ballatti: Lotus tenuis plant growth and development under different environmental conditions.

Daphne T. Fairey: Seed production in birdsfoot trefoil, Lotus spp.: A review of some limiting factors.

Clara C. Heyn, A. Madmony, G. Alon, and E. Werker: Regulation of the breeding systems of some selfcompatible Lotus species.

Richard R. Smith. David K. Davis, and William H. Leakey: Birdsfoot trefoil seed production in northern United States.

Kristi L. Savage­Clarke, Robert L. McGraw, and Paul R. Beuselinck: Stigma receptivity in birdsfoot trefoil.

M. M. Mujica and C. P. Rumi: Cotyledon influence on the initial growing stage of L. tenuis.

Phillip Morris, K. Judith Webb, Mark P. Robbins, and Leif Skot: Application of tissue culture, molecular biology and genetic manipulation in Lotus research

M. Niizeki, R. Ishikawa, T. Harada, and K. Saito: Cytogenetical and molecular genetical analysis on somaclonal variation in Lotus corniculatus.

Jens Stougaard: Lotus japonicus a model legume.

K. Judith Webb, Mark P. Robbins, and Sue Mizen: Segregation of Agrobacterium rhizogenes T­DNA from other inserted genes in the T1 progeny of Lotus corniculatus.

Mark P. Robbins, Tom R. Carron, Steven P. Colliver, and Phillip Morris: A study on the genetic manipulation of flavonoids and condensed tannins in the Lotus corniculatus using antisense technology.

Martin J. Blumenthal, Walter J. Kelman, W. L. Lowther, and Kenneth H. Widdup: The use and management of Lotus in Australia and New Zealand.

Robert L. McGraw: Agronomic uses of Lotus in North America.

Ariel Asuaga: Use and production of Lotus corniculatus in Uruguay.

Carl S. Hoveland: Birdsfoot trefoil management problems in a stressful environment.

Ariel Asuaga: Lotus subbiflorus cv E1 Rincon, a new alternative for extensive improvements of natural pastures.

Joseph L. Moyer, D. W. Sweeney, and D. A. Whitney: Phosphorus, potassium, and chloride effects on birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa.

A. M. Quadrelli de Escuder, F. Laich, and Y. Andreoli: Response of Lotus tenuis to inoculation with Rhizobium loti and to fertilization with phosphorus.

Osvaldo R. Vignolio, Osvaldo N. Fernandez, and N. O. Maciera: Response of Lotus tenuis and Lotus corniculatus to flooding in seedling stage.

Gary S. Banuelos, S. Zambrzuski, S. Akohoue, and P. Beuselinck: Remediation of selenium and boron contaminated soil with Lotus corniculatus L.

Krystyna M. Urbanska: Use of Lotus alpinus in alpine ecosystem restoration

Paul R. Henderlong: Birdsfoot trefoil in Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) areas.

James T. English: Diseases of Lotus spp

Craig Roberts, Art Karr, M Mohammadi, Stephen Marek, and Paul Beuselinck: Chitinases in Lotus corniculatus L.

A. Bazin, S. Blaise, and D. Cartier: Polymorphism study of two defense mechanisms in French populations of Lotus corniculatus L.: Cyanide and condensed tannins.

Nora Altier: Current status of research on Lotus diseases in Uruguay.

L. Choa, J. De Battista, and F. Santiaque: Incidence of birdsfoot trefoil crown and root rot in west Uruguay and Entre Rios (Argentina).

S. Stewart, F. Formoso, and N. Altier: A flower blight of birdsfoot trefoil, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum.

Paul R. Beuselinck: The rhizomes of Lotus corniculatus L.

Nancy J. Ehlke, Paul R. Beuselinck, and Robert L. McGraw: Evaluation of birdsfoot trefoil populations selected under grazing.

Yousef A. Papadopoulos, K. L Sutherland, J. Novak, K. B. McRae, and S. A. E. Fillmore: Assessment of phenotypic recurrent selection techniques for improving vigor in birdsfoot trefoil.

John R. Samek and P. R. Beuselinck: Lotus corniculatus L. diploids and their hybridization with L. tenuis Waldst & Kit. ex Willd.

The First International Lotus Symposium Proceedings will be available until June 1, 1995 through the University Extension Conference Office. Cost is: $17 (US) $20 (outside the US)

Payment will be accepted by Purchase Order, Credit Card or check made out to: UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI and sent to: Lotus Proceedings 344 Hearnes Center Columbia, MO 65211.

If you wish to contact the University Extension Conference Office they can be reached: by phone (314) 882­4038 by fax (314) 882­1953

After June 1, 1995, contact Paul Beuselinck for information.

ABDULLAH, BUANG

GRADUATE STUDENT

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI

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ALTIER, NORA

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Introduction

During the last three decades many Lotus species (represented by at least 60 separate introductions) have been grown at Grafton Agricultural Research and Advisory Station. Lotus pedunculatus and Lotus corniculatus have been the most potentially useful species. However, to date, the only commercial Lotus species used on a large scale in Australia is the Lotus pedunculatus cultivar from New Zealand, Grasslands Maku.

In 1974, the Regional Research Agronomist, Mr A.D. O'Brien, began a detailed study of the Lotus genus. Evaluation of his collections led to the selection of three vigorous, early flowering types of Lotus pedunculatus from the Algarve region of southern Portugal between Caldas de Manchique (latitude 37°9'N) and Manchique (latitude 37°ll'N).

The collection site was a rugged but protected 30% slope, with an easterly aspect and a gravelly soil, derived from granite (pH 6.0). It was kept wet by spring fed soakages. Average annual rainfall was 850mm (O'Brien, 1974).

These three selections (CPI 67676, CPI 67677 and CPI 67678) were combined and evaluated as the composite P15303, in trials at Kempsey and Grafton in north­eastern New South Wales (Wilson, 1980) and near Gympie in south­eastern Queensland (Cook, 1984 and 1985). P15303 had an extended flowering period which complicated management for seed production. To overcome this, seed produced from the original accession, CPI 67677, was sown under isolation in 1984. Very early flowering plants were eliminated from the population to produce Sharnae, which as a more restricted flowering period.

Morphological comparison with Grasslands Maku

Sharnae is morphologically similar to Grasslands Maku, except that it is a less hairy plant. At flowering, the buds of Grasslands Maku are densely hairy, the matted hairs almost obscuring the calyx teeth. There are fewer hairs on the calyx of Sharnae and the outlines of the spreading teeth are clearly visible. The peduncle tip is also much less hairy than that of Grasslands Maku.

Table 1 demonstrates that Sharnae produced fewer crown stems per plant than Grasslands Maku in a glasshouse study of 200, one month old, plants. Similarly in a study of one month old plants gown on a low fertility podsolic soil at Grafton, Sharnae produced slightly fewer rhizomes than Maku.

Seeds of Sharnae are smaller and almost double the number per pod of Grasslands Maku. Sharnae is diploid (2n=12) (W.Kelman, pers. comm.) and Grasslands Maku is tetraploid (Armstrong, 1974). Sharnae is more robust and bulky than Grasslands Maku.

Table 1 Morphological comparison of Sharnae with Grasslands Haku

	Sharnae	Grasslands Maku	Comment
Leaf colour	Light green	Blue green
Time of flowering	Early (Sept-Oct)	Late (Dec-Jan)
Condensed tannins	x2	x1
Crown stems/plant	4.4	5.0	Glasshouse, 1month old
Rhizomes/plant	1.0	1.4	Field, 1 month old
Seed size (mm)	0.77-0.95	0.85-1.20
Seed weight	1640-1995	1250	Seeds/kg*1000
Seeds per pod	20+	12

Agronomy

Flowering Time: The main difference between Sharnae and Grasslands Maku is their time of flowering. On the New South Wales north coast Sharnae commences flowering in mid September, reaches its first peak by mid October and continues waves of flowering until late summer. By contrast, Grasslands Maku rarely flowers before mid December. Mature seed has been collected from predominantly rain grown Sharnae at Grafton during each month from mid November to mid April.

This characteristic is particularly important in the subtropical regions, where the ability to mature seed before the summer­autumn wet season can enhance survival, through seedling recruitment following flooding of coastal lowlands.

Forage yield: In trials on two soil types at Grafton, Sharnae has given higher forage yields during late spring and early summer than Grasslands Maku. In continuously grazed trials on two sites with contrasting moisture regimes at Fineflower, in the upper Clarence Valley, Sharnae has persisted better, spread further and produced more dry matter than Grasslands Maku on the driest site. Conversely, Grasslands Maku had superior persistence, spread and yield on the moist site (Table 2). Evaluation of 40 lines of Lotus pedunculatus at 3 sites (Canberra, Bowral and Nowra) has shown Sharnae to be in the top 10 lines for dry matter production at all sites (Blumenthal, pers. comm.).

Table 2 Agronomic comparison of Sharnae with Grasslands Maku

Site	Sown	Cultvar	Establishment(plants/m2)	Area covered (m2) 1988	Total yield (kg/m2)1988	Frequency (%) 1988	Frequency (%) 1986
Moist	28.1.82	Sharnae	40	12	185	70	33
		Maku	66	31	657	40	63
	25.5.82	Sharnae	230	14	150	30	43
		Maku	119	6	115	33	27
Dry	28.1.82	Sharnae	75	8	66	37	33
		Maku	93	0.1	1	10	10
	25.5.82	Sharnae	249	0	0	3	0
		Maku	1390	0	0	0	0

Forage quality: The concentration of condensed tannins in Sharnae varies between sites and with seasons but is usually double that of Grasslands Maku. The tannin levels in Sharnae may negatively affect voluntary intake and dry matter digestibility, however in a mixed pasture the lotus component is unlikely to be sufficiently dominant for this to have any major effect.

Data from trials at Wingham demonstrated little difference between the digestibility of Sharnae and Maku, although Sharnae was in full flower at sampling. Sharnae had 69.0% digestible dry matter and Maku 73.6%.

Disease resistance: Limited data has shown Sharnae to have resistance to root knot nematode (McLeod, pers. comm.) whereas Maku is susceptible. This may be an important consideration affecting the choice of Lotus cultivars for use as permanent ground cover in subtropical orchards, plantation crops and pastures on acid, sandy soils.

Herbicide tolerance: At Gympie, Sharnae was screened for tolerance to a wide range of post­emergent herbicides, including some unregistered chemicals. It tolerated the full range of selective grass herbicides available when applied at the recommended rates, but failed to tolerate any of the standard range of broadleaf herbicides (Lock and Harvey, 1990).

Seed production: Sharnae's advantage in northern NSW and southern Qld coastal belt is that it can produce seed at latitudes as low as 26S while Maku cannot. This is a valuable characteristic of Sharnae to the Australian seed industry. The seed yields of Sharnae from irrigated plots at Grafton have been between 300 and 350 kg/ha, of which the hard seed content varies between 35 to 45%.

References

Armstrong, C.S. (1974) Grasslands Maku ­ a tetraploid lotus (Lotus pedunculatus). New Zealand Journal of Experimental Aariculture, 2, 333­336.

Cook, B.G. (1984) Near North Coast Observation Programme. In Pasture Agronomy Technical Report 1984. Qld Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, pg 60.

Cook, B.G. (1985) Near North Coast Observation Programme. In Pasture Agronomy Technical Report 1985. Qld Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane, pg 63.

Loch, D.S. and Harvey, G.L. (1990). In The Proceedings of a Herbicide Workshop, Toowoomba, 17­19th January 1990. Qld Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba. Pages 2­34 to 2­42 and Appendices pages 3 to 6.

O'Brien, A.D. (1974). A plant collecting trip in the Western Mediterranean region of south­west Spain, southern Portugal and north­west Morocco. Churchill Fellowship Report.

Wilson, G. (1980). Lotus on the north coast. NSW Department of Agriculture Aanote 9/80.

Growth characteristics and phosphate response of three Lotus species

M.B. DODD

New Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research Institute Ltd Whatawhata Research Centre Private Bag 3089, Hamilton, New Zealand

Introduction

The agronomic evaluation of three Lotus species was conducted as part of a larger experiment screening a number of temperate, mainly annual, legume species from the Lotus, Medicago, Ornithopus and Trifolium genii. The objective of this trial was to evaluate the ability of a number of pasture legume species to grow in a low fertility, low pH hill country soil; to assess their growth response to added phosphate (P); and to use information on growth patterns and reseeding to assess their suitability for a hill soil in a summer­dry environment. This environment represents approximately 4 million ha of pastoral land in the North Island of New Zealand.

The three Lotus species included in the experiment were:

Lotus angustissimus L.: (slender birdsfoot trefoil) AnnuaVperennial. Material used: accession S2778

Lotus subbiflorus Lag. syn. L. suaveolens Pers.: (hairy birdsfoot trefoil) Annual/perennial. Material used: cv. 'E1 Rincon' (Uruguay)

Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit.: (narrow­leaf trefoil) Perennial. Material used: accession S2840

Methods

The system utilised in the evaluation of the species involved in the experiment consisted of growing plants in undisturbed soil monoliths which were removed from the field site encased in PVC tubes. The technique was adapted from that used for nutrient leaching experiments in lysimeters. This allowed for a reasonable degree of control of water and nutrients while also providing conditions close to those likely to be encountered by plants in/under the field, allowing for full expression of the plants normal growth habit. The soil type used in this experiment is known locally as a Dunmore ash soil (Yellow­brown loam/alvic soil). This soil type generally has pH = 5.4; Olsen P = 10; P retention = 90­95%.

The uniformity of growing conditions in each core was evaluated by firstly taking soil samples from immediately outside the circumference of each core (at the field site) for soil chemical analysis. The second phase involved growing two 'calibration' plants in each core prior to planting the annual species: cloned material of 'Grasslands Huia' white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and 'Warigal' wheat (Avena sativa L.). These test plants were transplanted into the cores and measurements of plant growth were made.

The Lotus seeds were pre­germinated by scarifying with sandpaper, inoculated with appropriate strains of rhizobia, and transplanted into the soil cores in late June after eight weeks of growth. Three plants were planted in each core. Two phosphate treatments were applied across all species as follows: 0 and 100 kgP/ha equivalent applied to the core surface in solution.

In order to simulate summer drought stress during the later development of the plants, irrigation was ceased in late November and the prevailing weather conditions allowed to dictate soil water levels.

The growth of plants through winter and early spring was assessed by counts of growing points. Plant harvests on all cores were made at 4­5 week intervals, depending on growth rates, beginning in late September. Plants were cut to a height of 1.0 cm, and to 1.0 cm inside the core circumference. The cut herbage was dissected into leaf, flower and seed pod components for dry matter determination, and flower and pod numbers were counted from harvested material. The dried herbage from harvest two was bulked within species and analysed for the major plant minerals N, P, K, S, Na, Mg, and Ca. The date on which individual plants had senesced sufficiently to be regarded as dead was recorded.

Results and Discussion

Analysis of the results of the initial soil testing adjacent to the cores, and the growth of the indicator plants, showed no significant differences between the factors 'P treatment' or 'species'. Since this indicated a good degree of uniformity amongst the cores it was not considered necessary to use these results to alter the design or as a covariate measure.

L. angustissimus appeared to have the earliest growth, by virtue of having consistently around 10 more primary growing points than the other two species, (Table 1) along with growing the most herbage at the first harvest (Fig. 1). By contrast the growth of the perennial L. tenuis was significantly less than the two annuals through most of the season and did not exceed that of the annuals until February. These differences between the species were significant for all harvests at p<O.O 1.

L. angustissimus also had the earliest flowering period (Table 1), although in terms of total flowers (both counted and harvested) L. subbiflorus was the most profuse, followed by L. angustissimus and L. tenuis. This ranking also carried through into the number of pods harvested, the species differences being significant at p< 0.05.

Completing the pattern, L. angustissimus was the first species to senesce and die, in late January compared to late February for L. subbiflorus. This measure was not relevant to the perennial L. tenuis.

For any annual species, time of flowering is a critical factor in successful seed production and regeneration. In the summer­dry North Island hill environment, completion of flowering and adequate seed development must take place before the onset of a somewhat unpredictable dry period. In this context, the early pattern of growth in L. angustissimus appears to be most well­adapted. Weather conditions over the December­March period of 1992­93 were slightly below average for rainfall, and close to average for temperatures. Thus in terms of the impact of the summer dry period on plant growth, seed production and senescence, this season proved to be a representative one. The successful growth and seed producton of all three species in this trial indicates their ability to regenerate in the field under average conditions.

In terms of total herbage growth, all three species had significant responses to added P (Table 1) although the size of this response differed. The high added P treatment overall gave an increase of 105% for L. angustissimus; 21% for L. subbiflorus; and 59% for L. tenuis. The data from individual harvests showed that this significant response to P occurred only in the months of November, December and January (Fig. 1), and in fact the interaction between 'species' and 'P' was only significant for the November harvest.

While the greatest response to added P came from L. angustissimus, it should be noted that smaller responses to added P can be considered an indicator of adaptability to low P levels as is the case with L. subbiflorus. This species was able to maintain a high level of growth at low P levels relative to its 'potential' given unlimiting P availability, this being the intent of the high P application rate. Thus this species can be regarded as well suited to the low P fertility soils targetted in this screening.

Although added P had no significant effect on flower and pod numbers, there appears to be a consistent pattern in these measurements for L. angustissimus and L. tenuis to increase numbers of reproductive heads in response to P, in contrast to a decrease for L. subbiflorus. In addition, improved P fertility appears to have significantly accelerated senescence (Table l).This latter result is somewhat unexpected, yet implies an overall preference of this species for low P fertility conditions.

Conclusions

In terms of the question of the suitability of species for a low fertility, moderately acid hill soil environment under intensive grazing, the results of this screening trial indicate that L. angustissimus and L. subbiflorus are potentially well adapted, L. subbiJlorus being particularly well adapted to conditions of low soil phosphate fertility.

Table.1 Growth characteristics of three Lotus species

Species	L. angustissimus			L. subbiflorus		L. tenuis			SEM
Phosphate level	P(O)		P(100)	P(0)	P(100)	P(0)	P(100)
Primary growing points(per core in mid­Sept.)	35		37	25	25	21	21		1.3
Total Herbage (gDM harvested per core)	13.3		27.3	23.5	28.4	13.6	21.5		2.6
Total flowers (number harvested per core)	117		171	281	210	48	82		36
Total pods (number harvested per core)	187		175	308	173	93	144		38
Flowering period	late 11 ­ late 1			early 12­ late 2		early 1­ late 2
Mean death date	1/26/93	25­1/93		3/4/93	2/17/93	*		*	2-days

Competitiveness of birdsfoot trefoil, kura clover, and lading c1Over with tall fescue

Osceola lading clover, AU Dewey birdsfoot trefoil, and Rhizo kuM clover were grown in monocultures and in mixtures with AU Triumph tall fescue with adequate water and under water stress in the greenhouse. Kura clover was more severely affected by competition from tall fescue than either lading clover or birdsfoot trefoil. Under soil moisture stress, birdsfoot trefoil was more competitive than lading clover when grown in mixture with tall fescue.

Tall fescue­legume mixture performance on a soil with a compacted plow sole layer.

Alfagraze alfalfa, AU Dewey birdsfoot trefoil, and Osceola lading clover were grown in monoculture and in mixture with AU Triumph tall fescue on a Cecil clay loam soil having a 1inch compacted layer at a depth of approximately 6 to 8 inches. This is a common problem on this soil and chisel tillage has only a short period of improvement before the soil seals again. The field experiment was conducted over a 3­year period near Athens, GA. Harvesting was done at monthly intervals. Tall fescue monoculture was fertilized four times with 50 lb N/acre each year Rainfall was good the first two years, followed by extreme drought in 1993.

Entry	1991	1992	1993	3­yr average
	Pounds per acre dry forage
Ladino clover + fescue	6769 a	4964 ab	1836 a	4523 a
Alfalfa + fescue	4513 d	4938 ab	1824 a	3757 b
Trefoil + fescue	4688 cd	2978 c	1798 a	3155 c
Ladino clover only	5432 bc	3905 abc	723 b	3165 c
Alfalfa only	3529 e	4665 ab	1906 a	3367 bc
Trefoil only	4141 de	3874 bc	1826 a	3280 bc
Tall fescue + N	5856 ab	5012 a	2196 a	4355 a

Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level

On this compacted soil, yields of all legumes were low. Root penetration of the compacted zone by alfalfa was minimal. Ladino clover thrived on this soil the first two years when rainfall was high but lost stands during the severe drought the third year. Birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa stands persisted well. Since the yield potential of alfalfa was not utilized on this soil, birdsfoot trefoil would appear to be an economical replacement legume with lower inputs of lime and fertilizer needed.

By the result of many earlier observations the fodder and seed yield of L. corniculatus depend on sowing rate, weed controll status and harvesting rate.

In Hungary at Szarvas ­ where natural precipitation and the relativ humidity are low levels in Summer time we are able to grow L. corniculatus for forage and seed, but there are more convenient territories for this purposes too.

In our trial have been tested the effects of factors in question. In the sowing year we cut one time, in next two years (1992, 1993) the seed yield harvesting utilized on second growth.

The yields of first cut air dried fedder and seed can be seen at 1 st. table. As it shown the higher sowing rate, the utilization of imazetapyr (PIVOT 100 LC) and the cutting after flowering had better effects than lower rate, no herbicide control! and cutting before flowering. Result of seed yield are altering, future research need to make in this question.

In connection of weeding of sowing year (1991) can be stateilafter the imazetapyr weed controll strongly decreased the percent of broad leaf weeds, at higher sowing rate the percent of grass weed too, but increased the number of Cirsium arvense, 2nd table.

1st. table

Herbicide Air dried fodder yield dkg/m² Seed yield g/m²

Sowing	Active	dose	91	92	93	Total	92	93
raate kg/ht	ingridient	g/ha

Date of first cutting. (1992~ 1993) before flowering

7,6	0	-	3,22	5,66	21,71	30,59	3,95	7,89
7,6	imazetapyrX	80	6,77	10,50	19,47	36,74	5,26	5,46
15,2	0	-	4,54	5,79	20,16	30,59	3,45	9,34
15,2	imazetapyr	80	7,89	10,50	20,92	39,31	4,82	5,69
LDS 5 %	-	-	1,14	1,97	NS	5,19	0.86	2,31

Date_of first cutting. (1992-993) after flowering

7,6	0	-	3,49	80,69	43,95	128,13	_xx	30.49
7,6	imazetapyr	80	4,80	88,92	55,13	148,85	-	23.62
15,2	0	-	4,54	87,87	53,29	145,70	-	34.54
15,2	imazetapyr	80	7,76	104,80	69,74	182,30	-	33.45
LDS 5 %	-	-	1,37	8,19	10,71	15,63	-	6.42
LDD 5	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	5.28

Note: x-as PIVOT 100 LC herbicyd

xx -there were not seed yield

xx -betwen any two combination

NS-No sinnificant

Weeding rate at the sowing year(1991 at Szarvas)

2nd. table

			Weeding rate by the type of weeds %				Weeding rate by the base of weed controll and sowigng rate
Weed controll treatment x	Sowingratekg/ha	Weeding rate % xx	Grass type	Broad leaf	Cirsium arvense	Total	Grass type	Broad leaf	Cirsium arvense
0; 1	7,6	121,3	49,9	24,6	25,5	100,0	168,7	79,3	118,1
0; 1	15,2	100,0	36,5	38,2	25,3	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
0	7,6;15,2	120,6	48,4	37,7	13,9	100,0	151,1	205,9	42,5
1	7,6;15,2	100,0	38,6	22,1	39,3	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
0	7,6	153,0	52,9	31,7	15,4	100,0	124,0	206,6	45,9
1	7,6	139,9	46,6	16,8	36,6	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
0	15,2	136,8	43,3	44,7	12,0	100,0	216,0	207,0	38,0
1	15,2	100,0	27,3	29,4	43,3	100,0	100,0	100,0	100,0
0	7,6	111,8	-	-	-	-	136,6	79,5	142,9
0	15,2	100,0	-	-	-	-	100,0	100,0	100,0
1	7,6	139,9	-	-	-	-	238,0	79,6	118,1
1	15,2	100,0	-	-	-	-	10O,0	100,0	100,0

Note:

x 0 ­ no treatment, 1. ­ imazetapyr treatment

xx by the base of total weed amount

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is the most important forage legume in Uruguay, where it is grown for grazing alone or in mixtures with grasses. The advantages of being a non­bloating pasture, adapted to many different soil types and conditions (low fertility, low pH, poor drainage), make this species suitable for both intensive and extensive production systems along diverse ecological regions of the country. The use of birdsfoot trefoil could be increased if highly productive stands could be established and maintained for several years.

The results of "Doomsday" experiments (disease and pest protected plots), which were started in 1985, have indicated that diseases play an important role limiting the birdsfoot trefoil production in Uruguay, by reducing yield and persistence.

In the fall of 1987, a spaced plant nursery was established at INIA La Estanzuela, to determine the main causal agents of birdsfoot trefoil diseases. By the end of the first summer (April 1988), 20% of the plants had died; by the end of the second summer (April 1989), 85% of the plants had died; by June 1989, only 7% of the plants had survived. Plant losses were almost entirely due to crown and root diseases (rot/wilt). The key symptom of root or crown infection was the failure of the plant to regrow after being clipped. Many diseased plants also showed symptoms of injury by root feeding curculio (Graphognatus leucoloma), which probably enhanced infection by soil pathogens. The fungi involved were mainly Fusarium spp., F. oxysporum being the most prevalent followed by F. solani. In some casesRhizoctonia solani was isolated from diseased plants.

Plants showing dwarf, witches' broom­like symptoms, probably induced by Mycoplasma­like organisms (MLO's), represented up to 15% of the stand. Diseased plants rarely produced flowers, and prematurely died .

Stem and foliar diseases caused by Phoma spp., Cercospora spp., Colletotrichum spp., Phomopsis spp., Stemphylium spp., Myrothecium spp., and Uromyces spp. were recorded with variable damage severity depending on seasons and weather conditions. Lepthosphaerulina,spp. and Curvularia spp. were detected in pods and seeds.

During field surveys, other minor diseases have been detected on Lotus spp., causing variable damage. Sclerotium rolfsii, has been found on L. corniculatus diseased plants during occasionally hot, dry summers. In 1986 Sclerotinia spp. was isolated from diseased plants of L. corniculatus and L. subbiflorus the specially wet and cool conditions of that spring favored the development of the disease. During the fall of 1993, Sclerotinia was also detected causing a severe rot in L. pedunculatus. specific weather conditions.

Long­term goals of our research project are to develop an integrated management system to minimize the impact of diseases on birdsfoot trefoil, for different production systems. To accomplish these goals, current and future research focuses on three major areas:

1. survey and diagnosis of diseases under different production systems;

2. develop methods (inoculation techniques, rating scales) for identifying and breeding resistances

to main birdsfoot trefoil diseases;

3. determine the effect of crop production practices on severity of birdsfoot trefoil diseases.

A flower blight on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) occurred in 1991, 1992, and 1993. This legume is one of the major forage crops sown in the country either for grazing and seed production purposes.

A fungus of the genus Colletotrichum was consistently associated and isolated from necrotic petals when wet weather prevailed during flowering onset. The fungus was sent to the International Mycological Institute in London, where it was identified and described as Colletotrichum acutatum, (IMI No. 353322).

Pathogenicity tests were carried out during 1993, the symptoms were reproduced and the pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated flowers. Disease may result in important economical losses as it might limit seed production. Inflorescences are mummified and practically no pods arise from infected flowers.

No reports were found of this pathogen affecting L. corniculatus, but it is a major fungus involved in strawberry anthracnose (causing flower blight and fruit rot).

Field studies will be conducted to determine severity and yield losses, and efficiency of commercial fungicides.

Introduction

Most common fruit in Lotus is the dehiscent legumen at maturity by two twisting valves; however, there are species with indehiscent pods. The purpose of this report was to establish the structural differences between L. conimbricensis with indehiscent, strongly upcurved fruit and L. corniculatus and L. tenuis with dehiscent, terete and straight pods.

Materials and Methods

Completely developed fruits were used. They were from plants growing in the Area de Genetica, Departamento de Biologia y Ecologia, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, U.N.L.P.

First, observations of pod structures were made on longitudinal, transversal and diagonal handsections, stained with saffranin and mounted in glycerin 90%; then, the fruits were examined on the basis of microtome sections using FAA­fixed material. For microtoming fixed material was dehydrated through an alcoholic series. Sections were cut at 15 µm thickness with a rotary microtome, following standard paraffin methods. Sections were stained with cresyl­violet 1%, then mounted on glass­slides with balsam.

For SEM studies, fruits without treatment were mounted on stubs with nail paint and coated with goldpalladium in a JFC­1100. Observations were made at 15Kv with a Jeol JSM­T100 scanning electron microscope.

Description

Pericarp structure was found to be as follows:

Exocarp: waxy surface; without trichomes; stomatas showed a wide and raised outer rim and aperture long, in surface view. In cross­section epidermal cells showed external thick walls (sclerified); hypodermal cells were elongated with thin walls.

Mesocarp: parenchymatous tissue carrying the vascular bundles and may be found crystalifer cells. Adjacent to the outer epidermis at pericarp adaxial (ventral) suture and abaxial nerve level, there is a sclerenchymatous tissue with fibres running parallel to the longitudinal axis of the valves.

Endocarp: sclerenchymatous stratum along both fruit sides with fibres running diagonally to the longitudinal axis of the pod; this stratum is followed by parenchymatous cells; the inner­most layer (inner epidermis) with cells thin­walled.

Results

L. conimbricensis showed several fiber layers at pericarp adaxial suture and abaxial nerve level; these fibres present uniformly thick walls.

L. corniculatus and L. tenuis legumens showed at pericarp adaxial suture and abaxial nerve level, only a few cells with thick external and thin internal walls.

Discussion

Fahn and Zohary (1955) reported: "for an active dehiscence of the leguminous pod, two factors are necessary": (1) the crossing of the sclerenchymatous cells or/and the crossing of their cellulose micelles; (2) the presence of a separation tissue extending in the region of the suture from the inner to the outer epidermis".

L. conimbricensis fruits do not have tissue separation, this character would be determining indehiscence in the legumen, but other features must be present. I hope pod shape and persistent style are important characters. Pod structure in L. scoparius, presents tissue separation at pericarp adaxial suture level, however it is an indehiscent legumen; this species and others from Subgenus Syrmatium show arcuate fruits and persistent style.

I think, these are interesting characters, because the pod from Subgenus Syrmatium may be legumen folliculiforme (primitive character) or indehiscent legumen, few­seeded (advanced characters) following the report developed by Dudik (1981) and the research on pod anatomy by Pate & Kuo (1981).

Literature

DUDIK, N.M. 1981. Morphology of the pods of Leguminales (Fabales). Advances in legume systematics. (Ed. R.M. Polhill and P.H. Raven). Part 2:897­901.

FAHN, A. and M. ZOHARY. 1955. On the pericarpial structure of the legumen: Its evolution and relation to dehiscence. Phytomorphology 3:99­111.

PATE, J.S. and J. KUO. 1981. Anatomical study of legume pods ­ a possible tool in taxonomic research. Advances in legume systematics. (Ed. R.M. Polhill and P.H. Raven). Part 2:903­912.

Legume seeds will not frequently imbibe water and they fail to germinate, even when environmental conditions are favorable for germination. Those seeds are commonly called impermeable or hard seeds. Impermeability of hard seeds testa is a physical exogenous dormancy (Nikolaeva, 1969; Rolston, 1978). Lotus corniculatus seedlots had a high percentage of impermeable seeds (MacDonald, 1946; Brown, 1955). The presence of hard seeds has also been determined in the case of Lotus tenuis, in fact more than 90% were found in samples free from the abrassive effect of the mechanical threshing (Minon et.al., 1990; Mujica y Rumi, 1991). Seeds from this species were found to have turned permeable after several months preservation at low temperature conditions, in a refrigerator (Mujica and Rumi, 1991). This treatment is slow although favorable to preserve seed viability.

For many years, several methods have been used in order to draw out impermeability in seeds of different species. One of them is the mechanical scarification, abrassion by rough surfaces, probably the most common commercial treatment (Rolston, 1978). Chemical scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid (Hopkins, 1923) has been used experimentally, on many species. The time during which seeds must be submerged for the treatment to be effective, depends upon the species treated.

An aggressive scarification treatment may cause damage to the seeds affecting their viability, germination rate or seedling growth. Nothing on this matter has been informed yet for L. tenuis.

Germination of L. tenuis seeds subject to scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid during 10, 20 and 30 minutes, and scarified by rubbing against sandpaper was assessed. For this experiment, seeds from Tresur Chaja variety and from a natural population in Brandsen, Province of Buenos Aires, were used. They were harvested and threshing by hand in order to avoid erosion on the teguments. For chemical scarification, seeds were soaking in concentrated sulphuric acid during the previously determined time. After exposure to acid, the seeds were washed with running water for 5 minutes. Mechanical scarification was performed by rubbing the seeds softly but constantly between extra­fine sandpaper during 3 minutes. A non­scarified control sample was also included. Design used was a completely randomized, with 4 repetitions. Fifty seeds were placed into each petri dish, they were incubated at 22°C +1. The number of non­imbibed and germinated seeds were recorded every 24 hours during 7 days.

Results are shown in the figure. Both seeds populations presented high percentage of hard seeds (more than 95%). Both responded in similar way to the treatments applied. Seeds soaking in concentrated sulphuric acid for 20­30 minutes and mechanical scarification were the most effective treatments. Germination accumulated for 7 days was more than 90%, using the mentioned treatments. Scarification using sulphuric acid for 10 minutes was only partially effective. Germination was better than the control but worse than the one obtained with the other procedures (LSD, 1% level). Seeds which did not germinate at all were visibly not imbibed up to the moment the evaluation ended.

References

Brown CS (1955) Hard seed in birdsfoot trefoil. Unpublished PhD thesis, Cornell University. Ithaca, New York

Hopkins EF (1923) The behavior of hard seeds of certain legumes when subjected to conditions favorable to germination. Proc Assoc Off Seed Analysts N Amer 14: 46­48

MacDonald HA (1946) Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Its characteristics and potentialities as a forage legume. Cornell University Agriculture Experimental Station.

Minon DP, GH Sevilla, L Montes and O Fernandez (1990) Lotus tenuis: Leguminosa forrajera pare la Pampa Deprimida. Boletin Tecnico Est Exp Agr Balcarce N° 98:8.

Mujica MM and CP Rumi CP (1991) Estado de dureza en las semillas de Lotus tenuis: efecto de las condiciones de conservacion. Rev de la Fac de Agr, Univ Nac de La Plata, 66/67: 63­66.

Nikolaeva MG (1969) Physiology of deep dormancy in seeds. IPST Press Jerusalem 220 pp.

Rolston MP (1978) Water impermeable seed dormancy. The Bot Rev 44: 365­396.

The low seedling vigor of L. tenuis restrict their success to establish, especially in the case of inter­sowing at a natural field. Some factors from the environment taking place at certain seasons or places are not favorable for a rapid and effective germination and can cause failure or delay in seedling emergency. If, under the same conditions, other species and weeds are not affected for those factors, then L. tenuis will be in disadvantage as regards competitive capacity.

Temperature is often considered one of the main factors acting in the environment because of its influence on the germination rate (Garcia Huidobro et.al., 1982). Qualls and Cooper (1968) proved that the germination rate in most of varieties tested of L. corniculatus increased as temperature went up from 15.6 to 21.1 °C. Only one of the varieties showed a significant increase up to 26.7°C. Woods and MacDonald (1971) pointed out that germination of L. corniculatus was delayed under temperatures lower than 15°C and, not only delayed but also reduced under temperatures of 30°C and higher. In a variety of the same species, Hurt and Nelson (1985) determined that 20°C is the temperature under which the highest percentage of final germination takes place.

The coefficient of association between L. tenuis and L. corniculatus ­according to Grant and Zandstra (1968)­ suggested there should be similarity for these species in many traits. Nevertheless, L. tenuis germination behavior with respect to temperature has not been informed yet. Such information would be valuable to identify the best moment for sowing and to study the possible relationship with adaptation mechanisms.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the dynamic of L. tenuis germination under three different constant temperature treatments (17°C +1; 21°C +1 and 25°C +1). The biological material used for this study consisted of seeds from two natural populations and two improved populations, harvested in December and January. Seeds from natural populations were collected in Brandsen and Magdalena, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Improved populations were "Tresur Chaja" and "Los Hornos". Seeds from both populations were collected from free polinization lots at "Julio Hirschhorn Experimental Field" in Los Hornos, Province of Buenos Aires.

Each treatment was repeated four times under a completely randomized design. Fifty seeds were placed into petri dishes, on filter paper, under standard humidity conditions. Seeds were previously scarified using concentrated sulphuric acid for 20 minutes. Seeds were observed two times diary during one week. Germinated seedling were counting and remove when radicle lengths were of 2mm or more. Germination percentages were arcsin transformed before analysis of variance.

Results are shown in Figure 1. They indicate that temperature of 25°C was the less favorable one. Natural populations were negatively affected as regards speed of germination but not as regards final cumulative germination at 108 hours of imbibition; while in the varieties both parameters were affected. The temperature of 21°C had a positive effect on the speed of

germination of the every populations studied. At 24 hours germination percentage was higher at 21°C than the recorded for temperatures of 17°C and 25°C. This effect was not observed for the final germination results, when compared treatment at 21°C with treatment at 17°C.

Temperatures of 25°C or higher will cause delay in seedling emergency, especially in the case of the varieties studied. This will obviously restrict establish success if the sowing is in seasons when such temperature is usual. The behavior of the germination at 17°C indicate that the L. tenuis early sowing in Spring or late in Autumn could be interesting alternatives to investigate.

References

Garcia Huidobro J, JL Monteith and GR Square, 1982. Time, temperature and germination of pearl millet. J Exp Bot 33, 288­296.

Grant WF and Zandstra II, 1968. The biosystematics of genus Lotus (Leguminosae) in Canada. II Numerical chemotaxonomy. Can J of Botany 46, 585­589.

Hurt SN and CJ Nelson, 1985. Temperature effects on germination of birdsfoot trefoil and seombadi. AgronJ77, 557­560.

Qualls M and CS Cooper, 1968. Germination, growth, and respiration rates of birdsfoot trefoil at three temperatures during the early non­photosynthetic stage of development. Crop Sci 8, 758­760.

Woods LE and HA MacDonald, 1971. The effects of temperature and osmotic moisture stresses on the germination of Lotus corniculatus. J Exp Bot 22, 575­585.

Introduction

"Broadleaf birdsfoot trefoil" and "narrowleaf birdsfoot trefoil" are the most important species (cultivated and naturalized) in Argentina.

Our purpose was to study anatomical features of L. corniculatus and L. tenuis leaves. These characters would be used in plant pathology and ecological research.

Materials and Methods

Leaves from plants growing in pots were used. Our acknowledge to M. M. Mujica, Area de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias Agr. y For., U.N.L.P., who provided the L. tenuis material.

For epidermis in surface view studies, each central leaflet from fresh leaves was attached to glass­slide with double adhesive tape; fine forceps were used to remove the epidermis (peeling technique); it was mounted in glycerin 90%.

Epidermal characters on leaflets adaxial and abaxial surfaces were examined using a Leitz light microscope. Measurements of stomata! size were obtained using a Nikon light microscope equipped with a micrometer.

For SEM studies, FAA­fixed leaves were dehydrated in absolute alcohol, placed between glass­slides and silica gel­dried, then, central leaflets were mounted on stubs with double adhesive tape and sputter­coated with gold­palladium. Observations on both surfaces were made at 15Kv with a Jeol JSMT100 scanning electron microscope.

Observations of the leaf structures were made on the basis of microtome sections using fixed material in FAA. For microtoming, fixed material was dehydrated through an alcoholic series. Transverse sections were cut at 10­15 1lm thickness with a rotary microtome, following standard paraffin methods. Sections were stained with cresyl­violet 1% (me/achromatic), then mounted on glass­slides with balsam.

Results

L. corniculatus and L. tenuis showed epidermal cells with undulate walls and different sizes in surface view; they are elliptic in cross­section; sunken and elliptical stomatas with wide and raised outer stomata! ledge (rim), aperture long and narrow, were found; they are distributed in a random manner and surrounded by 3 or 4 epidermal cells which form a triangular or trapezoidal space over them.

Mesophyll consists the cells irregular in shape and separated from one another by an extensive system of intercellular air­spaces; these cells constitute the spongy chlorenchyma. Tannins and some crystalifer cells were found.

In L. corniculatus only few simple, long and thin trichomes were found on the leaflets, but another shorter may be found on the rachis and peciolules.

Table 1. Stomata size (1lm)and stomata number per unit of area of leaflet surface (mm-2)

		stomata size (µm)				stomata number (mm-2)
		adaxial		abaxial		adaxial	abaxial
		L	W	L	W
L. corniculatus		24	20	25	20	143	100
L. tenuis		22	20	24	20	209	157

L = long

W = wide

Conclusions

Both Lotus species present amphistomatic and homogeneous leaflets with sunken stomatas; they are predominantly on the adaxial surface. L. tenuis showed stomatas shorter than L. corniculatus, but the stomata number per unit of area of leaflet surface was greater.

Observations Fig 1, Fig 2

L. tenuis showed epidermis with external cells walls more convex than L. corniculatus, and after treatment for SEM, this differences continued.

Removal of epidermal layer in L. tenuis was easier than L. corniculatus.

Epidermal cells showed undulate walls in different grades on both leaflet surfaces.

Some leaflets from L. corniculatus showed mesophyll with palisade and spongy tissue becoming distinguishable from one another.

Note: the data reported are the basis to continuous our research using plants growing under different conditions.

Literature

FREEMAN, H.E. 1984. Leaf histology­two modern methods. Journal of Biological Education 18 (4):271272.

METCALFE, C.R. and L. CHALK. 1979. Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Vol.1 and 2. Oxford Clarendon Press.

MOORE, A.J. and N.R., LERSTEN. 1972. Leaf crystals of Psoralea (Papilionoideae­Leguminosae). Brittonia 24:124.

Lotus corniculatus var. Japonicus Regel has been found through many parts of Korea. Nevertheless, the species seems not quite successful to establish itself in the peninsular part of the country, considering the scattered distribution and limited size of colonies (Moon 1992). However, many large colonies have been found in the Cheju Island (once known as Quelparta in Europe), which is the largest island and located at the subtropical southern end of Korea The spacious grasslands, mild winter temperature and abundant pollinators may be also the factors supporting such successful colonizations in the island.

It was once mentioned that wild populations in the island should have intermingled with alien L. corniculatus that were introduced as a fodder crop for horses and cows, and that were subsequently escaped from cultivation (MOOn & Kim 1992). As a result of inbreeding between heterogeneous strains, many different types of the plants have been found from various aspects of morphology and phytochemistry (Moon,1992).

To trace a mechanism to maintain the populations, I investigated with a prior interest in 1992 about what kinds of insects were associated with L corniculatus var. japonicus in Cheju Island. Frequent and active visitors were found distinctively in Hymenoptera. Out of 12 hymenopteran species, two groups of bees Apis mellifera L. and Megaclule spp. were detected as the most frequent visitors to the flowers. They were also important pollinators through a year.

The populations of the honey bee mellifera were also of heterogeneous oirgins because they were annually imported for honey production and also as pollinators for glasshouse agriculture largely from Canada and Australia, and recently from China and New Zealand. However, the countries have also imported or exchanged the strains of mellifera between them or from the other sources. It is, therefore, hard to detect which strains of A. mellifera are most closely associated with the plants. But the bees of a slightly darker and pubescent populations were the most abundant and frequent visitors on the flowers of L corniculatus var. japonicus. As far as I understood, such characters are those of Cocassian strains that have usually their territories in cooler northern part of South Korea. They seem to stay longer and to enter more deeply into the base of flowers than the other strains of the bees. While they attend in nectaring, they hold the tip of flower keels with their middle and hind legs subsequently making the keels slightly opened. Then the pollens are mixed while the bees move their wings and thorax touching the tips of keels (Figure 1A).

Megachile identified are M. humilis Smith, M. analis Nylander and M. bicolor kigiana Cokerell, but another 3 species were remained unidentified. The densely haired abdomens of Megachile species were most useful tools for mixing and exchanging pollens between the keeled flowers of leguminous plants (Figure 1B). They hold and press the base of flower keels during nectaring, which then became naturally opened slightly. Then the hairs of abdomen touch the keels as if they brush the keels.

The next groups of visitors, but less frequent, were largely found between bumble bees. They are, in turn of visiting frequencies, Bombus ardens ardens Smith, B. koreanus (Skorikov), B. ussurensis Radoszkowski, B. opulentus Smith, and rarely B. consobrinus wittenburgi Vogt. They used to stay only short on the plants and often visit simply the flowers rather rhan collect nectar.

On the other hand, it has been found, other than the hymenopteran visitors, a small number of aphids feeding on various parts of L. corniculatus var. japonicus; Acyrthosiphon pisum(Harris), Megoura viciae coreana (Moritsu), Aphis craccivora Koch, A. fabae Scopoli, A. gossypii Glover, Sitobion spp. However, a large number of hunters and parasites such as ladybeetles, polispine, eurytomid and braconid wasps were found wandering between vegetation of L corniculatus var. japonicus. Ladybeetles are often observed feeding on the small herbivores. Among them, routinely found and identified are Coccinella septempunctata 'L., Henosepilachna vigintiotopunctata (F.), Serangiurn japonicum Chapin, Scymnus spp.. They seem to be related with the aphids feeding on L. corniculatus var. japonicus But it has not been investigated why so many kinds of parasitic and hunting wasps visit L. corniculatus var. japonicus. It should be interesting to study because they are unlikely to find their hosts or preys successfully on the plants.

Moon, T.Y. 1992, Cyanogenic polymorphism in the leaves of Lotus corniculatus var.

japonicus Regel (Leguminosae) in South Korea, Korean J. Ecol. 15 (1):75­80

Moon, T.Y. & J.H. Kim, 1992, The distribution records of Lotus corniculatus var.

,iaponicus Regel in Korea, Lotus Newsletter (USDA) 23:24­28

Last year in the Lotus Newsletter (Grant et al. 1992), a birdsfoot trefoil plant was reported in which the inflorescence was sessile and which had only a single inflorescence per individual branch. It was planned to carry out crosses to obtain inheritance data, as no mutant plant possessing a sessile inflorescence had been reported previously.

During the fall of 1992, seed was germinated from the sessile­flowered putative mutant and seedlings were raised in the greenhouse. The plants were brought into flower through the use of mercury lights which provided a daylength of approximately 17 hours. When the plants came into flower, the flowers arose on axillary peduncles as on normal birdsfoot trefoil plants. Further seed was germinated and seedlings transplanted to the field during the summer of 1993. All putative mutants grew normally producing normal inflorescences. In addition, the original plant which had remained in the field during the winter produced normal branches and flowers

during the summer of 1993.

It is assumed that a physiological condition arose during the initial development of the putative mutant plant which was not inherited. This led to normal growth in subsequent growth of the plant and to normal growth in succeeding generations.

Acknowledgment

Financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada to W. F. Grant for studies in birdsfoot trefoil is gratefully acknowledged.

Reference

Grant, W. F., McDougall, R. B. and Coulman, B. 1992. Sessile inflorescence ­ A putative new mutant in birdsfoot trefoil. Lotus Newslett. 23: 11­13.

The callus protoplasts of cv. Viking were isolated by 4% Cellulase Onozuka RS, 1% Macerozyme R­10, 0.2% Pectolyase Y­23 and 0.1M mannitol. The isolated protoplasts (1 x 104 / ml) were cultured in a thin layer of KM8p medium (Kao and Michayluk, 1975). The medium was solidified with 0.6% agar. After 1 month they developed into globular colonies. The colonies derived from single protoplasts could be detected by continuous observation using an inverted microscope. The induced callus lines, all of which were derived from single protoplasts were transplanted to MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) with 1.5 mg / 1 IAA and 1.5 mg / 1 BA. One of the callus lines that produced numerous shoots was used in this experiment, and their shoots were transplanted to the medium of Nitsch and Nitsch (1969), without growth regulators, for the formation of complete plantlets.

The regenerated plants originated from a single protoplast mostly showing 24 chromosomes, indicative of their tetraploid nature. Among 71 regenerated plants, there was only one octoploid and one mixoploid, which had cells with 24 (tetraploid) and 48 (octoploid) chromosomes. No aneuploids were observed and chromosome structural changes were not detected under a light microscope.

In the meiosis of seed­derived plants, a very small number of PMCs showed abnormalities such as the univalent at metaphase I and lagging chromosomes at anaphase I. The protoclones, on the other hand, showed a high frequency of meiotic abnormalities, although abnormal somatic chromosomes were not found under a light microscope. The abnormal chromosome set that appeared most frequently at metaphase I generally contained one or two univalents. At diakinesis, asynaptic chromosomes were also occasionally observed. These may have occurred due to deletions or translocations. In anaphase I and II, bridges and fragments were frequently observed. These may have arisen from a crossover within the inversion. The frequencies of bridges and fragments varied among the protoclones. Besides these chromosome alterations, lagging chromosomes were frequently observed at anaphase I and II. Occurrence of these abnormal chromosome configurations at meiosis seemed to be one of the causes of the decrease in pollen fertility. Indeed, higher frequencies of the chromosome abnormalities tended to relate to lower pollen fertility.

Generally, the chromosome abnormalities such as univalents, lagging chromosomes, fragments and bridges at meiosis largely decreased in the protoclones of two succeeding generations (P2 and P3) after open pollinations of the regenerated protoclones (P1). This may be caused by the elimination of gametes with abnormal chromosome configurations. Indeed, it was observed that the pollen fertility drastically increased in the P2 and P3.

References

1. Kao. K.N. and M.R. Michayluk. 1975. Nutritional requirements for growth of Vicia hajastana cells and protoplasts at a very low population density in liquid media. Planta 126:105­110.

2. Murashige. T. and F. Skoog. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with

tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Planta. 15:473­497.

3. Nitsch J.P. and C. Nitsch. 1969. Haploid plants from pollen grains. Science 163:85­87.

Cell Manipulation Group, AFRC­Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Aberystwyth Research Center, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Dyfed, SY23 3EB, UK.

Lotus corniculatus is an important species in managed pasture systems and in addition may be regarded as an interesting forage legume for laboratory experiments. In particular, L.corniculatus ean be readily transformed with Agrobaeterium rhizogenes to produce 'hairy root' cultures; on exposure to light these root cultures regenerate to produce transgenic plants (Webb et al., 1990).

A.rhizogenes strains which harbour binary transformation vectors, can be used to introduce novel gene constructs into L. corniculatus. During this procedure, a number of cotransformation events are found in which T­DNA from the binary vector is transferred to the genome of a recipient Lotus genotype. At IGER we have been using this system to introduce sense and antisense genes into L.corniculatus. However, we have encountered problems in determining the presence of the introduced transgenes due to difficulties in extracting good quality genomic DNA from this species (Robbing et al., 1991). Although we can conveniently monitor for the presence of selectable antibiotic markers, for example, kanamycin or hygromycin resistance encoded in the T­DNA of a binary vector; this is an indirect method for detecting linked sense or antisense gene construct sequences.

In view of the difficulties outlined above, we have assessed the possibility of using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect beta­glucuronidase (gus) sequences in the genome of a Lotus line co­transformed with pJIT73, a binary vector containing a gus gene together with hygromycin and kanamycin selectable markers. In addition, we include data on the detection of gus sequences and GUS activity in the progeny of this co­transformed line.

Materials and methods

The original plant material (line JIT73/12) was produced by transformation of Lotus corniculatus ev. Leo with A.rhizogenes LBA 9402 harbouring pJIT73. Progeny were produced by handcrossing to non­transformed plants using the transformed plant as the male parent. A full description of this plant line is given in Webb et al. (1994).

Genomic DNA was isolated from Lotus plants grown either in a transgenic growth room or

transgenic greenhouse facility using our previously described method (Robbing et al., 1991).

PCR

reactions were carried out on a Perkin­Elmer Thermal Cycler 480.

Each reaction contained in a volume of 100~1:

60µl PCR reaction buffer [16.6mM Tris pH8.4, 83.3mM KC1, 25mM MgCl2, 0.17mg/ml gelatin],

10µl Oligo 1 [lOO,µM], lO,µl Oligo 2 [lOOµM], 10,µ1 deoxynucleotides [2mM], lO,µl Lotus genomic DNA [lOOng], 0.5,µ1 AmpliTaq DNA polymerase [2.5 Units].

Reactions were run in 0.5ml microcentrifuge tubes and the reaction mix was overlaid with 100µ1 liquid paraffin. Primer sequences used in this study were; Oligo 1 GGTGGGAAAGCGCGTTACAAG and for Oligo 2 GTTTACGCGTTGCTTCCGCCA corresponding to 5' and 3' sequences in the g~ gene. This primer pair was designed to give a PCR amplification product of about 1.2kb (Hamill et al., 1990). PCR reaction buffer and plasticware were autoclaved before use while oligonucleotides, deoxyoucleotides and genomic DNA were made up either in sterile water or sterile lOmM Tris, lmM EDTA (TE). All liquid transfers were carried out using a positive displacement pipette.

We used the following cycling conditions for overnight PCR runs: 94°C, 3 minutes,

10 cycles of; 94°C, 1 minute; 45°C 1 minute; 72°C 1.5 minutes,

25 cycles of; 94°C, 1 minute; 45°C 1 minute; 72°C 2.5 minutes,

20µl of reaction products were run on a 1% agarose gel and visualized with ethidium bromide. After photography gels were alkaline blotted onto Zetaprobe membrane and then probed with a gus DNA sequence isolated from pA1GusN (Klein et al., 1988). Filters were placed in autoradiography cassettes with two intensifying screens and developed after overnight exposure at ­70°C.

Results from the analysis of line Jit73/12 and progeny

When amplification products from JIT73/12 genomic DNA were run out on an agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide, we noted two amplified DNA fragments sized 1.2kb and 450bp. No amplification products were seen when reactions were run using genomic DNA from non­transformed Lotus plants. Genomic DNA from seven of the progeny of pJIT73/12 also yielded 1.2kb and 450bp PCR products. In order to clarify the results, agarose gels were blotted and then probed with a gus specific DNA probe. After autoradiography we found that only the 1.2kb amplification product showed any hybridization with the gus sequence. Hybridization signals were noted in a number of samples where there was no visible amplification by PCR. In one case, line 13, visible PCR products were seen but gave no hybridization when probed with gus.

Below we have tabulated the PCR data for Jit73/12 and for fifteen of its progeny. In addition we outline GUS enzyme activity and hygromycin resistance data for these lines.

Plant line	Visible PCR amplification products	qus-positive after hybridization	GUS activity	Hygromycin resistance
Control			No	-
pJIT73/12	+	+ +	Yes	HygR
Progeny 2			No	-
Progeny 3	+	++	Yes	HygR
Progeny 4	+	+ + +	Yes	"
Progeny 5		+	Yes	"
Progeny 6		+	Yes	"
Progeny 8			Yes	"
Progeny 9		+	Yes	"
Progeny 10			Yes	"
Progeny 11			No	-
Progeny 12		+	Yes	HygR
Progeny 13	+		No	-
Progeny 14	+	++	Yes	HygR
Progeny 15	+	++	Yes	"
Progeny 16	+	++	Yes	"
Progeny 17	+	+++	Yes	"

Discussion

Comparison of GUS activities with PCR results indicated that the first method using ethidium bromide staining to give visible PCR products underestimated the number of transgenepositive Lotus plants. However more lines could be scored as g~­DNA positive after DNA probing and scoring for the presence of a 1.2kb hybridizing fragment. Both progeny 8 and 10 had measurable GUS activity but no corresponding PCR product was found, which implies that this analysis still underestimates the presence of transgenes. However in this high expressing line (pJIT73/12) we did not note any progeny which registered positive by PCR but negative by enzyme activity.

Therefore although this method unequivocally identified g~ sequences in the parental plant and its progeny, problems still exist when it comes to identifying all the transgene­positive plants presumably due to non­amplification events. We recommend using a positive control when using PCR for analyzing transgenic Lotus lines. For example when using A.rhizogenes transformed material, one option could be to use primers to co­transferred rol genes as well as primers specific for sequences in binary vector T­DNA.

Acknowledgments

Thanks to Steven Colliver, Andrew Bettany and Leif Scot for helpful advice on PCR. Also thanks to Teri Evans and Sue Mizen for excellent technical assistance. Tom Carron was funded by the AFRC­Plant Molecular Biology Initiative (PG 203­504). Genetic manipulation work was carried out under MAFF license. PCR is covered by patent to Perkin Elmer and all operations should be carried out using licensed Taq polymerase and on approved thermocycling equipment.

References

Hamill JD, Rounsley S, Spencer A, Todd G, Rhodes MJC, 1990. The use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect specific sequences in transformed plant tissues. In: Progress in Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology, Nijkamp, van der Plas and van Aartrijk (eds), Kluwer Academic Press.

Klein TM, Gradziel T, Fromm ME and Sanford JC, 1988. Factors influencing delivery into Zea mays cells by high­velocity microprojectiles. Bio/Technology 6, 559­563.

Robbins MP, Evans TE, Morris P and Carron TR, 1991. Some notes on the extraction of genomic DNA from transgenic Lotus corniculatus. Lotus Newsletter 22, 18­21.

Webb KJ, Jones S, Robbins M and Minchin FR, 1990. Characterisation of transgenic root cultures of Trifolium repens, Trifolium pretense and Lotus corniculatus and transgenic plants of Lotus corniculatus. Plant Science 70, 243­254.

Webb KJ, Robbins M and Mizen S, 1994. Expression of GUS in primary transformants and segregation patterns of GUS TL and TR DNA in the T1 generation of hairy root transformants of Lotus corniculatus. Transgenic Research (accepted for publication).

The usefulness of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to distinguish among different taxa of Lotus was evaluated for several geographically dispersed accessions of four diploid Lotus species, L. tenuis Waldst. et Kit, L. alpinus Schleich., L. japonicus (Regel) Larsen, and L. uliginosus Schkuhr and for the tetraploid L. corniculatus L., in order to ascertain whether RAPD data could offer additional evidence concerning the origin of the tetraploid L. corniculatus. Clear bands and several polymorphisms were obtained for 20 primers used for each species/accession. The evolutionary pathways among the species/accessions presented in a cladogram were expressed in terms of treelengths giving the most parsimonious reconstructions. Accessions within the same species grouped closely together. It is considered that L. uliginosus, which is most distantly related to L. corniculatus, may be excluded as a direct progenitor of L. corniculatus confirming previous results from isoenzyme studies. Lotus alpinus is grouped with accessions of L. corniculatus which supports the relationship from a previous enzyme study in which alleles 6­Pgdhl­120 and Me2­152 are found only in L. alpinus and L. corniculatus and not in the species L. tenuis, L. uliginosus and L. japonicus. The findings are in agreement with previous experimental studies in the L. corniculatus group.

The conservation and utilization of genetic resources are important international research priorities. To better utilize such valuable plant materials, detailed knowledge about genetic differences among individuals or groups of accessions of economically important species is needed to provide a systematic approach for improving germplasms. One­hundred­twenty-eight of 335 broadleaf birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; 2n =4x = 24) accessions from the National Plant Germplasm Collection (1) which were collected from five continents and representing 33 ecoregion provinces were analyzed. By using biochemical differences in high salt soluble globulin seed polypeptides, it was found that the birdsfoot trefoil accessions could be classified into seven genetic groups that were related to the ecological region in which they were collected. The seven groups are: 1. Southern Euro highlands, 2. Southern Euro lowlands, 3. Trans­Euro lowlands, 4. Asia minor highlands, 5. West­European­North African, 6. Ethiopian, and 7. French­Mediterranean. Unique morphological characters that had not been previously described were associated with some of the groups.

It also was found that many of the cultivars that are now available to consumers were derived from a narrow germplasm base, therefore, much of the genetic variation in the collection is still available for unique germplasm and cultivar development. The biochemical and ecological classification approach used in this study may provide a useful way to examine other germplasm collections, and point to how different germplasm bases may be improved. Such biochemical and ecological interpretive methods may also show where to collect accessions that are less likely to be related to ones that have been previously collected and that are already in germplasm collections.

For detailed information about this research, see: J.J. Steiner and C.J. Poklemba. 1994. Lotus corniculatus classification by seed globulin polypeptides and relationship to accession pedigrees and geographic origin. Crop Science 34:255­264; or write to: J.J. Steiner, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, USDA­ARS, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331.

(1) Inquiries concerning the acquisition of accessions should be addressed to: Dr. Stephanie Greene, Plant Genetic Resources, USDA­ARS, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456.

Stephanie L. Greene, Forage Curator, and Mark Bohning, CAC Facilitator

USDA, ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Cornell University, Geneva, New York, 14456 and USDA,ARS National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

Introduction

The USDA, ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is a network of federal, state, and private organizations dedicated to conserving and utilizing the genetic diversity of plant species we rely on for food, fiber, medicine and industrial products. The NPGS is mandated to acquire, maintain, characterize, evaluate and distribute genetic resources for present and future use. Overall, 441,000 accessions are held, representing current and obsolete cultivars, landraces, wild/weedy relatives and genetic stocks. The NPGS Lotus collection contains 737 accessions, representing about 40 species (Table 1.).

The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) is the centralized database housing system­wide information on collection inventories and accession passport, taxonomy and evaluation data. Seed and information requests are also processed through GRIN. It was developed by the NPGS Database Management Unit and is maintained by that group in Beltsville, Maryland. Public users can access GRIN directly via a modem or through the internet where they can view accession information and request seed or additional information. A crop specific PC­based version of GRIN, called PCGRIN was developed specifically to assist public users in selecting desirable accessions within the collection. The purpose of this article is to introduce collection users to the features available on PC­GRIN and ultimately to encourage ~e of the collection.

PC­GRIN can be run on an IBM­compatible personal computer. The Lotus database requires 2.5 megabytes of hard drive space. The GRIN Database Management Unit is currently developing a Macintosh version which should be available mid­1994. PC­GRIN users also receive a quarterly newsletter containing information on user tips, program changes and version updates. The software is menu­driven and comes with complete documentation so the program is easily understood. At the main menu the user can select from the following choices: SELECTION, ACCESSION, TAXONOMY, GRIN STATISTICS, and DIRECTORY.

Table 1. Lotus species and number of accessions represented in the USDA, ARS National Plant Germplasm System

angustissimus	8
arabicus	1
arenarius	1 1
chihuahuanus	1
collinus	13
conimbricensis	7
corniculatus	400
creticus	18
cytisoides	4
denticulatus	1
digit	2
discolor	2
edulis	11
gebelia	2
glaucus	2
glinoides	1
grandiflorus	1
greened	1
halophilus	2
hybrid	2
mearnsii	2
maroccanus	15
nevadensis	1
oblongifolius	1
ornithopodioides	21
palustris	6
parviflorus	5
pedunculatus	2
peregrinus	9
species	29
subbiflorus	S
subpinnatus	3
tenuis	43
uliginosus	89
unifoliolatus	12
weilleri	4

Selecting Accessions using the SELECT option

In the SELECTION area of PC­GRIN, the user can select Lotus accessions based upon accession information such as country of origin, latitude, longitude, habitat and other passport information. Table 2 lists the accession information available in the Lotus collection. Observations of morphological traits, relative response to environmental stress and chemical and genetic composition can also be used to select accessions. The Lotus collection has been evaluated for 20 descriptors to date (Table 3). Additional characters will be added to the database as evaluation studies are carried out.

Using PC­GRIN, the public user interested in developing a cultivar with exceptional winter hardiness can select an array of potentially useful material by specifying a high degree of winter hardiness (as measured at Geneva, New York, USA)! or by specifying a range of elevations and latitudes or origin. Once a subset of accessions has been selected, all relevant information can be displayed and printed or the subset can be further refined with additional criteria. Specific accessions can then be requested from the Forage Curator.

Collection users need to be aware of the limitations of the database. Minimal information is available for some accessions. Recently collected accessions generally have more extensive passport information. Efforts are underway to assemble and place outstanding accession information into the NPGS database to be made available to public users in updated versions of PC­GRIN. Evaluation and characterization data has been collected on most, but not all accessions. Table 2 lists the percentage of Lotus corniculatus accessions evaluated to date, for each descriptor trait. Common cultivated species are generally more thoroughly evaluated than less common or wild species.

A substantial portion of the observation data were collected at Geneva, New York over the last forty years. The data represent single replications of 20 plants. The user needs to be aware that accession ranking could be confounded by a year effect. Generally, the evaluation environment is described for the set of traits observed. Collection users can use this information to gauge the robustness of the data. Although historical observation data has limitations, it can still be used by the cognizant curator or public user to assemble a subset of accessions that have a greater probability of containing alleles of interest then if the subset was assembled by random sampling.

Retrieving information using the ACCESSION or TAXONOMY option

The ACCESSION option allows the user to quickly retrieve all available information on an accession (Table 3.). This information includes: place of collection, collector or developer name, address and narratives, donor information, cultivar and/or local name, current taxonomy, evaluation data, comment fields and inventory availability. The data can be retrieved by using a Plant Introduction (PI) number (primary identifier used by the NPGS) or secondary identifier (such as the inventory identifier of another genebank, or original collector number). The local or cultivar name, genus or genus and species name can also be used.

The TAXONOMY section in PC­GRIN provides the user with complete taxa information for a given species. Information is available on complete scientific name and authority, common name, species synonyms, species citations, species distribution, family name and literature citations. It also specifies how many accessions are available for a given species. The data can be retrieved by using a genus name, binomial, trinomial, synonym or common name.

Information available in the GRIN STATS and DIRECTORY areas of PC­GRIN

The GRIN STATS area of the PC­GRIN database provides the user with general summary information about the NPGS and specific crop collections. The user can choose from 6 summary reports which are further described in Table 4. The DIRECTORY option in the database provides the user with a directory of NPGS organizations. This includes names and addresses of staff members at germplasm maintenance sites, members of Crop Advisory Committees and other relevant committees and organizations which make up the NPGS.

Conclusion

Ready access to comprehensive collection documentation promotes the conservation and utilization of genetic resources. PC­GRIN provides an easy­to­use tool which gives the collection user comprehensive information about the NPGS Lotus collection. The software is available free of charge from the GRIN Database Management Unit in Beltsville, MD and can be obtained on floppy disks or over the Internet. Requests and further information can be obtained from:

Database Manager

GRIN Database Management Unit

USDA­ARS­PSI­NGRL

Building 003, Room 407, BARC­West

Beltsville, Maryland 20705­2350

Phone: 301­504­5666

Fax: 301­504­6305

Table 2. General passport and accession information available in the PC­GRIN version of the US Lotus collection

Genera information	Explanation
Accession prefix	NPGS identifier prefix (PI or G)
Accession number	NPGS unique identifier number
Accession suffix	NPGS identifier suffix­ used to identify selections within an accession
Seed availability	Inventory availability
Secondary ID	Last previous identifier assigned to accession
Cultivar	Cultivar name
Local name	Traditional name of accession
Improvement status1	Relative improvement status of accession, such as wild, land race etc.
Year collected	Year accession was collected
Collector/Developer	Name and institute of individual who collected or
ame,institute	developed accession
Origin	Country where accession originated
Latitude	Latitude degrees, hemisphere and minutes where accession was collected
Longtiude	Longitude degrees, hemisphere and minutes where accession was collected
Elevation	Site elevation where accession was collected
Habitat	Description of ecosystem where accession was collected
Locality	General locality where accession was collected
Accession narrative!	Information and comments from collector, developer or donors
Site narrative'	Information and evaluation comments from NPGS maintenance site
Donor name, institute	Name and institute of individual who donated /material to NPGS
Year received	Year accession acquired by the NPGS
Core subset,	Field used to designate members of the core subsets

Field will be present in new version of PC­GRIN (available Spring 1994)

The subset represents the genetic diversity of the L. corniculatus gene pool based upon morphology, flowering habit, forage tanin content, RAPD and seed protein polymorphism and seed chalcid resistance (Steiner and Beuselinck, personal communication, 1993)

Table 3. List of descriptors evaluated in the US Lotus germplasm collection and percentage of L. corniculatus collection evaluated as of 1993

Historic observation data #

Trait	Explanation	%
FALL RECOVERY	Recovery from late summer cutting	78
FLOWER COLOR	1­light yellow, 2­medium yellow, 3­dark yellow, 4­lavender, 5­variegated	72
HABIT	Growth habit (erect to prostrate)	83
LEAF COLOR	1­light green, 2­medium green, 3~ark green,4­blue green	68
LEAF NUMBER	Relative number of leaves	81
LEAF SIZE	Relative size of leaf	69
MATURITY	Relative time of maturity	82
PLANT HEIGHT	Plant height in centimeters	82
PLANT WIDTH	Plant width in centimeters	82
POD SET	Relative pod set	74
SPRING RECOVERY	Vigor of spring growth of plants surviving winter	69
STEM NUMBER	Relative number of stems per plant	82
STEM SIZE	Relative size of stems	80
UNIFORMITY	Within plot variability in growth and development	66
VIGOR	Vigor of summer growth	69
WINTER HARDINESS	Winter survival	64
Recent observation data
CHROMOSOME NUMBER	Somatic chromosome number	83
SEED GLOBULIN	Interpretive grouping of 128 accessions of L. corniculatus	34
POLYPEPTIDEt	soluble seed globulin polypeptide polymorphisms and ecoregion province of origin
SELF­COMPATIBLE	1­ self incompatible, 2­self compatible of a wide array of species
TANNINS	Tannin concentration (g/km dry matter)	26

Evaluations carried out at the USDA. ARS Northeast Regional Plant Introduction Station in Geneva, New York, USA, between 1954 and 1982 (Lat. 42° 53' N 77° 02' W; elev. 218 M; Temp max: 41.1° mean frost free days: 159; Mean ann. precip. 81.5 cm rain, 159 cm snow).

Interpretive grouping: Class 1­1 Southern Euro Highlands; Class 1­2 Southern Euro Lowlands; Class 2­1 Trans­Euro lowlands; Class 2­2 Asia Minor highlands; Class 3 West­European/North Africa; Class 4 Ethiopian; Class 5 French­Mediterranean (Steiner and Poklemba (1994) Lotus corniculatus classification by seed globulin polypeptides and relationship to accession pedigrees and geographic origin" Crop Science 34: 255­264)

Table 4. Summary tables available using the GRIN STATS option in PC­GRIN

Summary table	Explanation
Maintenance site	List of all NPGS sites which maintain and distribute including the germplasmnumber of accessions held
Year PI number assigned	Specifies range of PI numbers assigned each year starting with 1931
Country	Enumerates Lotus accessions originating from specified country.
Taxonomy	List of Lotus accessions by taxonomy
Taxonomy and Country	List of Lotus accessions by taxon and country of origin
CSR	Listing of accessions registered with the Crop Science Society of America. Also includes registration number, accession identifier and cultivar name

* Centro de Ecofisiologia Vegetal. Serrano 665. 1414 Buenos Aires Argentina Fax: 54­1­8567110

** Catedra de Farmacobotanica, Fac. de Farmacia y

Bioquimica UBA Junin 956. 1113. Buenos Aires. Argentina.

As a consequence of the studies related to flavonoid production in the forage legume Lotus tenuis cv. Chaja (Strittmatter et al., 1988, 1990 and 1991) a complete typification of this species was obtained.

The dependence of flavonoid composition on developmental stage was confirmed; flowering and fruiting are the most suitable stages for the flavonoid description of L. tenuis.

During the reproductive stage the production of kaempferol­3­0­glucoside (K­G) was detected (Table 1), while free kaempferol (K) and kaempferol­3­0­glucosyl­7­0rhamnoside (K­G­R) were determined during the whole lifecycle of the plant Therefore, these two compounds (K and KG­R) can be considered as chemosystematic markers for L. tenuis

The stems are the organs which showed a constant concentration of all analyzed substances (Table 1), but the higher concentration of these flavonoids in the leaves make them most appropriate for a chemosystematic study.

We suggest that the presence of free K as an aglycone would indicate a most simple flavonoid metabolism in L. tenuis than in other Lotus species (Harney and Grant, 1964; 1965), because of the lack of quercetin and methylated flavonols (Harney and Grant, 1964; 1965; Jay et al. , 1978; Yang et al., 1989).

2) The distribution pattern of the flavonoids among the plant organs suggests a different rythm of production: a) there is a quantitative variation pattern reflected in flavonoid level with development stage, when each organ is considered. b) there is also a qualitative variation pattern described by the absence of K­G at the vegetative stage of the plants, when it is compared with flowering or fruiting.

In spite of these results we consider that it is

necessary to investigate the different Lotus species for

individual vlavonoid variation.

For further information submit to: Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 685­687, 1992.

REFERENCES

Harney, P.M and Grant 7 W. F. (1964) A chromatographic study of the phenolics of species of Lotus closely related to L. corniculatus and their taxonomic significance. Amer. Jour. Bot. 51 6, 621­6?7.

Harney, P.M. and Grant, W F. (1965) A polygonal presentation of chromatographic investigations on the phenolic content of certain species of Lotus. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 7, 40­51.

Jay, M., Hasan, A., Voirin, B. and Viricel, M.R. (1978) Les flavonoides du Lotus corniculatus. Phytochemistry 17, 827829.

Strittmatter, C D., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M. and Gurni, A.A. (1988) The identification of Lotus tenuis flavonoids. Lotus Newsletter 19, 34­36.

Strittmatter, C.D., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M. and Gurni, A.A. (1990) Identification of Lotus tenuis (Waldst. et Kit.) flavonoids­Part II. Lotus Newsletter 21, 31­34.

Strittmatter, C.D., Rivero, M., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M., Ricco, R.A. and Gurni, A.A. (1991) In vivo and in vi tro flavonoid production in Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. Lotus Newsletter 22. 14­17.

Yang, S.S , Gao F., Mabry, T.J., Amer, M.E., Abel­Kader, M.A., Mahmoud, Z.F. and Abdel­Salam, N.A. (1989) Flavonoids from Lotus creticus. Phytochemistry 28 6, 1749­1750.

Table 1: Distribution of flavonoid compounds in different palnt organs during four development stages

Phenological Stage	Plant Organ	K	K-G	K-G-R
Vegetative	stams	+	no	++
	leaves	+	no	++
Floral bud	stems	+	no	++
	leaves	+	+/-	++
	floral bud	++	+	+++
Flowering	stams	+	+/-	++
	leaves	++	+	+++
	flowers	+	++	++
Fruit developed	stems	+	+\-	++
	leaves	++	+	+++
	fruits	+	+\-	+

+\- traces

+presence

++abundace

+++ high abundance

K=kaempferol

K-G=kaemferol -3-0-loucoside

K-G-R=ksempferol-3-0-glucosy1-7-0 rhamnoside

AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB Wales UK.

lotroduction.

The development of techniques for T­DNA insertional and transposon mutagenesis in plants has opened up new possibilities for identifying and isolating plant genes of agronomic importance. To date Arabidopsis thaliana has been used for this purpose, however it is obviously not appropriate for identifying a wide range of genes, particularly those involved in nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Lotus corniculatus var japonicus has recently been identified as a possible model legume for these gene tagging strategies and could be regarded as the legume equivalent of Arabidopsis. Lotus corniculatus var japonicus is a small, diploid (2n= 12), self fertile and profusely flowering perennial which gives good seed set (ca 29 seeds/pod) and has a short generation time (3 months from seed to seed). lt has a relatively small haploid genome 10 5 pg(2.5 x 108 bp) compared with Arabidopsis (1 x 108 bp)l and is amenable to tissue culture and transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes (Handberg & Stougaard 1992) Mutants of L. japonicus tagged with heterologous transposons or with T­DNA are primarily being produced for cloning plant genes specifically involved in nodulation and nitrogen metabolism? however the availability of such tagged mutants may allow the identification of genes involved in other plant processes not accessible in Arabidopsis.

We are particularly interested in structural or regulatory genes of the tannin biosynthetic pathway, and particularly those genes governing tissue specific expression of condensed tannin biosynthesis. In order to be able to screen for mutants of this pathway we require a detailed description of the distribution of tannins in this species. Here we describe some preliminary work on the tissue distribution of condensed tannins in this species as well as on the ability of transformed root cultures to accumulate tannins. We also outline a strategy for the identification and analysis of tagged mutants in the tannin biosynthetic pathway.

Materials and Methods.

Plant growth.

Seeds (F8 inbred generation) were sown in three inch pots in soil based compost with no added nitrogen. Plant were grown in a growth room at 200C, 16 h photoperiod with a light intensity of

200 µE m-2 s-1 from cool white fluorescent tubes and at about 60% relative humidity. Plants were 8­10 weeks from germination and were flowering and setiing seed.

Establishment and maintenance of A. rhizagenes transformed root organ cultures

Lotus japonicus cv Gifu seeds were surface sterilized in sodium hypochlorite (7% available chlorine) for 30 minutes, washed with six changes of sterile tap water and imbibed overnight at room temperature. Seeds were plated onto 1.5% water agar and germinated at 200C under continuous light at 45 µE m-2 s-1 . Ten day old seedlings were inoculated below the cotyledons with a sterile needle loaded with Agrobacterium rhizagenes, wild type strain 8196, grown for 2 days on YEB plates, and cultured in continuous light at a 45° angle for 28 days. Explants with roots were recultured on 1/2 strength BSO medium (Gamborgs B5 salts and organics, 3% sucrose, 1.5% agar, no hormones) containing 500 mg/1 ampicillin for 35 days. Individual root 60 were excised onto fresh B50 with ampicillin at monthly intervals and checked for contamination by growth in Nutrient Broth. When free from Agrobacterium, ampicillin was removed and roots initiated and maintained in liquid B50 medium by subculture of 1 cm root tips to fresh medium every 14 days, as described previously (Morris and Robbins 1992).

Tannin determination in plant parts and in hairy root cultures.

Plant parts and root cultures were harvested and frozen at ­700C until analysis. Soluble and insoluble tannins were estimated in ethanol extracts and in decolorised tissue following conversion to anthocyanins by hydrolysis with butanol/HC1 as described previously (Carron et al 1992).

Population screen for leaf tannins.

Whole shoots (about Scm long) with leaves were harvested from 48 individual F8 inbred plants and squashed between two folded filter papers using a pestle against a tile. One imprinted filter paper was soaked in a few drops of ethanol alone, the other with 10% (w/v) vanillin in ethanol. After one minute, concentrated HCI was added to both imprints which were then compared for red colouration as in Jones et.al. 1973. Plants which showed positive leaves by this method were retested. Individual leaves were stained directly with vanillin/HCI following removal of the lower epidermis with tweezers. Leaves were examined microscopically for tannin containing mesophyll cells.

Results

Condensed tannins were found to be distributed throughout all the tissues of the plant with the notable exception that unlike in L. corniculatus, leaf tissue was found to be free of tannins (Fig 1). The highest concentration of tannins was localized in flowers and, in particular, in petals. Petioles, stems and root /shoot interface tissue contained similar concentrations to low tannin genotypes of L. corniculatus (Carron et al. 1992), whereas tannin concentrations in L.japonicus roots were approximately 15% of that found in L.corniculatus roots (Morris and Robbins 1992).

Fig 1 Distribution of condensed tannins in flowering plants of Lotus corniculatus var japonicus.

In order to confirm the absence of tannins in leaves of this cultivar, a population of 48, F8 inbred plants, were screened using the vanillin HCI assay. Of the 25 % of the plants which showed some red coloration on leaf prints, only 16.7% of plants were positive in different leaves of the same plant. On microscopic examination of stained leaves for tannin cells, the red coloration was not located in specific cells but distributed in the leaf tip and in the mid­vein. These observations were repeated on glasshouse grown plants with similar results.

The ability of Agrobacterium rhizagenes transformed root cultures to accumulate condensed tannins to concentrations similar to control roots is shown in Fig 2a. As with L corniculatus root cultures, (Morris and Robbins 1992), tannins were absent from root tips and deposition hegan following root extension. This accounts for the apparent decline in tannin concentration during the first IO days. No evidence tor tannin turnover was apparent when the data was reported as mg tannin /I culture. Tannin accumulation in these cultures was found to be stable during repeated subcultures following their first transfer to liquid medium from agar plates ( Fig 2) and have continued to produce these levels of tannins for over 9 months of repeated 2 weekly subcultures.

Fig 2 Tannin biosynthesis in transformed root cultures of Lotus japonicus (line 8196.1) A. Growth and tannin content of roots grown in liquid shake culture B. Stability of tannin accumulation over repeated 14 day subculture.

No of suboultures

Culture period days

Discussion

It would appear from these results that leaf mesophyll cells of this inbred cultivar of L.japonicus do not accumulate condensed tannins. The sporadic appearance of red coloration in leaves following staining with vanillin/HC1 may be attributed to tannin cells located in the vascular system of the leaf. This would be consistent with the presence of tannin cells in the vascular tissue of the petiole extending into the leaf. In view of these results regarding the tissue specific expression of the condensed tannin biosynthetic pathway in L.japonicus, we propose the following scheme (Fig3) for the identification of mutants in structural and regulatory genes of the tannin biosynthetic pathway. Tagged mutants with altered flower color, should be general mutants on the biosynthetic pathway to flavonols, therefore screening of lines with wild type flower coloration should be of most interest in this context. Screening of petals and leaves could reveal at least three classes of mutant: structural genes specific to tannin biosynthesis (DFR, FDR, condensing and polymerisation enzymes), regulatory genes controlling the terminal steps of tannin biosynthesis and possibly genes regulating aspects of tissue­specific gene expression. With reference to tagged structural genes, such mutations could be confirmed prior to cloning, by chemical complementation studies either using T­DNA tagged plant lines or using derived A. rhizogenes transformed root cultures.

References:

Jones W.T., Anderson L.B. and Ross M.D. (1973) Bloat in cattle XXXIX. Detection of protein precipitants (flavolans) in legumes. N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 16:441­446.

Morris P., and Robbins M.P. (1992) Condensed tannin formation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed root and shoot organ cultures of Lotus corniculatus. I.Exptl.Bot 43:221 ­231.

Carron T.R., Morris P., Evans T.E., and Robbins M.P. (1992) Condensed tannin levels in different tissues and different developlmemtal stages of transformed and non­transformed Lotus corniculatus. Lotus Newsletter 23:49­52.

Handherg K., and Stougaard J. (1992) Lotus japonicus, an outogamous diploid legume species for classical and molecular genetics. The Plant Journal 2:287­296.

Introduction: The non­bloating characteristic of birdsfoot trefoil (BFT), Lotus corniculatus L., is attributed to the production of condensed tannins, a diverse group of soluble phenolics [2]. Tannins are high molecular weight compounds which bind with plant proteins in the rumen. Free proteins act as a surfactant in the release of gas and the formation of a stable foam which causes bloat in the ruminant [4]. Tannins stop this reaction by binding proteins which also helps the proteins escape degradation in the rumen [2]. Tannins are pH sensitive with tannin­protein bonds being stable in a pH range of 3.5 to 7.0. The pH of the rumen ranges from 5.5 to 7.0, so the protein is protected from microbial degradation in the rumen by being tightly bound to tannins [1,9]. The acidic pH of the duodenum breaks the tannin­protein bonds which allows the proteins to be absorbed in the duodenum and metabolized by the ruminant [1]. High tannin concentrations (8­11% DM) have disadvantages which include inhibiting enzyme activities, inhibiting digestion of soluble carbohydrates and hemicellulose, decreasing palatability by producing an astringent reaction in the mouth and possibly degrading the gut wall of the rumen [1,2,3]. Tannin concentrations vary with soil fertility and environmental conditions in L. pedunculatus. Barry and Forss (1983) observed tannins to be 2­3% DM in fertile soil and increased to 8­11 % DM on acid soil with low fertility.

The objective of this study is to investigate and quantify the effect of four diverse environments on the tannin concentration of six genotypes of birdsfoot trefoil. The birdsfoot trefoil genotypes were selected to encompass the range of variability for tannin concentration found in adapted birdsfoot trefoil germplasm.

Materials and Methods: In 1988,750 birdsfoot trefoil plants from the NC­83 germplasm were space­planted at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount, MN [8]. Two high, two intermediate, and two low tannin genotypes (H­235, H­533, M­449, M­741, L­11, and L­582) were identified to represent the range of variability in the population. Vegetative cuttings were taken from each of the six genotypes to use as the genetic material for this study. The growth chamber study was conducted as a completely randomized design with 4 replications with a split­split­plot restriction on randomization. Adequate copies of the six genotypes were included in each chamber to allow each plant to be harvested once during each growth period. Pots were rotated weekly in the chambers to minimize location effects. Main plots were temperature treatments in two separate growth chambers, sub­plots were soil type, and sub­sub­plots were the six birdsfoot trefoil genotypes. The main plot treatments were 1) a high temperature (HT) stress treatment with a 32/24 C day/night temperature regime and 2) an optimum or low temperature (LT) treatment with a 24/19 C day/night temperature regime. The sub­plot treatments were 1) a high pH ­ high fertility soil that was a greenhouse mix of 6:6:5:2 field soil:sand:peat:manure with a pH of 7.1 and 2) a low pH ­ low fertility soil that was a silty loam obtained from a producer's field with a pH of 4.9. A sixteen hr photoperiod with 27 watts m~2 was maintained in each chamber by using a combination of florescent and incandescent bulbs. Weekly harvesting for the first growth period (GP1) began 44 days after initiation (DAI) for a total of 4 harvest dates. Weekly harvesting of the regrowth period (GP2) was initiated 100 DAI. Whole plant material was harvested to a 4 cm stubble height, rapidly frozen and stored in a ­18 C freezer. Frozen plant material was freeze­dried, weighed, and cyclone ground through a 1 mm screen for analysis of tannins using a modified vanillin­HCI spectrophotometric analysis [8].

Results and Discussion: Temperature showed a significant effect on tannin production for all harvests. The HT environment decreased tannin production by an average of 24% during GP1, HT decreased tannin production by an average of 48% during GP2. This counters the finding of Fales (1984) where he found leaf tannin concentrations increased 10 and 3 percentage units for normal and low tannin sericea lespedeza respectively in a high temperature regime (32/24 C). The stress of high temperatures on cool­season BFT probably disrupted normal plant metabolism. These differences in results may also be related to the much higher level of tannins in sericea (3 to 14% DM) compared to BFT (1 to 4% DM) for tannin levels in these two species.

Temperature X genotype interactions were highly significant for all harvests (data not shown). All genotypes but L­582 consistently showed a decrease in tannin concentration of 10 to 40% in the HT environment. Genotype L­582 showed an increase in tannin concentration of 150 and 200% in the HT environment for the first three harvests of GP1 and GP2 respectively (Figure 1). However, the fourth harvest of L­582 during both GP1 and GP2 showed a decrease in tannin concentration of 25% caused by HT. The reason L­582 responded this way is not clear, L­582 appears to be an environmentally sensitive genotype.

Soil treatments had little effect on tannin production. Six of the eight harvests showed small, nonsignificant increases in tannin production under low fertility environments with BFT which agrees with previous research by Lowther et al. (1987) and Kelman and Tanner (1990).

Large genotype X environment interactions were detected for tannin concentration. For example, during both growth periods, L­582 showed a decrease in tannin production between acid and regular soil of 50­80% during the first three harvests, but showed no change during the fourth harvests of both growth periods. The large interactions show that L­582 is very environmentally sensitive. This was confirmed by visual observations where L­582 grew extremely well in the greenhouse, but performed rather poorly in the field [8]. Tannin concentrations showed consistent trends among and between growth periods. Under HT and GH soil conditions, both growth periods showed increases in tannin concentration from first to second harvests with a more gradual increase in the third harvest followed by a sharp decrease of 50 to 70% in tannin concentration at the fourth harvest (figure 2). The other environmental conditions showed similar but less dramatic responses. These findings contradict those of Briggs and Shultz (1990) in which they found reproductive plants had higher tannin levels than non­reproductive plants. The lower tannin levels at the first harvests may be due to a delay in tannin production when the plant is young since tannins are a secondary metabolite. In addition, there may be competition for the precursors needed to produces tannins in the shikimic acid pathway for the production of other metabolites needed for growth and development. The drop in tannin concentration from harvests 3 to 4 is due primarily to the dilution effect of increased dry matter production, primarily from stem material, and a reduction in the number of young shoots. These results agree with Barry and Forss (1983).

Conclusions: In the growth chamber, high temperature had the dramatic effect of reducing tannin production in all genotypes tested but L­582. The response of this genotype shows that tannin production can not be predicted for plants tested in only one environment. Soil pH had an effect on tannin production but showed inconsistent results between genotypes. The low tannin genotypes generally produced less tannin on the acid soil while medium and high tannin genotypes responded inconsistently to acid soil. Tannin production is environmentally sensitive in birdsfoot trefoil. When choosing genetic material for breeding programs and when comparing results from different environments, harvests, and seasons, genotype X environment interactions need to be considered.

1. Barry, T.N. and D.A. Forss. 1983. J. Sci. Food Agric. 34:1047­1056.

2. Barry, T.N., T.R. Manley and S.J. Duncan. 1986. Brit. J. Nutr. 55:123­137.

3. Briggs, M.A. and J.C. Schultz. 1990. Oecologia 83:32­37.

4. Chiquette, J., K.J. Cheng, L.M. Rode, L.P. Milligan. 1989. Can. J. Animal Sci. 69:10311039.

5. Fales, S.L. 1984. Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:637­642.

6. Kelman, W.M. and G.J. Tanner. 1990. Proc. New Zealand Grassl. Assoc. 52:51­54.

7. Lowther, W.L., T.R. Manley and T.N. Barry.1987. New Zealand J. Agric. Res. 30:23­25.

8. Miller, P.R. 1992. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Minnesota.

Figure 1: The effect of high (32/24 C) and low (24/19 C) temperature environments on the tannin concentrations (g kg­') of the six genotypes averaged over acid and greenhouse soil types 107 days after initiation

Figure 2: Tannin concentrations during growth period 2 for: low temperature­acid soil (LT­AC),low temperature­greenhouse soil mix (LT­GH), high temperature­acid soil (HT­AC), and high temperature­greenhouse soil mix (HT­GH), with tannin concentrations averaged over the six genotypes. Growth period 2 started 77 days after initiation of the experiment.

A note from:

Dr. R. Phillip Upchurch

Professor and Director of Arboretum Affairs

Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum

The University of Arizona

P.O. Box 3607

Tucson AZ 85722

We... add(ed) two new Lotus species to our collection in 1993, and we have continued a project of seed increase in the greenhouse for some Lotus species on which we have a low supply of seed. We consider the Lotus genus to be an important segment of our desert legume seed collection and want to increase the number of Lotus species in the collection over time. We hope to increase our seed supply of individual species so we can exchange seed supplies with other investigators.

We will be happy to interact with others who are interested. Our purpose is to have seed of as many desert legumes in our collection as possible and to learn more about these species and to exchange seed and/or knowledge with others.

RECENT ARTICLES FROM LITERATURE SEARCHES:

TITLE: NONHARVESTED FORAGE LEGUMES: NITROGEN AND DRY MATTER YIELDS AND EFFECTS ON A SUBSEQUENT CORN CROP. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: SHEAFFER, C.C. (UNIV. OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MN); RUSSELLE, M.P.; HEICHEL, G.H.; HALL, M.H.; THICKE, F.E.

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE. 1991. V. 4 (4) : P. 520-525.

KEYWORDS: ZEA MAYS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SILT LOAM SOILS; FODDER LEGUMES; DRY MATTER; DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION; HERBAGE; ROOTS; CROWN; CROP YIELD; GRAIN; STOVER; SOIL FERTILITY; NITRATE NITROGEN; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER; NUTRIENT UPTAKE; PLOWING; INCORPORATION; AUTUMN; HARVESTING; MINNESOTA, ROOT DRY MATTER, PLOWDOWN, HERBAGE DRY MATTER, STOVER DRYMATTER, GRAIN DRY MATTER

TITLE: SYNTHESIS OF BETA(1-2)GLUCAN IN RHIZOBIUM LOTI. EXPRESSION OF AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS CHVB VIRULENCE REGION. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: LEPEK, V. (CONICET, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA); NAVARRO, V.N. DE; UGALDE, R.A.

SOURCE: ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY. V 155 (1) P.35-41. 1990.

KEYWORDS: RHIZOBIUM; BETA-GLUCAN; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENES; GENE EXPRESSION; VIRULENCE; AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS; STRAINS; LOTUS TENUIS; NODULATION

FAST GROWING STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM LOTI ISOLATED FROM NODULES OF LOTUS TENUIS OF THE FLOODING PAMPAS OF ARGENTINA PRODUCED CELLULAR BETA(1-2)GLUCANS HAVING A HIGHER DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION AND MORE ANIONIC SUBSTITUENTS THAN BETA(1-2)GLUCANS ACCUMULATED BY AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS CELLS. INNER MEMBRANES OF R. LOTI CONTAINED A 235 KDA BETA(1-2) GLUCAN INTERMEDIATE PROTEIN INDISTINGUISHABLE BY POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS FROM THE INTERMEDIATE PROTEIN PRESENT IN A. TUMEFACIENS INNER MEMBRANES. INCUBATION OF INNER MEMBRANES OF R. LOTI WITH UDP-GLC LED TO THE FORMATION OF NEUTRAL BETA(1-2)GLUCANS WITH A HIGHER DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION THAN GLUCANS FORMED BY A. TUMEFACIENS INNER MEMBRANES. INTRODUCTION INR. LOTI STRAINS OF PLASMID PCD523 CONTAINING A. TUMEFACIENS CHVA AND CHVB VIRULENCE REGIONS YIELDED STRAINS THAT ACCUMULATED 4 TIMES MORE CELLULAR BETA(1-2)GLUCANS THAN WILD TYPE CELLS. THIS GLUCAN WAS, REGARDING ANIONIC SUBSTITUTION AND DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION, INDISTINGUISHABLE FROM A. TUMEFACIENS BETA(1-2)GLUCANS. FURTHERMORE INNER MEMBRANES OF THESE R. LOTI EXOCONJUGANT CELLS CONTAINED HIGHER LEVELS OF THE 235 KDA BETA(1-2)GLUCAN INTERMEDIATE PROTEIN AND FORMED IN VITRO 8 TIMES MORE NEUTRAL BETA(1-2)GLUCAN WITH A DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION CORRESPONDING TO A. TUMEFACIENS BETA(1-2)GLUCAN THAN INNER MEMBRANES ISOLATED FROM WILD TYPE CELLS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT A. TUMEFACIENS CHVB GENE IS EXPRESSED IN R. LOTI AND DETERMINED THE DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION OF BETA(1-2) GLUCAN.

TITLE: REGISTER OF AUSTRALIAN HERBAGE PLANT CULTIVARS. B. LEGUMES. 22. LOTUS (A) LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CAV. (GREATER LOTUS) CV. SHARNAE. (ENG)

AUTHOR: WILSON, G.P.M. (NSW AGRICULTURE, GRAFTON, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA); ORAM, R.N.

SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE. V. 32 (6) P. 794-795, 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; CULTIVARS; AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS; PLANT MORPHOLOGY

TITLE: OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF LEGHEMOGLOBIN IN ROOT NODULES OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BECANA, M.;KLUCAS, R. V. (ESTACION EXPERIMENTAL DE AULA-DEI, 50080 ZARAGOZA, SPAIN.)

SOURCE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY :98: 4, P. 1217-1221, 1992.

KEYWORDS: LEGUMES; NODULES; METABOLISM; LEGHAEMOGLOBIN; SOYABEANS; PEAS; LUPINUS; MELILOTUS; LOTUS; PROTEINS; ROOT NODULES

REACTIONS INVOLVING CHANGES WHICH AFFECT THE FUNCTION OF LEGHAEMOGLOBIN (LB) IN ROOT NODULES ARE REVIEWED. THE OXYGENATION OF LB IN VIVO, THE INACTIVATION OF LB BY OXIOATION, THE REDUCTION OF FERRIC LB IN VIVO AND THE RESTORATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE OF LB BY ENZYMES AND BY SMALL MOLECULES IN VARIOUS LEGUMES INCLUDING SOYABEANS, PEAS, SWEET CLOVER (MELILOTUS SPP.), LOTUS SPP. AND LUPINUS SPP. ARE DISCUSSED.

TITLE: SYMBIOTIC AND NONSYMBIOTIC FIXATION OF NITROGEN IN FLOOD PLAIN MEADOWS IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE RIVER LUZNICE.

AUTHOR: BIEDERMANNOVA, E. (AGRONOMICKA FAKULTA, VYSOKA SKOLA ZEMEDELSKA, 370 05 CESKE BUDEJOVICE, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.)

SOURCE: SBORNIK-VYSOKA SKOLA ZEMEDELSKA V PRAZE AGRONDMIKA FAKULTA CESKYCH BUDEUOVICICH, FYTOTECHNICKA RADA: 7: 2, P27-37, 1990.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; NITROGEN FIXATION; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; VICIA SEPIUM; COMPARISONS; FLOODING TOLERANCE

N FIXATION WAS MEASURED IN 1986-89 IN LOTUS ULIGINOSUS, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND VICIA SEPIUM GROWING IN 3 SITES NEAR THE RIVER LUZNICE AND NON-SYMBIOTIC N FIXATION WAS ALSO MEASURED. DATA ARE GIVEN FOR SAMPLES TAKEN ON 4 DATES OURING THE GROWING SEASON IN 1986 AND 6 DATES IN 1987-89. ON FLOOD MEADOW SITES WITH LOW PH, T. REPENS AND V. SEPIUM WERE NOT ABUNDANT AND WERE INTOLERANT OF FLOODS AND CUTTING AND L. ULIGINOSUS WAS THE BEST ADAPTED SPECIES.

TITLE: OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF LEGUME-GRASS MIXTURES IN A CROP ROTATION.

AUTHOR: BENEDYCKI, S. M. (KATEORA UPRAWY ROLI I UZTYKOW ZIELONYCH, ART, OLSZTYN, POLAND.)

SOURCE: ACTA ACAOEMIAE AGRICULTURAE AC TECHNICAE OLSTENENSIS, AGRICULTURA:NO. 52 SUPPLEMENTUM 58 PP, 1991.

KEYWORDS: FESTUCA PRATENSIS; MIXTURES; LEGUMES; PHLEUM PRATENSE; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GRASSES; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM; POPULATION DYNAMICS; HAY; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; GRASSLANDS; SOWN GRASSLANDS; APPLICATION; MINERAL UPTAKE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CARBOHYORATES; CRUDE PROTEIN; CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; IRON; MANGANESE; COPPER

IN A TRIAL LAID DOWN IN MAY 1986 IN THE MAZURIAN LAKELAND REGION OF POLAND, MIXTURES CONTAINING 50, FESTUCA PRATENSIS + 50, LOTUS CORNICULATUS OR TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, OR 30, F. PRATENSIS, 15, PHLEUM PRATENSE, 5, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND 50, L. CORNICULATUS OR T. PRATENSE WERE UNDERSOWN IN SPRING BARLEY. THE MIXTURES WERE GIVEN NO FERTILIZER, OR PK ALONE OR WITH 60 KG N/HA AT EACH CUT, STARTING AT SUCCESSIVE CJTS FROM THE 15T CUT IN 1987 TO THE 15T IN 1989, GIVING TOTALS RANGING FROM 360 T6 APPLICATIONS) TO 120 (2 APPLICATIONS) KG N/HA OVER 3 YEARS DATA ARE GIVEN ON THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF EACH MIXTURE IN 1986-89, DM YIELDS IN RELAT:ON TO N RATES AND SPECIES COMPOSITION, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HAY (CARBOHYDRATE:PROTEIN, K: (CA + MG), CA:P AND FE:MN RATIOS AND CU CONTENT), N UPTAKE AND SOIL OM AND N CONTENT AND PH AFTER 3 YEARS GROWTH OF THE GRASS/LEGUME MIXTURES. EFFECTS ON SOIL FERTILITY WERE ALSO ASSESSED BY THE DM YIELD AND N UPTAKE OF A SUBSEQUENT RAPE CROP. THE BEST MIXTURE WAS THE ONE CONTAINING THE 3 GRASS SPECIES AND L. CORNICULATUS. LIMITED N APPLICATION (0-120 KG/HA IN THE 3RD YEAR) GAVE THE BEST RESULTS. COMPARED WITH FALLOW PLOTS THE GRASS/LEGUME MIXTURES GAVE A 2-FOLO INCREASE IN SOIL FERTILITY AS MEASURED BY RAPE DM YIELDS.

TITLE: SELECTION OF FORAGE LEGUMES TOLERANT TO ALUMINUM AND EFFICIENT AT PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION. II. EXOTIC LEGUMES. (SELECAO OE LEGUMINOSAS FORRAGEIRAS TOLERANTES A ALUMINIO E EFICIENTES NA UTILIZACAO OE FOSFORO. II. LEGUMINOSAS EXOTICAS.) (LANG:PT, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: MILAN, P. A.; RITTER, W.; DALL'AGNOL, M. (CAP-IPIRANGA SERRANA FERTILIZANTES S.A., 96200 RIO GRANDE, RS, BRAZIL.)

SOURCE: PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA BRASILEIRA:25: 12, P1739-1746, 1990.

KEYWORDS: PLANT NUTRITION; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; SOIL AMENDMENTS; LIME; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS; ORNITHOPUS PINNATUS; ORNITHOPUS SATIVUS; ORNITHOPUS PERPUSILLUS; ORNITHOPUS ISTHMOCARPUS; FERTILIZERS; PHOSPHORUS; TRIFOLIUM; SOIL PH; MINERAL NUTRITION

IN POT TRIALS ON A 'VACARIA' SOIL (DISTROPHIC BROWN LATOSSOL) WITH PH 4.9 AND P CONCENTRATION OF 1 P.P.M., TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE CV. KENLAND, T. REPENS CV. BAYUCUA, LOTUS ULIGINOSUS CV. MAKU, L. CORNICULATUS CV. S. GABRIEL, T. RIOGRANDENSE, 8 ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS ACCESSIONS, AND 1 ACCESSION EACH OF O. PINNATUS, O. SATIVUS, O. PERPUSILLUS AND O. ISTHMOCARPUS WERE GIVEN LIME EQUIVALENT TO 3.5 OR 10.5 T/HA AND 66 OR 198 MG P/POT CONTAINING 2.2 KG SOIL. OM YIELD INCREASED WITH INCREASING P RATE IN ALL SPECIES AND INCREASED WITH INCREASED LIMING IN T. PRATENSE, T. REPENS, O. COMPRESSUS ACCESSION 4301 AND O. PERPUSILLUS. INDICES OF TOLERANCE TO LOW SOIL PH AND P WERE CALCULATEO: T. RIOGRANDENSE, O. COMPRESSUS 4414, O. SATIVUS AND O. PERPUSILLUS WERE MOST TOLERANT OF LOW PH. T. PRATENSE, T. RIOGRANDENSE, O. COMPRESSUS 4414 AND O. SATIVUS WERE THE MOST TOLERANT OF LOW P. DM PRODUCTION AS A FUNCTION OF P UPTAKE WAS MOST EFFICIENT IN T. PRATENSE AND L. ULIGINOSUS OF THE PERENNIAL SPECIES AND IN O. COMPRESSUS AND O. ISTHMOCARPUS OF THE ANNUAL SPECIES.

TITLE: SEED PROTEIN VARIATICN IN RELATION TO CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF S0ME SPECIES IN GENUS LOTUS L.(LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: SAMMOUR, R. H.; HAMOUD, M. A.; HAIDAR, A. S. (DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, FAWLTY OF SCIENCE, TANTA UNIVERSITY, TANTA, EGYPT.)

SOURCE: CYTOLOGIA: 56: 2, P289-291; 1991

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS CRETICUS; LOTUS PEREGRINUS; LOTUS POLYPHYLLOSE; LOTUS HALOPHILUS;MAPS; LOTUS; PROTEINS; ACCESSORY CHROMOSOMES; CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY

DATA ARE TABULATED ON SOMATIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER, BASIC NUMBER, CONTENT OF BUFFER- AND WATER-EXTRACTED PROTEINS, MEAN CHROMOSOME LENGTH AND MEAN CHROMOSOME ARM RATIO IN 18 SAMPLES FROM 5 LOTUS SPECIES. VARIATION IN WATER- AND BUFFER-EXTRACTED PROTEINS WAS CONTINUOUS, SUGGESTING THAT MANY GENES ARE INVOLVED IN THE CONTROL OF THESE TRAITS. THE PRESENCE OF SUPERNUMERARY CHROMOSOMES WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER QUANTITIES OF STORAGE PROTEINS IN SOME TAXA.

TITLE: INTRAPOPULATIONAL VARIATION IN PARTICULAR MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. S. L. (LEGUMINOSAE) IN THE EUROPEAN PART OF THE USSR. (LANG:RU, EN(SUMM)

AUTHOR: KRAMINA, T. E.; TIKHOMIROV, V. N. (MOSKOVSKII GOSUDARSTVENNYI UNIVERSITET, MOSCOW, RUSSIA.)

SOURCE: BYULLETEN' MOSKOVSKOGO OBSHCHESTVA ISPYTATELEI PRIROOY, BIOLOGICHESKII: 96: 6, P117-126, 25 1991.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MORPHOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL RACES

ON THE BASIS OF A STUDY OF VARIATION IN 18 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN 22 POPULATIONS, CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN ABOUT THE RACIAL COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATIONS. EACH TRAIT SHOWED OVERLAPPING VARIABILITY WITHIN ADJACENT POPULATIONS. NO CONFIRMATION WAS OBTAINED OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL DISTINCTNESS OF THE 6 RACES IN RESPECT OF PARTICULAR TRAITS.

TITLE: ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF WEED EXTRACTS ON GERMINATION OF CROP SEEDS. (ALELOPATSKI EFEKTI EKSTRAKTA NEKIH KOROVA NA KLIUAVOST SUEMENA USUEVA.) (LANG:SH, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: MUMINOVIC, S. (UPI INSTITUT, 71210 SARAJEVO-ILLIDZA, YUGOSLAVIA.)

SOURCE: FRAGMENTA HERBOLOGICA JUGOSLAVICA: L9: 2, P93-102, 21 1990.

KEYWORDS: SUNFLOWERS; RUMEX CRISPUS; ALLELOPATHY; SORGHUM HALEPENSE; HEMP; SORGHUM; BARLEY; OATS; CARROTS; SOYABEANS; LUCERNE; WHEAT; RYE; RAPE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PEAS; CHENOPODIUM ALBUM; AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS; AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA; AVENA FATUA; LAMIUM PURPUREUM; GERANIUM DISSECTUM; SUNFLOWERS; SEED GERMINATION; ALLELOPATHY; CANNAEIS SATIVA; SORGHUM; BARLEY; OATS; SOYABEANS; WHEAT; RYE; RAPE; PEAS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; GERMINATION; ALLELOPATHINS; CARROTS; RAPE

RESULTS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON THE ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF RUMEX CRISPUS, WALNUTS, HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES), SORGHUM HALEPENSE, CHENOPODIUM ALBUM, AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS, AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA, AVENA FATUA, LAMIUM PURPUREUM AND GERANIUM DISSECTUM ON THE SEED GERMINATION OF SUNFLOWERS, HEMP, SORGHUM, BARLEY, OATS, CARROTS, SOYABEANS, LUCERNE, WHEAT, RYE, RAPE, BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS) AND PEAS ARE PRESENTED. GERMINATION WAS INHIBITED FROM 94.1-98.1, (C. ALBUM ON BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL AND LUCERNE, AND A. FATUA ON BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL) TO 5, (R. CRISPUS ON WHEAT AND RYE, H. TUBEROSU5, C. ALBUM AND A. ARTEMISIIFOLIA ON MAI~E, AND S. HALEPENSE ON BARLEY) BY 24 H AFTER SOAKING IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS. EXTRACTS OF A. RETROFLEXUS AND L. PURPUREUM ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS AND OF G. DISSECTUM ON HEMP SEEDS WERE STIMULATORY TO GERMINATION BY 7.9-12.6.

TITLE: THE EFFECT OF MOWING-FREQUENCY, N-QUANTITY AND WATERING ON IRRIGATED STANDS. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BANSZKI, T. (UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DEBRECEN 4015, HUNGARY.)

SOURCE: ACTA AGRONOMICA HUNGARICA:40: 3-4, P397-407, 1991.

KEYWORDS: PLANT COMPOSITION; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; CUTTING FREQUENCY; POA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; BROMUS INERMIS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; IRRIGATION; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM; CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; COPPER; ZINC

IN FIELD TRIALS IN 1987-89 ON A SOWN FESTUCA PRATENSIS, POA PRATENSIS, F. RUBRA, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, BROMUS INERMIS, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS SWARD ESTABLISHED IN 1985, THE EFFECTS OF CUTTING 3 OR 6 TIMES/YEAR AT 150 OR 300 KG N + 50 KG P205 + 100 KG K2 O/HA WERE INVESTIGATED. PLOTS WERE UNIRRIGATED OR GIVEN 9 DOSES OF 40 MM WATER. WITHOUT IRRIGATION AND WITH 150 KG N YIELDS WERE 12.8 T DM/HA WITH 3 CUTS AND 6.94 T WITH 6 CUTS AND AT 300 KGN, 14.10 AND 8.60 T/HA RESPECTIVELY. YIELDS WITH IRRIGATION WERE 35-60, HIGHER. FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY WAS HIGHER AT 150 THAN AT 300 KG N + PK. IRRIGATION INCREASED YIELDS IN JULY/AUG. BY 71-436, AND GAVE A MORE UNIFORM YIELD DISTRIBUTION. INCREASED CUTTING FREQUENCY INCREASED HERBAGE N, P, K AND CA CONTENTS. IRRIGATION DECREASED N, CA, MG AND CU AND INCREASED P, K AND ZN IN HERBAGE. N, K, MG, ZN AND CU CONTENTS WERE HIGHER AT 300 THAN AT 150 KG N. WITH 3 CUTS/YEAR, P. PRATENSIS AND F. PRATENSIS DECREASED IN ALL STANDS, D. GLOMERATA DECREASED WITH IRRIGATION AND B. INERMIS INCREASED WITHOUT IRRIGATION.

TITLE: CONTENT AND DEPOSITION RATES OF CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN DURING REGROWTH OF FORAGE GRASSES AND LEGUMES. (LANG:EN, FR(SUMM))

AUTHOR: BIDLACK, O. E.; BUXTON. D. R. (BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA, EDMOND, OK 73034, USA.)

SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE: 72: 3, P809-818, 1992.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; CELL WALLS; COMPOSITION; LIGNIN; SEASONAL VARIATION; POLYSACCHARIDES; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; BROMUS INERMIS; PANICUM VIRGATUM; REGROWTH; GROWTH; GRASSES; LEGUMES

DIFFERENCES IN CELL WALL (CW) AND CW COMPONENT DEPOSITION WERE INVESTIGATED IN GREENHOUSE-GROWN MEDICAGO SATIVA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, BROMUS INERMIS, AND PANICUM VIRGATUM. PLANT MATERIAL WAS SAMPLED FROM THE BASAL 10 CM OF FORAGE AFTER HARVESTING AT 8-5 CM ABOVE THE SOIL LEVEL. SAMPLES ANALYSED INCLUDED SHEATHS FROM D. GLOMERATA, SHEATHS AND STEMS FROM B. INERMIS AND P. VIRGATUM, AND STEMS FROM ALL LEGUMES. AFTER ESTABLISHMENT AND HERBAGE REMOVAL, SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AT 14-D INTERVALS BETWEEN 2 AND 10 WEEKS OF REGROWTH. EXCEPT IN D. GLOMERATA, MAXIMUM RATES OF CW AND CW COMPONENT DEPOSITION USUALLY OCCURRED EARLIER IN LEGUMES THAN IN GRASSES. MAXIMUM CW DEPOSITION FOR ALL SPECIES OCCURRED WITHIN 1-3 D OF MAXIMUM DW DEPOSITION. AMONG CW COMPONENTS IN GRASSES AND LEGUMES, MAXIMUM DEPOSITION OF HEMICELLULOSE OCCURRED FIRST, FOLLOWED BY THAT OF CELLULOSE (1-6 D LATER) AND THEN LIGNIN (UP TO 14 D AFTER MAXIMUM HEMICELLULDSE DEPOSITION). MAXIMUM CELLULOSE DEPOSITION IN ALL SPECIES OCCURRED AT THE SAME TIME AS MAXIMUM CW DEPOSITION.

TITLE: UTILIZATION OF GRASSLANDS IN WARM DRY AREAS OF SLOVAKIA. (MOZNDSTI VYUZIVANIA TRAVNYCH PORASTOV V TEPLEJ SUCHEJ OBLASTI SLOVENSKA.) (LANG SK, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: TOMASIK, U.; VOLOSIN, J.; SMAJSTRLA, V.; SMAJSTRLOVA, S.; HORVATH, C.; PROKSOVA, E. (VYSKUMNY USTAV LUK A PASIENKOV, 974 21 BANSKA BYSTRICA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.)

SOURCE: RECENT ADVANCES IN GRASSLAND PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (EDITED BY N. GABORCIK AND M. ZIMKOVA). BANSKA BYSTRICA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA; VYSKUMNY USTAV LUK A PASIENKOV P29-37, 1992.

KEYWORDS: CONFERENCES; RECENT ADVANCES IN GRASSLAND PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; COMPARISONS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS; POA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; LOLIUM PERENNE; PHLEUM SUBULATUM; POA COMPRESSA; GRASSLANDS; FERTILIZERS; NPK FERTILIZERS; SEED PRODUCTION; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; BROMUS SITCHENSIS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CONFERENCES; RECENT ADVANCES IN GRASSLAND PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT; ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS; SEED PRODUCTION; ENVIRONMENT; FESTUCA RUBRA; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; BROMUS SITCHENSIS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS

TRIALS NEAR NITRA AND TRNAVA ON SITES SUBJECT T0 WIND OR WATER EROSION WITH HIGH SOLAR RADIATION BUT LOW PRECIPITATION ARE DESCRIBED. IN FERTILIZER TRIALS, HERBAGE DM YIELDS RANGED FROM 2.0-2.2 T/HA WITH NO FERTILIZERS TO 7.0-9.6 T WITH 480 KG N + PK ON SEMINATURAL GRASSLANDS CUT 4 TIMES/YEAR. IN SINGLE SPECIES RESOWN STANDS, HIGHEST YIELDS WERE GIVEN BY TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE (12_78 T DM/HA), MEDICAGO SATIVA (11.52 T), ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS (18.33 T) AND 3 INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS (15.70 T). NEW CULTIVARS AND SPECIES RECOMMENDED FOR AMENITY GRASSLANDS IN HOT DRY AREAS INCLUDED POA PRATENSIS, FESTUCA RUBRA, LOLIUM PERENNE, PHLEUM BULLOSUM (BULBOSUM = P. SUBULATUM) AND POA COMPRESSA. IN SEED PRODUCTION TRIALS, YIELDS WERE 0.1 T/HA FOR A. ELATIUS, 0.3-0.8 T FOR F. RUBRA, 0.8-1.0 T FOR F. ARUNDINACEA, 0.8-1.5 T FOR BROMUS SITCHENSIS, 0.4-0.6 T FOR T. REPENS AND 0.15-0.20 T FOR LOTUS CORNICULATUS.

TITLE: ROTATION OF ALTERNATING PASTURE AND CEREAL CROPS ON SALINE SOIL. (WECHSELNUTZUNG VON WEIDENUND GETREIDEANBAU AUF SALZHALTIGEN BODEN.) (LANG: DE)

AUTHOR: LAZAR, L.; KOVACS, G.; SZATMARI, M.; ADAM, J. (AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE FOR QUALITY EVALUATION, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY )

SOURCE: INTERNATIONALE AGRARINDUSTRIE ZEITSCHRIFT: NO. 1, P24-27, 1990.

KEYWORDS: POA PRATENSIS; ROTATIONS; COMPARISONS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; BROMUS INERMIS; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; ELYMUS REPENS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MIXTURES; GRASSES; LEGUMES

THE CHOICE OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES FOR GROWING IN ROTATION WITH CEREALS IN HUNGARY IS DISCUSSED. THE ADVANTAGES OF MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. SZENTESI RONA ARE NOTED. IN A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS GRASSES, LEGUMES AND THEIR MIXTURES, M. SATIVA CV. SZENTESI RONA + BROMUS INERMIS YIELDED 6, MORE THAN SZENTESI RONA ALONE. YIELDS OF OTHER SPECIES AND MIXTURES WERE EXPRESSED AS PERCENTAGES OF THE YIELD OF SZENTESI RONA; THE HIGHEST YIELDS WERE FROM SZENTESI RONA + FESTUCA PRATENSIS (87, ) AND A MIXTURE OF B. INERMIS, F. PRATENSIS, F. RUBRA, ELYMUS REPENS, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS (67, ). DATA ARE GIVEN ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF M. SATIVA CV. SZENTESI RONA, T. REPENS, L. CORNICULATUS, B. INERMIS, F. PRATENSIS AND THEIR MIXTURES, AND ON YIELDS OF 3 M. SATIVA CULTIVARS IN PURE STANDS AND OF MIXTURES OF THESE CULTIVARS WITH F. PRATENSIS, F. RUBRA, POA PRATENSIS AND B. INERMIS IN 1983-88. THE MIXTURE OF M. SATIVA AND B. INERMIS WAS RECOMMENDED FOR GROWING IN ROTATION WITH CEREALS.

TITLE: CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARYOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF THE TRIBE LOTEAE (FABACEAE). (APORTACIONECCONOCIMIENTO CARIOLOGICO DE LA TRIBU LOTEAE (FABACEAE).) (LANG:ES, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: VIOQUE, J.; PASTOR, J. (DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA VEGETAL, FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA, SEVILLE, AIN.)

SOURCE: LAZAROA:12: P9-19, 1991.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS; TAXONOMY; TETRAGONOLOBUS; ANTHYLLIS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; CHROMOSOME NUMBER; LOTUS PARVIFLORUS; LOTUS SUBBIFLORUS; LOTUS ANGUSTISSIMUS; LOTUS CONIMBRICENSIS; LOTUS CRETICUS; LOTUS ORNITHOPODIOIDES; LOTUS ARENARIUS; TETRAGONOLOBUS CONJUGATUS; TETRAGONOLOBUS PURPUREUS; ANTHYLLIS CYTOSOIDES; ANTHYLLIS GERARDII; ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA; ANTHYLLIS LOTOIDES; ANTHYLLIS HAMOSA; ANTHYLLIS TETRAPHYLLA; ANTHYLLIS POLYCEPHALA

THE CARYOLOGY OF 21 TAXA OF THE TRIBE LOTEAE SAMPLED FROM 40 ANDALUCIAN POPULATIONS WAS STUDIED. THE FOLLOWING SPECIES WERE INCLUDED: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS (2N = 12); L. PARVIFLORUS (2N =12); L. SUBBIFLORUS SUBSP. SUBBIFLORUS (2N = 24); L. SUBBIFLORUS SUBSP. CASTELLANUS (N = 6); L. ANGUSTISSIMUS (2N = 12); L. CONIMBRICENSIS (2N = 12); L. CRETICUS (2N = 28); L. ORNITHOPODIOIDES (2N = 14); L. ARENARIUS (2N = 14); TETRAGONOLOBUS CONUUGATUS SUBSP. REQUIENII (2N =14); ANTHYLLIS CYTISOIDES (2N = 14); A. GERARDII (2N = 12); A. VULNERARIA (2N = 12); A. LOTOIDES (N = 7); A. HAMOSA (N = 6); A. TETRAPHYLLA (2N = 16); A. POLYCEPHALA (2N = 14); AND T. PURPUREUS (2N = 14).

TITLE: A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR IDENTIFYING, QUANTIFYING, AND UTILIZING PLANT GERMPLASM RESOURCES. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BEUSELINCK, P.R.; STEINER, J.J. (USDA-ARS, PLANT GENETICS RESEARCH UNIT, COLUMBIA, MO 65211, USA.)

SOURCE: FIELD CROPS RESEARCH: 29: 1, P261-272, 1992.

KEYWORDS: GRAIN LEGUMES; FODDER LEGUMES; CLOVERS; TRIFOLIUM; GENETIC RESOURCES; REVIEWS; LOTUS; VICIA; LESPEDEZA; COLLECTIONS; EVALUATION; UTILIZATION

EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF THE GENETIC POTENTIAL HELD IN GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS REQUIRES DETAILED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ACCESSIONS. INFORMATION ON AVAILABLE ACCESSIONS MAY BE SO SCANT THAT THE ACCESSIONS ARE OF LITTLE INTEREST TO POTENTIAL USERS. USERS OF GERMPLASM ARE INCONSISTENT IN THEIR USES AND EVALUATIONS OF GERMPLASM RESOURCES AND DATA COLLECTION. THE LARGE SIZE AND HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURE OF SOME COLLECTIONS HINDER EFFORTS TO INCREASE THE USE OF GERMPLASM RESOURCES IN CROP IMPROVEMENT. OBTAINING MORE THAN RUDIMENTARY INFORMATION WILL NOT BE ACCOMPLISHED UNLESS EFFORTS AND DIALOGUE BETWEEN CURATORS AND USERS ARE COORDINATED. THIS REVIEW PROPOSES A PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK TO AID THE EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION OF GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS. THE AUTHORS HAVE CHOSEN TO EXEMPLIFY GERMPLASM OF CLOVERS (TRIFOLIUM SPP.) AND SPECIAL PURPOSE LEGUMES (LOTUS, VICIA, LESPEDEZA, AND OTHERS) BECAUSE OF THEIR FAMILIARITY WITH THE SPECIES THAT COMPRISE THIS GROUP. A SPECIFIED, WELL-DESCRIBED SELECTION OF ACCESSIONS FROM A LARGE GERMPLASM COLLECTION CAN SERVE BOTH PRESERVATION AND UTILIZATION PURPOSES. IN THIS PROPOSED FRAMEWORK, A STANDARD RANGE COLLECTION IS ONE THAT WILL BE DEFINED BY HIGH-PRIORITY DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS, SERVE AS A GENETIC STANDARD, AND REPRESENT THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ACCESSIONS WITHIN THE LARGER GERMPLASM COLLECTION.

TITLE: EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF POPULATIONS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS S.L. (FABACEAE) FROM THE SOUTHERN FRENCH ALPS (MASSIF OU VENTOUX AND MONTAGNE DE LURE). (LANG:EN, FR(SUMM))

AUTHOR: REYNAUD, J.; JAY, M.; BLAISE, S. (LABORATOIRE DE BOTANIQUE ET BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE, INSTITUTOES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES ET BIOLOGIQUES, UNIVERSITE LYON I, 8 AVENUE ROCKEFELLER, 69373 LYON 08, FRANCE.)

SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY: 69: 10, P2286-229O, 1991.

KEYWORDS: PASTURE PLANTS; FODDER LEGUMES; PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; POLYPLOIDY; EVOLUTION; FRANCE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ECOTYPES- PLOIDY

A CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLYPHENOLIC PATTERNS OF DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID POPULATIONS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS S.L. (FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) GROWING IN THE SOUTHERN FRENCH ALPS SHOWED THAT DIPLOIDS FROM MONT VENTOUX AND FROM MONTAGNE DE LURE BELONG TO THE SAME CHEMOTYPE, WHEREAS TETRAPLOIDS SHOWED TWO DIFFERENT CHEMOTYPES. THIS PAPER SUGGESTS THE FOLLOWING HYPOTHESIS ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS IN THIS AREA SINCE THE LAST GLACIATION: DIPLOIDS COULD BE DERIVED FROM A RELIC DIPLOID POPULATION SCATTERED BY GLACIATION AND RESTRICTED WITHIN VERY NARROW AREAS, WHEREAS THE TETRAPLOIDS ORIGINATING FROM THE DIPLOIDS WERE MORE COMPETITIVE AND RADIATED INTO LARGER AREAS CLEARED FROM ICE.

TITLE: RELATION OF SPODOPTERA ERIDANIA CHOICE TO TANNINS AND PROTEIN OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: BRIGGS, M.A. CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NY

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY.. V. 16 (5): P. 1557-1564. 1990.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PLANT COMPOSITION; TANNINS; PLANT PROTEIN; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; SPODOPTERA ERIDANIA; INTERACTIONS; INSECT CONTROL; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

PLANT SECONDARY COMPOUNDS SUCH AS TANNINS MAY INFLUENCE HERBIVORE CHOICE. TO DETERMINE IF HERBIVORY WAS INFLUENCED BY TANNIN CONCENTRATION, SPODOPTERA ERIDANIA LARVAE WERE GIVEN A CHOICE OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS PLANTS WHOSE CHEMICAL PROFILES WERE ALTERED BY FERTILIZATION. HERBIVORES CHOSE PLANTS THAT HAVE BEEN GROWN WITH SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION AS THEIR ONLY NITROGEN SOURCE MORE OFTEN THAN FERTILIZED PLANTS. CHOICE WAS RELATED TO PROTEIN CONCENTRATION, BUT NOT TO TANNIN CONCENTRATION.

TITLE: REGULATION OF NODULE SPECIFIC GENES. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: LAURIDSEN, P. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, DENMARK; SANDAL, N.; KUHLE, A.; MARCKER, K.; STOUGAARD.

SOURCE: NATO ASI SERIES : SERIES A : LIFE SCIENCES. V. 212 : P. 131-137. 1991.

KEYWORDS: GLYCINE MAX; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC REGULATION; LEGHEMOGLOBIN; NODULINS; RHIZOBIUM; RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII; ROOT NODULES

TITLE: NUTRIENT EFFICIENCY AND CELLULAR CONTENTS OF PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND A DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID LOTUS ULIGINOSUS. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: HART, A. L.; COLLIER, W. A. (AGRESEARCH GRASSLANDS, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)

SOURCE: GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE: 47: 4, P375-381 1992.

KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM REPENS; COMPARISONS; ANATOMY; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; MINERAL NUTRITION

T. REPENS CV. LADINO AND KENT WILD WHITE AND L. ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU AND G4703 WERE GROWN IN POTS GIVEN O.1, 0.2, 0.4 OR 0.8 MG P/G SOIL. N SUPPLY WAS BY FIXATION. CELL SIZE AND N, P AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT PER CELL WERE ESTIMATED FROM SAMPLES OF LEAF TISSUE. GRASSLANDS MAKU HAD LARGER CELLS AND HIGHER CELLULAR CONTENT OF METABOLITES THAN T. REPENS. THESE MEASUREMENTS SUPPORTED EARLIER SUGGESTIONS THAT, COMPARED WITH T. REPENS, THE HIGHER P EFFICIENCY (DM PER UNIT OF INTERNAL P) OF MAKU MAY BE EXPLAINED BY CYTOLOGICAL FACTORS WITHOUT RECOURSE TO EXPLANATIONS BASED ON DIFFERENCES IN NUTRIENT METABOLISM. THE RELATIVELY LARGE CELLS AND HIGH METABOLITE LEVELS/CELL WERE RELATED TO ITS STATUS AS AN ARTIFICIAL TETRAPLOID.

TITLE: HARVEST MANAGEMENT AND CULTIVAR EFFECTS ON DINITROGEN FIXATION AND NITROGEN TRANSFER IN FORAGE LEGUME:GRASS MIXTURES. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: FARNHAM, D. E. (IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, AMES, IA 50011, USA.)

SOURCE: DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL. B, SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING: ABSTRACT OF THESIS, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, 1992, 251 PP., AVAILABLE FROM UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC; ORDER NO: DA9223925;1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MIXTURES; GRASSES; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; LEGUMES; NITROGEN FIXATION

FOUR LOTUS CORNICULATUS OR TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE CULTIVARS WERE SOWN IN SIMPLE MIXTURES WITH DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND MANAGED UNDER A 3- OR 6-CUT SYSTEM. N FIXATION AVERAGED (2-YEAR MEANS) 95.1 AND 97.2. BY L. CORNICULATUS AND T. PRATENSE, RESPECTIVELY. N FIXATION USUALLY DID NOT DIFFER AMONG CULTIVARS OF EITHER L. CORNICULATUS OR T. PRATENSE. N TRANSFER TO ASSOCIATED D. GLOMERATA AVERAGED 26.8, AND 57.1, FROM L. CORNICULATUS AND T. PRATENSE, RESPECTIVELY. N TRANSFER DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN CULTIVARS IN EITHER LEGUME. N FIXATION BY L. CORNICULATUS AVERAGED 97.8 AND 95.5, UNDER THE 3- AND 6-CUT SYSTEMS, RESPECTIVELY, COMPARED WITH 93.3 AND 95.4, IN T. PRATENSE. CUTTING FREQUENCY HAD A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON N FIXATION BY L. CORNICULATUS BUT NOT BY T. PRATENSE. N TRANSFER BY L. CORNICULATUS AVERAGED 43.4 AND 47.0, UNDER THE 3- AND 6-CUT SYSTEMS, RESPECTIVELY; CORRESPONDING FIGURES WERE 41.5 AND 43.2, IN T. PRATENSE. CUTTING RATE GENERALLY DID NOT AFFECT N TRANSFER FROM EITHER OF THE LEGUMES TO D. GLOMERATA.

TITLE: NONHARVESTED FORAGE LEGUMES: NITROGEN AND DRY MATTER YIELDS AND EFFECTS ON A SUBSEQUENT CORN CROP. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: SHEAFFER, C. C.; RUSSELLE, M. P., HEICHEL, G. H.; HALL, M. H.; THICKE, F. E. (DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND PLANT GENETICS, UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MN 55108, USA.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE: 4: 4, P520-525, 1991.

KEYWORD: PLANT NUTRITION; NUTRIENT UPTAKE; MAIZE; GREEN MANURES; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; MINERAL UPTAKE; NITROGEN

IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1982-85 AT ROSEMOUNT, MINNESOTA, MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. ANSWER, LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. LEO AND TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE CV. FLOREX WERE GROWN FOR 1, 2 OR 3 YEARS AND CUT (3/YEAR) OR NOT CUT. IN UNCUT TREATMENTS HERBAGE ACCUMULATED AND WAS PLOUGHED IN BEFORE MAIZE WAS SOWN. ON AVERAGE, IN THE UNCUT OR CUT TREATMENTS 3.3-4.4 AND 1.0-1.9 T DM/HA OF HERBAGE RESIDUES (INCLUDING ROOTS FRACTION) WAS ACCUMULATED, RESPECTIVELY AND 174-209 AND 48-99 LB N/ACRE. ROOT + CROWN DM AND N YIELDS WERE SIMILAR FOR THE 2 CUTTING REGIMES. AVERAGE SPRING SOIL N03- IN THE TOP L FT OF SOIL WAS 34, GREATER IN UNCUT TREATMENTS PLOUGHED IN AFTER 1 YEAR'S GROWTH THAN IN CUT TREATMENTS. HOWEVER, SOIL N03- IN SPRING DID NOT CORRELATE WITH LEGUME N PLOUGHED IN THE PREVIOUS AUTUMN. MAIZE GRAIN YIELDS FOLLOWING 3 YEARS OF UNCUT LEGUMES WAS 3.2 T/ACRE COMPARED WITH 2.5 T FROM THE CUT REGIME. TOTAL N UPTAKE IN MAIZE WAS 18, 35 AND 51, GREATER RESPECTIVELY, FOLLOWING 1, 2 OR 3 YEARS UNCUT THAT IN THE CUT REGIME. N UPTAKE IN THE 1ST YEAR AFTER LEGUMES WERE PLOUGHED IN WAS LARGELY RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF HERBAGE N INCORPORATED, AND LESS TO SPECIES OF LEGUME.

TITLE: EFFECT OF THE DATE OF SOD SOWING ON YIELD OF A MEADOW ON PEAT-MUCK SOIL.

AUTHOR: DOBROMILSKI, M.; LYOUCH, L. (KATEDRA LAKARSTWA I POLOWEJ PRODUKCJI PASZ, AR, 71-434 SZCZECI N, POLAND.)

SOURCE: ZESZYTY NAUKOWE AKADEMII ROLNICZEJ W SZCZECINIE, ROLNICTWO: NO. 48, P99-105, 1990.

KEYWORDS: DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; MIXTURES; LEGUMES; PHLEUM PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; AGROSTIS ALBA; LOLIUM PERENNE; LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM X FESTUCA PRATENSIS; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; GRASSES; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ESTABLISHMENT; DIRECT SOWING; SOWING DATE; GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT

IN 1985 AN OLD LOW-YIELDING MEADOW WAS DIRECT SOWN WITH DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, PHLEUM PRATENSE FESTUCA PRATENSIS, F. ARUNDINACEA, AGROSTIS ALBA, LOLIUM PERENNE OR F. PRATENSIS X L. MULTIFLORUM, OR WITH A MIXTURE OF THESE GRASSES AND TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS. DIRECT SOWING WAS CARRIED OUT IN EARLY SPRING OR AFTER THE 1ST OR 2ND CUT. IN THE SAME YEAR, DIRECT SOWING AT THE FIRST 2 DATES INCREASED FRESH FORAGE YIELDS BY 22-40, . IN 1986-87 PLOTS DIRECT SOWN IN SPRING GAVE THE HIGHEST YIELDS. YIELD DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIES WERE SMALL BUT F. PRATENSIS, F. ARUNDINACEA, D. GLOMERATA, L. PERENNE AND F. PRATENSIS X L. MULTIFLORM WERE CONSIDERED MOST SUITABLE FOR DIRECT SOWING.

TITLE: SUITABILITY OF SOME GRASS SPECIES FOR SOD SOWING MEADOWS ON PEAT-MUCK SOIL.

AUTHOR: DOBROMILSKI, M.; LYOUCH, L.; JURGA, J. (KATEDRA LAKARSTWA I POLOWEJ PRODUKCJI PASZ, AR, 71-4 34 SZCZECIN, POLAND.)

SOURCE: ZESZYTY NAUKOWE AKADEMII ROLNICZEJ W SZCZECINIE, ROLNICTWO: NO. 48, P107-114, 1990.

KEYWORDS: DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; ESTABLISHMENT; DIRECT SOWING; PHLEUM PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; AGROSTIS ALBA; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SOWING DATE; PERSISTENCE; MIXTURES; GRASSES; LEGUMES; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; GERMINATION; SOWING DATE; PHLEUM PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; AGROSTIS ALBA; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS

IN 1984 A SPECIAL DRILL (ILLUSTRATED) WAS USED FOR DIRECT SOWING DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, PHLEUM PRATENSE, FESTUCA PRATENSIS, F. ARUNDINACEA OR AGROSTIS ALBA, OR A MIXTURE OF THESE SPECIES WITH TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS, INTO A DEGRADED MEADOW. DIRECT SOWING WAS CARRIED OUT IN EARLY SPRING OR AFTER THE 1ST OR 2ND CUT. GERMINATION OF ALL SPECIES WAS BEST FROM THE EARLIEST SOWING. IN 1984 NONE OF THE TREATMENTS OUTYIELDED THE UNTREATED CONTROL. IN 1985, ALL PLOTS DIRECT SOWN IN EARLY SPRING 1984 YIELDED MORE THAN THE CONTROL, WITH THE HIGHEST YIELDS FROM F. PRATENSIS, F. ARUNDINACEA AND D. GLOMERATA; THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIES WHEN DIRECT SOWING HAD BEEN CARRIED OUT LATER. IN 1986, THE AVERAGE YIELD OF PLOTS DIRECT SOWN WITH F. ARUNDINACEA WAS 43.9 T/HA, COMPARED WITH 41.6 T IN THE CONTROL; OTHER TREATMENTS YIELDED THE SAME AS OR LESS THAN THE CONTROL. THE LEGUMES DID NOT SURVIVE THE 2ND YEAR.

TITLE: LOCALIZED CHANGES IN FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN ROOTS OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS AFTER INFECTION BY RHIZOBIUM LOTI. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: COOPER, J. E.; RAO, J. R. (DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY, QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST BT9 5PX, UK.)

SOURCE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY:100: 1, P444-450, 30 1992.

KEYWORDS: PLANT COMPOSITION; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; ROOTS; METABOLISM; FLAVONOIDS; COMPOSITION; ROOT INOCULATION; RHIZOBIUM LOTI; SYMBIOSIS; RHIZOBIUM

TWO-DIMENSIONAL PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN 4 SOLVENT SYSTEMS, HIGH-SENSITIVITY SPRAY REAGENTS AND UV ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY WERE USED TO SEPARATE AND CHARACTERIZE FLAVONOIDS AND ISOFLAVONOIDS IN ROOTS AND ROOT NODULES OF 20-D-OLD L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) SEEDLINGS WHICH WERE GROWN EITHER UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS OR AFTER INOCULATION WITH FIX+ OR FIX- STRAINS OF R. LOTI. FLAVONOIDS RATHER THAN ISOFLAVONOIDS PREDOMINATED IN ALL TISSUES. FLAVONOID PROFILES IN STERILE AND DENODULATED ROOT TISSUES WERE REMARKABLY SIMILAR, BOTH QUALITATIVELY AND QUANTITATIVELY. AT LEAST 14 PARTIALLY PURIFIED FLAVONOID AGLYCONES AND CONJUGATES WERE FOUND IN ROOT EXTRACTS; DENODULATED ROOT TISSUES CONTAINED NO COMPOUNDS THAT WERE NOT ALSO PRESENT IN STERILE ROOTS. FIX+ RHIZOBIA WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAJOR POSTINFECTION SHIFTS IN PLANT FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS AT THE SITES OF NODULE MORPHOGENESIS. POLYMERIC FLAVOLANS WERE ABSENT FROM FIX+ NODULES BUT PRESENT IN ALL ROOT TISSUES AND IN FIX- NODULES. CATECHIN WAS DETECTED ONLY IN FIX+ NODULES.

TITLE: GENETICS OF SECONDARY PLANT PRODUCTS AND BREEDING FOR THEIR IMPROVED CONTENT AND MODIFIED QUALITY. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: KHANNA, K. R.; SUDHIR SHUKLA (NATIONAL BOTANICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE, LUCKNOW, INDIA.)

SOURCE: BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF CROP IMPROVEMENT (EDITED BY KHANNA, K. R.). BOCA RATON, USA; CRC PRESS:P283-323, 1991.

KEYWORDS: MENTHA; COTTON; CLOVERS; LUPINS; TOBACCO; POLYPLOIDY; SENTIAL OIL PLANTS; MEDICINAL PLANTS; INDUSTRIAL CROPS; PLANT COMPOSITION; REVIEWS; FODDER LEGUMES; GRAIN LEGUMES; SORGHUM; TANNINS; LUPINUS; NICOTIANA; PAPAVER; ALKALOIDS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS; CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES; GOSSYPIUM; GOSSYPOL; DISCOREA SOLANUM; STEROIDS; MENTHA; PERILLA; TANACETUM; OCIMUM; ESSENTIAL OILS; BOOKS; BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF CROP IMPROVEMENT

THIS EXTENSIVE REVIEW COVERS NOT ONLY THE SYNTHESIS OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THE EFFECT ON IT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND OTHER FACTORS VS. THE GENETIC COMPONENT OF VARIATION, BUT ALSO THE ROLE OF POLYPLOIDY IN ENHANCING THE CONTENT OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THE GENETICS AND IMPROVEMENT OF PARTICULAR METABOLITES IN PARTICULAR PLANTS, VIZ. ESSENTIAL OILS IN MENTHA, PERILLA, TANACETUM, OCIMUM AND OTHER GENERA; CAROTENOIDS; STEROIDS IN DIOSCOREA, SOLANUM AND OTHER GENERA; POLYISOPRENES; TANNINS IN THE SEEDS AND FORAGE OF LEGUMES AND IN SORGHUM; GOSSYPOL; ANTHOCYANINS AND OTHER PHENOLIC PIGMENTS; BETALAINS; CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES IN SORGHUM, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS SPECIES; GLUCOSINDLATES; AND ALKALOIDS IN LUPINUS, NICOTIANA, PAPAVER AND OTHER GENERA.

TITLE: AEROBIC DETERIORATION OF LUCERNE (MEDICAGO SATIVA) AND MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) SILAGES - EFFECTS OF YEASTS (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: O'KIELY, P.; MUCK, R. E. (US DAIRY FORAGE RESEARCH CENTER, USDA-ARS, MADISON, WI 53706, USA)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE: 59: 2, P139-144, 1992.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; SILAGE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ZEA MAYS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; AERATION; STORAGE; LOSSES; SILAGE ADDITIVES; GLUCOSE: LUCERNE SILAGE; SILAGE QUALITY; MAIZE SILAGE; LUCERNE; SILAGE; MAIZE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; SILAGE ADDITIVES; GLUCOSE; AERATION; SILAGE MAKING; LOSSES

LUCERNE (M. SATIVA) SILAGES MADE IN TEST TUBE SILO AT VARIOUS DM LEVELS (290-537 G/KG) WITH AND WITHOUT ADDITION OF GLUCOSE (20 G/KG HERBAGE) AT ENSILING WERE STABLE DURING 7 D OF AEROBIC EXPOSURE. LUCERNE SILAGES TAKEN FROM 7 FARM SILOS WERE SIMILARLY STABLE WHILE 3 OTHERS WERE UNSTABLE (AVERAGE DM LOSS OF 62 G/KG DM AND PH INCREASE FROM 4.35 TO 7.58 IN 7 D). UNDER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES, MAIZE SILAGE HAD A HIGH DM LOSS (164 G/KG DM) AND AN INCREASE IN PH FROM 3.94 TO 8.13. SILAGES WERE INOCULATED WITH YEAST (1 X 106 CFU/G SILAGE) ISOLATED FROM AEROBICALLY DETERIORATING FARM-SCALE LUCERNE AND MAIZE SILAGES. THE STABLE LUCERNE SILAGES WERE NOT DESTABILIZED BY INOCULATION, BUT THE INSTABILITY OF UNSTABLE LUCERNE SILAGES WAS INCREASED. AEROBICALLY UNSTABLE MAIZE SILAGE AND STABLE LUCERNE SILAGE WERE INOCULATED AND STUDIED SEPARATELY OR AS A 50:50 MIXTURE. THERE WAS A DISTINCT LAG IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC INSTABILITY IN THE MIXTURE COMPARED WITH MAIZE SILAGE ALONE. IN ANOTHER EXPERIMENT, THE GROWTH OF THE INOCULUM IN MALT AGAR (PH 3.5) AS AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE OF FRESH AND ENSILED LUCERNE (6 CULTIVARS), LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE WAS STUDIED. THE LEGUME HERBAGES DID NOT INHIBIT YEAST GROWTH WHEREAS THE CORRESPONDING SILAGES DID. FIVE AEROBICALLY STABLE LUCERNE SILAGES INHIBITED YEAST DEVELOPMENT IN THE MEDIA WHEREAS UNSTABLE MAIZE SILAGE DID NOT. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT AEROBIC STABILITY WAS NOT RELATED TO SILAGE DM, PH, YEAST NUMBERS OR GLUCOSE ADDITION AT ENSILING. STABILITY APPEARED TO BE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF AN INHIBITOR (OR INHIBITORS) PRODUCED DURING ENSILAGE.

TITLE: EFFECT OF SOME UNDERSOWN LEGUMES ON INTERCROPS. (MEDZIPLODINOVY UCINOK PODSEVU VYBRANYCH D'A

TELINOVIN.) (LANG:SK, EN(SUMM)

AUTHOR: JAMRISKA, P. (VYSKUMNY USTAV RASTLINNEJ VYROBY, 921 68 PIEST'ANY, SLOVAKIA.)

SOURCE: ROSTLINNA VYROBA: 38: 11, P943-950, 1992.

KEYWORDS: BARLEY; COVER CROPS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA; ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; OATS; GREEN MANURES

IN TRIALS IN 1986-89 ON SLIGHTLY ACID CHERNOZEM SOIL AT 170 M ALT., SPRING BARLEY CV. SPARTAN WAS SOWN AT 3.5 MILLION GERMINABLE SEEDS/HA IN ROWS 125 MM APART EITHER ALONE OR UNDERSOWN WITH 1 OF 8 LEGUMES. GRAIN YIELDS WERE 5.41-8.12 T/HA WHEN BARLEY WAS GROWN ALONE, AVERAGED 5.35-7.36 T WITH A COMPANION CROP AND WERE HIGHER WITH TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA AND MEDICAGO SATIVA THAN WITH OTHER LEGUMES. WHEN GRAIN QUALITY WAS CONSIDERED, 1000-GRAIN WEIGHT WAS HIGHER WITH LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA AND PROTEIN CONTENT WAS HIGHEST WITH A. VULNERARIA THAN IN THE OTHER TREATMENTS. THE LEGUMES WERE PLOUGHED IN 79 D AFTER BARLEY HARVEST AND A CROP OF OATS AND WAS SOWN. OAT YIELDS WERE 4.53 T GRAIN/HA WITHOUT LEGUMES AND 4.96-5.32 T AFTER LEGUMES AND HIGHEST AFTER O. VICIIFOLIA.

TITLE: INFLUENCE OF A PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING PSEUDOMONAD AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS ON ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL GROWTH AND NODULATION. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: STALEY, T.E. USDA, ARS, NAA, APPALACHIAN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY, BECKLEY, WV; LAWRENCE, E.G.; NANCE, E.L.

SOURCE: BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS. V. 14 (3) : P. 175-180 1992.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; NODULATION; SOIL INOCULATION; PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA; GLOMUS INTRARADICES; SYNERGISM; SYMBIDSIS; VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS; ACID SOILS; RHIZOBIUM; RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI, RHIZOBIUM LOTI INCLUDES REFERENCES.

TITLE: AMYLASE ACTIVITY IN TAPROOTS OF MEDICAGO SATIVA L. AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. FOLLOWING DEFOLIATION. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BOYCE, P. J.; PENALOZA, E.; VOLENEC, U. V. (DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, WEST LAFAYETTE, IN 47907, USA.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY: 43: 253, P1053-1059, 1992.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; DEFOLIATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOTS; ENZYMES; METABOLISM; AMYLASES; CARBOHYDRATES

AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITIES AND STARCH CONCENTRATIONS IN TAPROOTS OF DEFOLIATED AND UNDEFOLIATED M. SATIVA AND L. CORNICULATUS WERE COMPARED AT 0, 3, 7, 10 AND 14 D AFTER DEFOLIATION. TAPROOT STARCH CONCENTRATIONS DECLINED IN DEFOLIATED PLANTS, BUT INCREASED IN UNDEFOLIATED PLANTS. EXOAMYLASE ACTIVITIES IN TAPROOTS OF DEFOLIATED PLANTS DID NOT CHANGE WITH DEFOLIATION, WHILE ENDOAMYLASE ACTIVITIES INCREASED 2-FOLD IN DEFOLIATED M. SATIVA AND 50, IN DEFOLIATED L. CORNICULATUS PLANTS COMPARED WITH UNDEFOLIATED PLANTS. ACTIVITY AND ISOFORM COMPLEMENT OF AMYLASES WERE MONITORED DURING SEEDLING DEVELOPMENT IN A SECOND EXPERIMENT. HIGH ENDOAMYLASE ACTIVITY WAS FOUND IN TAPROOTS OF BOTH SPECIES AT ALL SAMPLINGS. IN CONTRAST, EXOAMYLASE ACCUMULATED IN TAPROOTS OF M. SATIVA, BUT NOT L. CORNICULATUS, IN A PATTERN SIMILAR TO STARCH ACCUMULATION. DEFOLIATION INCREASED ENDOAMYLASE, BUT NOT EXOAMYLASE ACTIVITY IN TAPROOTS OF BOTH SPECIES. TAPROOTS OF BOTH SPECIES CONTAINED ONE MAJOR AND TWO MINOR ENDOAMYLASE ISOFORMS, BUT THE ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY OF THESE ISOFORMS DIFFERED BETWEEN SPECIES. ACTIVITIES OF ALL ISOFORMS, AS INDICATED ON STARCH-GEL BLOTS, INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO DEFOLIATION. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT DEFOLIATION INCREASES ACTIVITY OF TAPROOT ENDOAMYLASES, WHOSE ACTIVITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH TAPROOT STARCH DEGRADATION.

TITLE: PERSISTENCE OF HERBAGE TREATMENT EFFECTS IN BARLEY AND CONSEQUENCES FOR SUBSEQUENT CROP EXPERIMENTATION. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: FAIREY, N. A.; LEFKOVITCH, L. P. (AGRICULTURE CANADA RESEARCH STATION, BEAVERLODGE, ALTA. TOH OCO, CANADA.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE:1 20: 1, P25-32, 1993.

KEYWORDS: FIELD EXPERIMENTATION; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; BARLEY; FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; RESIDUAL EFFECTS; ROTATIONS; GRASSES; MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SEED PRODUCTION; YIELD COMPONENTS; COMPOSITION

BARLEY CV. HEARTLAND WAS GROWN IN 1989-90 IN THE PEACE REGION OF ALBERTA ON A SITE USED IN 1986-88 FOR HERBAGE TRIALS INCLUDING COMPARISONS OF GRASS SPECIES, GRASS-LEGUME MIXTURES, N RATES AND CUTTING TREATMENTS. IN 1989, BARLEY WAS GROWN WITH NO FERTILIZERS FOLLOWING PLOUGHING, WHILE IN 1990, BARLEY WAS GROWN IN THE ORIGINAL HERBAGE PLOTS AND GIVEN 0, 50 OR 100 KG N/HA. BARLEY, IN 1989, HAD HIGHER YIELDS FOLLOWING MIXTURES OF GRASS WITH MEDICAGO SATIVA THAN WITH TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM OR LOTUS CORNICULATUS. GRAIN YIELDS FOLLOWING HERBAGE TREATMENTS THAT HAD RECEIVED N FERTILIZER WERE GENERALLY 2- TO 4-FOLD HIGHER THAN FOLLOWING SIMILAR STANDS THAT HAD NOT RECEIVED N. BARLEY YIELDS WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH 1986-88 HERBAGE DM PRODUCTION. BARLEY YIELDS IN 1990 WERE STILL SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE PREVIOUS HERBAGE TREATMENTS. 1990 GRAIN DM AND N YIELDS AND GRAIN N CONCENTRATION WERE POSITIVELY, AND 1000-GRAIN WEIGHT NEGATIVELY, CORRELATED WITH 1989 GRAIN YIELD. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT CROP MANAGEMENT TREATMENTS BENEFICIAL FOR HERBAGE PRODUCTION ALSO BENEFITED SUBSEQUENT CEREAL CROPS, AND THAT, UNLESS FIELD EXPERIMENTS USED DESIGNS ORTHOGONAL TO THOSE PREVIOUSLY USED ON THE SAME SITE, COVARIANCE ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE RESIDUAL EFFECTS.

TITLE: CHROMOSOMAL EVOLUTION AND ANEUPLOIDY IN LOTUS. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: GRANT, W. F. (DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE, MACDONALD COLLEGE OF MCGILL UNIVERSITY, PO BOX 4000, STE. ANNE DE BELLEVUE, QUEBEC H9X 1CO, CANADA.)

SOURCE: CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING IN PLANTS: GENETICS, BREEDING, EVOLUTION. PART B (EDITED BY TSUCHIYA, T.; GUPTA. P. K.). AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS; ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS:P429-447, DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING, 28; 1991.

KEYWORDS: FODDER LEGUMES; BOOKS; LOTUS; ANEUPLOIDY; EVOLUTION; CYTOLOGY; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION

INFORMATION IN THIS PAPER WHICH SHOWS THAT EVOLUTION HAS PROCEEDED IN THE GENUS (BASIC NUMBERS OF X = 5, 6 AND 7) BY MEANS OF DESCENDING ANEUPLOID SERIES FROM AN 8-CHROMOSOME ANCESTOR 15 DISCUSSED UNDER THE FOLLOWING MAIN HEADINGS: (1) SYSTEMATICS; (2) CHROMOSOME NUMBERS, INCLUDING BASE NUMBERS AND THEIR ORIGIN, POLYPLOIDY AND B-CHROMOSOMES; (4) THE LOTUS CORNICULATUS GROUP, WHICH INCLUDES KARYOTYPES, CYTOGENETICS AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION; (5) HYBRIDS OUTSIDE THE L. CORNICULATUS GROUP; (6) ANEUPLOIDY; AND (7) NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT.

TITLE: MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES INVOLVED IN ORGAN-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION AND AMMONIA REGULATION OF A CYTOSOLIC SOYBEAN GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE GENE IN TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS.(ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: MARSOLIER, M.C. INRA, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; CARRAYOL, E.; HIREL, B.

SOURCE: THE PLANT JOURNAL. V. 3 (3) : P. 405-414. 1993.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GLYCINE MAX; GENES; PROMOTERS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE TRANSFER; TRANSGENICS; GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; REGULATION; AMMONIA; HISTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT MORPHOLOGY; PLANT ANATOMY, GS15 GENES

TITLE: INTERNATIONAL TEAM COLLECTS A RICH TROVE OF WILD SPECIES IN MOROCCO. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: PRENDERGAST, H. D. V.; BIROUK, A.;TAZI, M. (ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, WAKEHURST PLACE, ARDINGLY, HAYWARDS HEATH, WEST SUSSEX RH17 6TN, UK.)

SOURCE: DIVERSITY: 8: 3, P16-19, 1992.

KEYWORDS: ARGANIA SPINOSA; HIPPOCREPIS MULTISILIQOSA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SCORPIURUS MURICATUS; CENCHRUS CILIARIS; ORYZOPSIS MILIACEA; RETAMA MONOSPERMA; CALICOTOME VILLOSA; PANICUM TURGIDUM; NITRARIA RETUSA; CALOTROPIS PROCERA; ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA; CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS; MAPS; FODDER PLANTS; GENETIC RESOURCES; COLLECTING MISSIONS; MOROCCO; FLORA; MOROCCO; HIPPOCREPIS MULTISILIQOSA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SCORPIURUS MURICATUS; CENCHRUS CILIARIS; ORYZOPSIS MILIACEA; RETAMA MONOSPERMA; CALICOTOME VILLOSA; PANICUM TURGIOUM; CALOTROPIS PROCERA; ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA

AN ACCOUNT IS GIVEN OF 2 COLLECTING MISSIONS TO MOROCCO IN 1990. A TOTAL OF 76 COLLECTIONS WERE MADE FROM 21 FAMILIES, PRIMARILY SEED OF BROWSE AND FORAGE PLANTS, AND DEPOSITED IN THE KEW SEED BANK. THESE INCLUDED THE TREE ARGANIA SPINOSA, THE ANNUAL LEGUMES HIPPOCREPIS MULTISILIQOSA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND SCORPIURUS MURICATUS, THE GRASSES CENCHRUS CILIARIS AND ORYZOPSIS MILIACEA AND THE LEGUMINOUS SHRUBS RETAMA MONOSPERMA AND CALICOTOME VILLOSA IN THE JUNE EXPEDITION FROM THE COAST INTO THE ANTI-ATLAS MOUNTAINS, WHILE COLLECTIONS IN THE DECEMBER EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE COUNTRY INCLUDED PANICUM TURGIDUM, NITRARIA RETUSA, COLOCYNTHIS VULGARIS (CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS), CALOTROPIS PROCERA AND ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA.

TITLE: REGULATION OF NODULE-EXPRESSED SOYBEAN GENES. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: JENSEN, E. O. (GENE EXPRESSION LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY &AMP; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, 8000 AARHUS C, DENMARK.)

SOURCE: ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS. VOLUME I. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, INTERLAKEN, SWITZERLAND, 9-14 SEPTEMBER 1990 (EDITED BY HENNECK E, H.; VERMA, D. P. S.). DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS; KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS: P310-316, VOLUME 10; 1991.

KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; SOYABEANS; CONFERENCES; ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, VOLUME ONE; GLYCINE MAX; GENETIC ENGINEERING; LEGHAEMOGLOBIN; NODULATION; GENE EXPRESSION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; CONFERENCES; ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS; GENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; LEGHAEMOGLOBIN; NODULATION

THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF 4 CIS-ACTING DNA ELEMENTS CONTROLLING THE ROOT NODULE SPECIFIC SOYABEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN GENE LBC9 WERE ANALYZED IN TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS. IT WAS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE STRONG POSITIVE ELEMENT RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH LEVEL EXPRESSION WAS ORGAN RELATED. DELETION OF THE DOWNSTREAM QUALITATIVE ORGAN SPECIFIC ELEMENT RESULTED IN A LOW EXPRESSION LEVEL. REGULATORY ELEMENTS WERE ALSO DEFINED IN THE NODULIN N23 LBA AND ENOD2 PROMOTER REGIONS. THREE ORGAN SPECIFIC NUCLEAR PROTEINS RECOGNIZING AT-RICH DNA SEQUENCES (NAT2, LAT1 AND NAT1) WERE IDENTIFIED. NAT2, WHICH PRESENT IN MATURE NODULES, RECOGNIZES A WEAK POSITIVE ELEMENT IN THE LBC3 PROMOTER.

TITLE: GENETIC EFFECTS OF SEED MULTIPLICATION IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS ON NATURAL POPULATIONS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. AND L. TENUIS WALD. &AMP; KIT. (EFFETTI GENETICI DELLA MOLTIPLICAZIONE DELSEME IN AMBIENTI DIFFERENTI SU POPOLAZIONI NATURALI DI LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. E LOTUS TENUIS WALD. E KIT.) (LANG:IT, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: GRILLO, A.; NEGRI, V.; SMITH, R. R.; VERONESI, F. (ISTITUTO DI MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO VEGETAL C, UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI, PERUGIA, ITALY.)

SOURCE: SEMENTI ELETTE: 37: 5, P3-6, 7 1991.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS TENUIS; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION;

GENETIC RESOURCES GENETIC SHIFTS IN NATURAL ITALIAN POPULATIONS WERE STUDIED AFTER MULTIPLICATION IN CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS (CENTRAL ITALY AND WISCONSIN, USA) UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONTROLLED AND OPEN POLLINATION. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT SHIFTS IN MEAN PERFORMANCE AND VARIATION FOR THE TRAITS EXAMINED (DATE OF FIRST FLOWER, GROWTH HABIT, LEAF NUMBER, MEAN STEM LENGTH AND DRY MATTER YIELD). ALTHOUGH IT APPEARED IMPOSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORIGINAL POPULATION EVEN WITH ONLY ONE MULTIPLICATION CYCLE, THE EFFECTS NOTED WERE NOT THOUGHT ENOUGH TO THREATEN THE EFFICIENCY OF GERMPLASM CONSERVATION.

TITLE: THE EFFECT OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL ON SEEDLING GROWTH OF SOME BRITISH PLANTS. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: EVANS, C.E. ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS, BEDFORDSHIRE; ETHERINGTON, J.R.

SOURCE: THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. V. 118 (4) : P. 571-579. 1991.

KEYWORDS: BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM; BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM; DIGITALIS PURPUREA; GALIUM VERUM; HYPERICUM ANDROSAEMUM; JUNCUS ARTICULATUS; OUNCUS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; ORIGANUM VULGARE; PULICARIA; RESEDA LUTEOLA; RUMEX CRISPUS; SCROPHULARIA NODOSA; TEUCRIUM; TYPHA LATIFOLIA; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; SOIL WATER POTENTIAL, JUNCUS ACUTUS, PULICARIA DYSENTERICA, TEUCRUIM SCORODDNIA.

TITLE: LOTUS JAPONICUS, AN AUTOGAMOUS, DIPLOID LEGUME SPECIES FOR CLASSICAL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: HANDBERG, K. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK; STOUGAARD, J.

SOURCE: THE PLANT JOURNAL. V. 2 (4) : P. 487-496. 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; TRANSGENICS; CHROMOSOMES; GENE MAPPING; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION, IN VITRO CULTURE; NODULATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS.

TITLE: ROOT NODULE SPECIFIC GENE REGULATION: ANALYSIS OF THE SOYBEAN NODULIN N23 GENE PROMOTER IN HETEROLOGOUS SYMBIOTIC SYSTEMS. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: JORGENSEN, J.E. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK; STOUGAARO, U.; MARCKER, A.; MARCKER, K.A.

SOURCE: NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH. V. 16 1988

KEYWORDS: GLYCINE MAX; NODULINS; TRANSGENICS; GENETIC REGULATION; GENE EXPRESSION; ROOT NODULES; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS

THE NODULIN N23 GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYSED IN TRANSGENIC PLANTS USING THE CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE (CAT) CODING SEQUENCE AS A REPORTER. A 5' FLANKING REGION OF LESS THAN 1 KB WAS SUFFICIENT FOR THE ORGAN-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF A CHIMERIC N23-CAT-3'LBC3 GENE IN ROOT NODULES FORMED ON LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND TRIFOLIUM REPENS AFTER INFECTION BY THEIR RESPECTIVE RHIZ0BIUM SYMBIONTS. EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED AT THE LEVEL OF RNA IN BOTH SPECIES OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS. PROMOTER DELETION ANALYSIS DEFINED THE 5' REGION REQUIRED FOR HIGH LEVEL EXPRESSION AND DELIMITED TWO PUTATIVE REGULATORY SEQUENCES INVOLVED IN POSITIVE CONTROL OF THE N23 GENE IN L. CORNICULATUS.

TITLE: DISPERSION PATTERNS AND OPTIMUM SAMPLE SIZE ANALYSES FOR THREE PLANT BUG (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL IN WISCONSIN. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: WIPFLI, M.S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, EAST LANSING, MI; PETERSON, S.S.; HOGG, O.B.; WEDBERG, U.L.

SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY. V. 21 (6) : P. 1248-1252. 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS; LYGUS LINEOLARIS; MIRIDAE; SURVEYS; DISPERSION; POPULATION DENSITY; WISCONSIN, PLAGIOGNATHUS CHRYSANTHEMI

FOUR FIELDS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, LOTUS CORNICULATUS L., WERE SWEEP SAMPLED MAY THROUGH AUGUST DURING 1984-1987 IN NORTHERN WISCONSIN TO ASSESS THE DISPERSION PATTERNS OF THREE PLANT BUG PESTS AND TO CALCULATE OPTIMUM SAMPLE SIZE FOR THESE MIRIDS IN TREFOIL. COUNTS OF THE ALFALFA PLANT BUG, ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS (GOEZE), THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT OE BEAUVOIS), AND PLAGIOGNATHUS CHRYSANTHEMI (WOLFF) WERE AGGREGATED FOR NYMPHS AND ADULTS OF ALL THREE SPECIES. NYMPH-DOMINATED POPULATIONS THAT OCCUR EARLY IN THE GROWING SEASON REQUIRED LARGER SAMPLE SIZES TO ACHIEVE A GIVEN PRECISION LEVEL THAN DID ADULT-DOMINATED POPULATIONS LATER IN THE SEASON. A SAMPLE SIZE OF 10 SETS OF 20 SWEEPS PROVIDED A 25% PRECISION LEVEL AT GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 3 PLANT BUGS PER SWEEP AND A 10% PRECISION LEVEL AT GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 20 BUGS PER SWEEP FOR ALL PLANT BUG SPECIES AND STAGES COMBINED THROUGH THE ENTIRE SEASON (MAY THROUGH AUGUST).

TITLE: CONSERVED REGULATION OF THE SOYBEAN EARLY NODULIN GENE PROMOTER IN DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE TRANSGENIC ROOT NODULES. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: LAURIDSEN, P. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK; FRANSSEN, H.; STOUGAARD. U.; BISSELING, T.; MARCKER, K.A.

SOURCE: THE PLANT JOURNAL. V. 3 (3) : P. 483-492 1993.

KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GLYCINE MAX; ROOT NODULES; GENETIC REGULATION; PROMOTERS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; ENZYME ACTIVITY; GENES; HISTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT ANATOMY; TRANSGENICS ENOD2(B)

TITLE: DROUGHT EFFECTS ON PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUME YIELD AND QUALITY. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: PETERSON, P.R. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MN; SHEAFFER, C.C.; HALL, M. H.

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY. V. 84 (5) 1992.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ASTRAGALUS CICER; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; FORAGE; CROPS; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; CROP YIELD; CROP QUALITY; RESPONSES; SANDY SOILS; MINNESOTA

DROUGHT FREQUENTLY LIMITS ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.) HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY DURING MID-SUMMER IN THE NORTH CENTRAL USA, BUT THE PRODUCTIVITY OF OTHER LEGUMES DURING DROUGHT IS UNKNOWN. WE DETERMINED THE EFFECT OF DROUGHT ON THE HERBAGE YIELD AND QUALITY AND STAND PERSISTENCE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.), CICER MILKVETCH (AUSTRAGALUS CICER L.), RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.) AND ALFALFA. LEGUMES WERE ESTABLISHED ON A SANDY, MIXED, UDORTHENTIC HAPLOBOROLLS SUBJECTED TO TWO SOIL WATER REGIMES PROMOTING 'DROUGHTED' AND 'WELL-WATERED' (CONTROL) PLANT GROWTH. MID-DAY STEM PRESSURE POTENTIALS FOR DROUGHTED AND CONTROL PLANTS RANGED FROM -1.3 TO -3.8 MPA AND -0.1 TO -1.4 MPA, RESPECTIVELY. WHEN DROUGHT OCCURRED THROUGHOUT GROWTH LEGUME HERBAGE YIELDS OF DROUGHTED ALFALFA BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, CICER MILKVETCH, AND RED CLOVER AVERAGED 33, 21, 19, AND 13% OF THEIR RESPECTIVE CONTROLS. AVERAGE HERBAGE YIELD OF DROUGHTED ALFALFA WAS 120% GREATER THAN YIELDS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL AND CICER MILKVETCH AND 165% GREATER THAN RED CLOVER YIELD. AVERAGED FOR ALL HARVESTS AND SPECIES, WHOLE HERBAGE ACID DETERGENT FIBER (ADF), NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER (NDF), AND ACID DETERGENT LIGNIN (ADL) CONCENTRATIONS WERE REDUCED BY 30 TO 48%, 26 TO 46%, AND O TO 49%, RESPECTIVELY, WHEN DROUGHT OCCURRED THROUGHOUT GROWTH. EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON LIGNIN IN NDF AND CRUDE PROTEIN CONCENTRATION WERE NOT CONSISTENT. DROUGHTED ALTERNATIVE PRODUCED HERBAGE WITH LOWER ADF, NDF, AND ADL CONCENTRATIONS THAN ALFALFA. IMPROVED QUALITY IN DROUGHTED LEGUMES WAS RELATED TO GREATER LEAF:STEM WEIGHT RATIO, DELAYED MATURITY, AND OFTEN HIGHER QUALITY IN BOTH THE LEAF AND STEM FRACTIONS COMPARED TO THE CONTROL TREATMENT. ALTHOUGH DROUGHT REDUCED THE HERBAGE YIELD OF ALL LEGUMES, ALFALFA HAS THE GREATEST YIELD POTENTIAL IN DROUGHT.

TITLE: ANALYSIS OF THE SOYBEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN LBC3 GENE: REGULATORY ELEMENTS REQUIRED FOR PROMOTER ACTIVITY AND ORGAN SPECIFICITY. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: STOUGAARD, J. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK; SANDAL. N.N.; GRON, A.; KUHLE. A.; MARCKER, K.A.

SOURCE: THE EMBO JOURNAL - EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ORGANIZATION. V. 6 (12) : P. 3565-3569. 1987.

KEYWORDS: GLYCINE MAX; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PROMOTERS; LEGHEMOGLOBIN; RECOMBINANT DNA; REPORTER GENES; CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE; TRANSCRIPTION; GENE EXPRESSION; MOLECULAR MAPPING; ROOT NODULES; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; DELETIONS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES

THE SOYBEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN LBC3 GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYSED IN TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS PLANTS. HYBRID-PROMOTER CONSTRUCTIONS AND 5' DELETIONS WERE STUDIED USING CHIMERIC GENES COMPOSED DF THE VARIOUS PROMOTERS, THE CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE (CAT) CODING SEQUENCE AND THE LBC3 3' FLANKING REGION. A 5' BAL31 DELETION SERIES MAPPED A STRONG POSITIVE REGULATORY ELEMENT BETWEEN -1100 AND -950. A WEAKER ELEMENT LOCATED BETWEEN -230 AND -170 DEFINED THE MINIMUM 5' REGION REQUIRED FOR DETECTABLE PROMOTER ACTIVITY. REACTIVATION OF INACTIVE PROMOTERS WITH DELETION END-POINTS BETWEEN -230 AND THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION SITE WAS OBTAINED EMPLOYING THE CONSTITUTIVE CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC VIRUS (CAMV) 35S ENHANCER. THE POSITION OF CIS REGULATORY ELEMENT(S) REQUIRED FOR NODULE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION WAS DEFINED TO 37 BP BETWEEN -139 AND -102. THIS REGION CONTAINS SEQUENCES CONSERVED IN OTHER LEGHAEMOGLOBIN AND NODULIN GENES. NO INDISPENSABLE CONTROL ELEMENTS WERE FOUND ON THE LBC3 3'FLANKING REGION.

TITLE: FERTILIZING ALFALFA, SWEET CLOVER, ALSIKE CLOVER, BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, RED CLOVER, AND GRASS LEGUME. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: DAHNKE, W.C. NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, FARGO, ND; FANNING, C.; CATTANACH, A. , SWENSON L.J.

SOURCE: NDSU EXTENSION SERVICE (PUBLICATION) - NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY. 1992.

KEYWORDS: LEGUMINOSAE; NITROGEN FERTILIZERS; CROP YIELD; NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS; APPLICATION METHODS

TITLE: PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUME GROWTH IN ACIDIC SOILS FROM THE MAJOR SERIES OF THE APPALACHIAN HILL-LANDS. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: STALEY, T.E. USDA, ARS, NAA, APPALACHIAN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY, BECKLEY, WV; WRIGHT, R.U.; BALIGAR, V.C.

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION. V. 16 (4) : P. 573-587. 1993.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; RHIZOBIUM; POPULATION DENSITY; ACID SOILS; NODULATION; SOIL INOCULATION; SOIL ACIDITY; CALCIUM; ALUMINUM; DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION; HILL LAND; NORTH CAROLINA; WEST VIRGINIA; TENNESSEE; SOUTH CAROLINA;NORTH CAROLINA

THE LACK OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE FORAGE LEGUME SYMBIOSES IS THOUGHT TO BE A MAJOR CONSTRAINT TO THE RENOVATION OF ACIDIC SOILS OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION FOR PASTURE USE. A GROWTH CHAMBER EXPERIMENT WAS INITIATED WITH 14 FRESH SOILS, EACH OF A DIFFERENT SERIES, FROM DIVERSE SITES WITHIN THE REGION TO DETERMINE THE NEED FOR RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION, AND THE SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES LIMITING GROWTH, OF ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.), RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE L.), WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS L.), AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L). EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED POPULATIONS OF RHIZOBIA PRODUCING ACCEPTABLE (&GT; 50% MAXIMUM) SHOOT GROWTH WERE FOUND IN FEW OF THE SOILS. COMMERCIAL RHIZOBIAL MIXTURES WERE EFFECTIVE IN PRODUCING SIMILARLY ACCEPTABLE GROWTH IN THREE SOILS FOR ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER, BUT ONLY IN ONE SOIL FOR WHITE CLOVER AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. SOIL RANKINGS BASED ON ASYMBIOTIC SHOOT GROWTH WERE SIMILAR FOR ALL SPECIES, PARTICULARLY WHEN ONLY THE BETTER SOILS WERE CONSIDERED, AND CHANGED LITTLE (R = 0.71) COMPARED TO SYMBIOTICALLY-GROWN PLANTS. SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES TYPICALLY LIMITING GROWTH OF ALL SPECIES, PARTICULARLY ALFALFA, WERE LOW PH, AND LOW CA AND HIGH AL CONCENTRATIONS. BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL WAS LEAST SENSITIVE TO THESE SOIL ACIDITY-RELATED FACTORS. FOR PLANT SPECIES AND SOIL COMBINATIONS THAT ALLOWED ONLY INEFFECTIVE SYMBIOSES, NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN DIFFERENCES IN ASYMBIOTIC AND SYMBIOTIC SHOOT GROWTH AND ANY CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEVEN SOILS INVOLVED. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE THE NEED FOR IMPROVED RHIZOBIA FOR MANY OF A NUMBER OF THESE SOILS, AND THE DIFFICULTY OF THIS TASK AS A RESULT OF THE MULTITUDE OF INTERACTIONS OF SOIL, PLANT, AND BACTERIAL PROPERTIES THAT DETERMINE RHIZOBIUM EFFECTIVENESS.

TITLE: INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND DNA CONCENTRATIONS IN THE LEAF TISSUE OF SOME FORAGE SPECIES. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: HART, A.L. DSIR GRASSLANDS. PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND; COLLIER, W.A.

SOURCE: GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE : THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH GRASSLAND SOCIETY. V. 46 (2) : P. 167-171. 1991.

KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOLIUM PERENNE; CULTIVARS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; FODDER CROPS; PLANT COMPOSITION; PHOSPHORUS; DNA; PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS; NUTRIENT UPTAKE; USE EFFICIENCY, PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY

TITLE: TRANSFORMED PLANTS PRODUCING OPINES SPECIFICALLY PROMOTE GROWTH OF OPINE-DEGRADING AGROBACTERIA. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: GUYON, P. FACULTE OF SCIENCES, ORSAY, FRANCE; PETIT, A.; TEMPE, J.; DESSAUX, Y.

SOURCE: MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI. V. 6 (1) : P. 92-98. 1993.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES; GROWTH; REGULATION; CATABOLISM; METABOLITES

TITLE: A COMPARISON OF THE POTASSIUM REQUIREMENTS DURING EARLY GROWTH OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS, MEDICAGO MUREX, M. POLYMORPHA, M. TRUNCATULA, ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS, TRIFOLIUM BALANSAE, T. RESUPINATUM, PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUM, AND PHALARIS AQUATICA. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: PINKERTON, A. CSIRO DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY, CANBERRA, A.C.T., AUSTRALIA; RANDALL, P.J.

SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE. V. 33 (1) : P. 31-39. 1993.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; MEDICAGO; MEDICAGO POLYMORPHA; MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA; ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS TRIFOLIUM; TRIFOLIUM RESUPINATUM; PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUM; PHALARIS AQUATICA; FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT DETERMINATION; GREENHOUSE CULTURE; NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES; POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS:CULTIVARS

TITLE: SURVEY OF USE AND MANAGEMENT OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: HARRIS, C.A. NSW AGRICULTURE, BERRY, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA; BLUMENTHAL, M.J.; SCOTT, U.M.

SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE. V. 33 (1) : P. 41-47. 1993.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT; LAND USE; PROBLEM ANALYSIS; SOWING; BEEF CATTLE; DAIRY CATTLE; FARM SURVEYS; AUSTRALIA

TITLE: EFFECT OF UTILIZATION REGIME ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF A PERENNIAL GRASS MIXTURE. (LANG:BG, RU, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: DAMYANOVA, N. (INSTITUTE OF FODDER CROPS, PLEVEN, BULGARIA.)

SOURCE: RASTENIEV''ONI NAUKI: 28: 7-10, P46-51, 20 1991.

KEYWORDS: ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA; CUTTING DATE; GRAZING; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA RUBRA; GRASSES; PLANT HEIGHT; LEGUMES

IN 1982-85, THE PERFORMANCE OF A SWARD CONSISTING OF 30, ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA, 20, LOTUS CORNICULATUS), 25, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND 25, FESTUCA RUBRA WAS COMPARED UNDER CUTTING REGIMES AT THE START OF LEGUME FLOWER BUD FORMATION, THE START OF LEGUME FLOWERING AND/OR GRAZING AT SWARD HEIGHTS OF 8-12 OR 16-20 CM. COMBINED GRAZING&YUML;~&YUML;CUTTING IN THE 1ST YEAR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY WHEN CUTTING TOOK PLACE AT THE START OF LEGUME FLOWERING AND WITH GRAZING AT 16-2O CM. UNDER THIS REGIME, YIELD AVERAGED OVER 4 YEARS WAS 8.0 T OM/HA, COMPARED WITH 7.09 T WITH CUTTING + GRAZING IN THE 2ND-4TH YEARS ONLY. WITH CUTTING FOR HAY AT FLOWER BUD FORMATION, AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELDS WERE 5.44 T/HA; FREQUENT CUTTING EXHAUSTED THE STAND. THE HIGHER GRAZING HEIGHT WAS BETTER SUITED TO THE TALL SPECIES IN THE MIXTURE.

TITLE: SEED YIELDS OF CONSECUTIVE HARVESTS FROM FORAGE LEGUME STANDS. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: FAIREY, D. T.; LEFKOVITCH, L. P. (AGRICULTURE CANADA, RESEARCH BRANCH, RESEARCH STATION, BEAVERLODGE, ALTA. TOH OCO, CANADA.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION:1 0: P25-30, 21 1992.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; SEED PROOUCTION; CANADA; ALBERTA; ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS

IN TRIALS AT 2 SITES IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION IN NW CANADA, STANDS OF MEDICAGO SATIVA WERE ESTABLISHED IN 1982-84, STANDS OF ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA IN 1982-86, AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS IN 1982-85. SEED CROPS WERE FIRST HARVESTED IN THE YEAR AFTER ESTABLISHMENT; ON AVERAGE, 4 SEED CROPS WERE HARVESTED FROM M. SATIVA AND 3 FROM O. VICIIFOLIA, WHILE L. CORNICULATUS DID NOT SURVIVE BEYOND THE 1ST SEED HARVEST. IN M. SATIVA AND O. VICIIFOLIA THE 1ST SEED CROPS PRODUCED THE HIGHEST YIELDS (MEAN 429 AND 195 KG/HA, RESPECTIVELY), WITH SEED YIELDS AND SHOOT NUMBERS DECREASING WITH INCREASING STAND AGE. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT YIELD DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE 5 M. SATIVA AND 3 L. CORNICULATUS CULTIVARS USED, BUT NOT BETWEEN THE 2 O. VICIIFOLIA CULTIVARS.

TITLE: EFFECTS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON 'GRASSLANDS MAKU' LOTUS (LOTUS ULIGINOSUS SCHK.) GROWN FOR SEED PRODUCTICN. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: TABORA, R. S.; HILL, M. J. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO, KABACAN, COTABATO, PHILIPPINE)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION: 10: P52-57, 19 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; SEED PRODUCTION; GROWTH REGULATORS; YIELD COMPONENTS; PACLOBUTRAZOL

L. ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU GROWN AT MASSEY UNIVERSITY, NEW ZEALAND IN 1988-89 WAS SPRAYED WITH 0, 0.5 OR 1.0 KG PACLOBUTRAZOL/HA DURING ACTIVE VEGETATIVE GROWTH (OCT.; 50-60 D BEFORE FLOWERING, WHEN FLORAL BUD PRIMORDIA APPEARED AT SHOOT APICES (NOV.) OR AT THE ONSET OF FLOWERING (DEC.) SEED YIELD IN FEB. 1989 WAS INCREASED BY AN AVERAGE OF 70, BY PACLOBUTRAZOL. YIELD WAS LOWER FOLLOWING SPRAYING ON 1 DEC. THAN ON 7 OCT. OR 2 NOV. WHEN YIELDS WERE SIMILAR. THE SEED YIELD INCREASE WAS PREDOMINANTLY A RESULT OF INCREASED FLOWER DENSITY THROUGH THE EFFECT OF THE CHEMICAL IN CHANGING PLANT MORPHOLOGY, BUT PODS/UMBEL AND SEEDS/PODS WERE ALSO INCREASED. PACLOBUTRAZOL HAD NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON SEED QUALITY. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED.

TITLE: INTER- AND CROSS-ROW CULTIVATION, ATRAZINE APPLICATION AND BAND SPRAYING EFFECTS ON 'GRASSLANDS MAKU' LOTUS (LOTUS ULIGINOSUS SCHK.) SEED PRODUCTION. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: HARE, M. D. (DSIR GRASSLANDS, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION: 10: P78-83 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; SEED PROOUCTION; HERBICIDES; CULTIVATION; INTERROW CULTIVATION; ATRAZINE; CHLORIMURON; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; HERBICIDES; SEED PRODUCTION; NEW ZEALAND; PHYSICAL CONTROL; CULTIVATION; WEEDS; YIELDS; ATRAZINE; CONTROL; CHLORIMURON; CULTURAL CONTROL; INTERROW CULTIVATION

THREE SEED PRODUCTION TRIALS WITH MATURE STANDS OF L. ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLAND MAKU WERE CONDUCTED AT MANAWATU, NEW ZEALAND, IN 1984-90. BROADCAST SPRAYING OF ATRAZINE (2.0 KG/HA IN SPLIT APPLICATIONS, 1.5 AND 0.5 KG/HA 3 WEEKS APART) INCREASED SEED YIELDS BY 119, ABOVE CONTROL TREATMENTS IN THE 15T TRIAL, BUT IN THE 2ND TRIAL SIMILAR AND LOWER ATRAZINE APPLICATIONS, WHICH WERE NOT SPLIT, DECREASED SEED YIELDS. CROSS-ROW CULTIVATION IN SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER INCREASED SEED YIELDS BY 176, ABOVE THAT OF UNCULTIVATED CONTROLS IN THE 3RD TRIAL. IN OTHER TRIALS INTER-ROW CULTIVATION HAD NO EFFECT ON SEED YIELDS. WHEN PLOTS HAD BOTH INTER-ROW AND CROSS-ROW CULTIVATION, SEED YIELDS FELL BY 33, BELOW THAT OF CONTROL PLOTS. THE HERBICIDE CHLORIMURON DESICCATED THE CROP IN THE SPRING, BUT AFTER STEMS REGREW IN EARLY SUMMER AND A DRY PERIOD OCCURRED DURING THE SEED DEVELOPMENT PHASE IN LATE SUMMER, SEED YIELDS OF 0.95 T/HA WERE PRODUCED. THE IMPLICATIONS OF SITE SELECTION AND SPRING DESICCATION OF THE SEED CROP ARE DISCUSSED.

TITLE: GROWING LEGUMES WITH 'COASTAL' BERMUDAGRASS IN THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BURTON, G. W.; DEVANE, E. H. COASTAL PLAIN EXPERIMENT STATION, USDA-ARS, TIFTON, GA 31793, USA.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE: 5: 2, P278-281, 1992.

KEYWORDS: CYNODON DACTYLON; MIXTURES; LEGUMES: FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; GRASSES; TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM; TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM; MELILOTUS ALBA; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM

THE PRODUCTIVITY OF 7 LEGUMES GROWN WITH BERMUDAGRASS CV COASTAL (CYNODON DACTYLON) GIVEN NPK AT 9 RATES FOR 3 YEARS ON A LYNCHBURG SAND (FINE-LOAMY, SILICEOUS, THERMIC AERIC PALEAQUULTS) IN THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN OF GEORGIA WAS ASSESSED. THE LEGUMES GROWN WITHOUT N WERE OREGON COMMON LADINO CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS); LOUISIANA COMMON WHITE CLOVER (T. REPENS); CRIMSON CLOVER CV. DIXIE (T. INCARNATUM); SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (T. SUBTERRANEUM); ANNUAL WHITE SWEETCLOVER (MELILOTUS ALBA); AND HAIRY AND SMOOTH BIG TREFOIL (LOTUS ULIGINOSUS). THE COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS MONOCULTURE RECEIVED THE SAME FERTILIZER TREATMENTS PLUS 100 LB/ACRE OF N ON 6 MAY. EXCEPT FOR N, FERTILIZERS WERE APPLIED EACH AUTUMN. EXCELLENT LEGUME STANDS WERE OBTAINED AND MAINTAINED WITH LATE-AUTUMN SEEDINGS. CUTTING DATES WERE 6 MAY, 11 JUNE, 21 JULY, AND 22 SEP. MIXTURES WITH LOUISIANA WHITE, DIXIE CRIMSON, SUBTERRANEAN, OR ANNUAL SWEETCLOVER YIELDED NEARLY 50, OF THEIR TOTAL PRODUCTION IN THE 6 MAY HARVEST. ONLY MIXTURES WITH SWEETCLOVER OR OREGON LADINO CLOVER PRODUCED MORE DM THAN COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS ALONE WITH ANNUAL APPLICATION OF 100 LB N/ACRE. OREGON LADINO CLOVER PERSISTED AS A WEAK PERENNIAL. ADDING 25 KG N/ACRE TO THE AUTUMN APPLICATION OF 0:50:50 NPK FAILED TO INCREASE AVERAGE YIELDS OF THE LEGUMES BUT DID INCREASE YIELDS OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS. DOUBLING THE P AND K APPLICATION FROM 50 TO 100 LB/ACRE INCREASED THE AVERAGE LEGUME-PLUS-BERMUDAGRASS FORAGE YIELD BY 920 LB/ACRE BUT HAD NO EFFECT ON YIELDS OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS GROWING ALONE. APPROPRIATELY MANAGED LADINO CLOVER PRODUCED 430 LB/ACRE MORE CP THAN BERMUDAGRASS WITH 100 LB N/ACRE.

TITLE: PATTERNS OF SEED GERMINATION IN CALIFORNIAN SERPENTINE GRASSLAND SPECIES. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: GULMON, S. L. (DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. STANFORD UNIVERSITY, STANFORD, CA 94305, USA.)

SOURCE: OECOLOGIA: 89: 1, P27-31, 20 1992.

KEYWORDS: BROMUS HOROEACEUS; SEED GERMINATION; PRECIPITATION; BURIED SEEDS; VULPIA MICROSTACHYS; STIPA PULCHRA; TRIFOLIUM ALBOPURPUREUM; LOTUS SUBPINNATUS; GERMINATION; PLANTAGO ERECTA; LASTHENIA CALIFORNICA; MICROSERIS DOUGLASII; AGOSERIS HETEROPHYLLA; CALYCADENIA MULTIGLANDULOSA

SEEDS OF BROMUS MOLLIS (B. HORDEACEUS), VULPIA MICROSTACHYS VAR. PAUCIFLORA, STIPA PULCHRA, TRIFOLIUM ALBOPURPUREUM, LOTUS SUBPINNATUS, PLANTAGO ERECTA, LASTHENIA CALIFORNICA, MICROSERIS DOUGLASII, AGOSERIS HETEROPHYLLA AND CALYCADENIA MULTIGLANDULOSA, COLLECTED FROM SERPENTINE GRASSLAND, WERE GERMINATED EITHER ON THE SOIL SURFACE, OR UNDER LEACHED OR FRESH LITTER, OR UNDER 0.62 OR 1.24 CM TOPSOIL. THE SEEDS WERE COLLECTED IN SPRING AND SUMMER 1987 AND GERMINATION TESTS WERE CONDUCTED IN AUTUMN WITH WATERING COMMENCING ON 17 SEP., 12 OR 23 OCT., 16 NOV. OR 15 DEC. LEACHED LITTER INCREASED GERMINATION IN T. ALBOPURPUREUM BUT LITTER HAD NO EFFECTS IN OTHER SPECIES. TOPSOIL INCREASED GERMINATION IN V. MICROSTACHYS VAR. PAUCIFLORA AND T. ALBOPURPUREUM BUT DECREASED GERMINATION IN P. ERECTA, L. CALIFORNICA AND A. HETEROPHYLLA. BOTH THE INITIAL GERMINATION RATE AND FINAL PERCENTAGE GERMINATION WERE AFFECTED BY THE TIMING OF RAINFALL, BUT THE PATTERN OF VARIATION DIFFERED BETWEEN SPECIES. GERMINATION OCCURRED IN WAVES OVER TIME BUT IN MOST SPECIES VIRTUALLY ALL SEEDS HAD GERMINATED BY DEC. IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT YEARLY CLIMATIC VARIATION CAN AFFECT SPECIES COMPOSITION AND COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SPECIES THROUGH THE GERMINATION PROCESS.

TITLE: STUDY OF THE PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS. ESTUDIO DE LA PRODUCCION DE COMPUESTOS NITROGENADOS (AMIDAS Y UREIDOS) EN LOTUS CORNICULATUS. (SPANISH(ENGLISH SUMMARY))

AUTHOR: MONZA, JORGE.

SOURCE: BOLETIN DE INVESTIGACION / UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPUBLICA, FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA; NO. 29 MONTEVIDEO : UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPUBLICA, FACULTAD DE AGRDNOMIA, 1991.

TITLE: GENE FLOW INFERRED FROM SEED DISPERSAL AND POLLINATOR BEHAVIOUR COMPARED TO DNA ANALYSIS OF RESTRICTION SITE VARIATION IN A PATCHY POPULATION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: RASMUSSEN, I. R.; BRODSGAARD, B. (INSTITUTE OF PLANT ECOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN, OSTER FARIMAGSGAOE 2D, 1353 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK.)

SOURCE: OECOLOGIA:B9: 2, P277-283, 1992.

KEYWORDS: BOMBUS LAPIDARIUS; POLLINATORS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GENE FLOW; SEEDS; POLLEN; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; POLLINATION; SEED DISPERSAL

THE POPULATION STUDIED AT A SITE IN THE DUNE HEATHLANDS OF KORSHAGE, DENMARK WAS SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS GROWING WITH EMPETRUM NIGRUM, AND WAS POLLINATED BY THE POLLEN-COLLECTING BUMBLEBEE BOMBUS LAPIDARIUS. MOST POLLINATOR FLIGHTS OCCURRED WITHIN PATCHES, AS BEES USUALLY VISIT NEAREST-NEIGHBOUR PLANTS, SHOW NO MARKED DIRECTIONALITY, AND FORAGE MOSTLY WITHIN PATCHES. GENE FLOW BY SEEDS WAS ALSO LIMITED, REINFORCING THE PATTERN OF GENE FLOW WITHIN PATCHES. HOWEVER, 2.6, OF POLLINATOR FLIGHTS WERE BETWEEN PATCHES AND CONSIDERABLE POLLEN CARRYOVER ALSO OCCURRED. THUS, GENE FLOW BETWEEN PATCHES WAS POTENTIALLY SUFFICIENT TO RETARD OR PREVENT GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN SPITE OF THE PATCHY SUBSTRUCTURING OF THE POPULATION. A SUB-SET OF THE POPULATION WAS ANALYZED FOR RFLPS TO DOCUMENT THE ACTUAL GENE FLOW PATTERN OF THE POPULATION. THE DNA ANALYSIS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN THE PATCHES. THE LEVEL OF GENE FLOW THAT COULD BE INFERRED FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENETIC VARIATION WAS SURPRISINGLY RESTRICTED, AS COMPARED TO GENE FLOW INFERRED FROM POLLINATOR BEHAVIOUR, AND EMPHASIZED THAT STOCHASTIC PROCESSES LIKE GENETIC DRIFT AND FOUNDER EFFECTS MAY HAVE A STRONG IMPACT ON THE PREVAILING GENETIC STRUCTURE.

TITLE: FREQUENCY OF BIG POLLEN OCCURRENCE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF LOTUS TENUIS WALD. ET KIT. (LANG EN)

AUTHOR: NEGRI, V (ISTITUTO DI MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO VEGETALE, UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI, PERUGIA, ITALY.)

SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP GAMETES WITH SOMATIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER IN THE EVOLUTION AND BREEDING OF POLYPLOID POLYSOMIC SPECIES ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES, PERUGIA, ITALY, 3-10 APRIL 1992 (EDITED BY MARIANI, A.; TAVOLETTI, S) PERUGIA, ITALY; CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLERICERCHE P51-53, REF.; 1992.

KEYWORDS: MAPS; LOTUS TENUIS; POLLEN; UNREDUCED GAMETES; CONFERENCES;

GAMETES WITH SOMATIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER TWELVE NATURAL POPULATIONS WERE EVALUATED FOR THE PRESENCE OF LARGE POLLEN GRAINS AS AN INDEX OF 2N GAMETE PRODUCTION. LARGE POLLEN GRAINS WERE FOUND IN ALL BUT ONE OF THE POPULATIONS, THE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE BEING IN THE RANGE 1-11.

TITLE: POLLEN DISFORMITY IN SOME GENOTYPES OF LOTUS TENUIS WALD. ET KIT. (2N = 2X = 12). (LANG EN)

AUTHOR: NEGRI, V; FALCINELLI, M. (ISTITUTO DI MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO VEGETALE, UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI, PERUGIA, ITALY.)

SOURCE: PLOIDY AND CHROMOSOME MANIPULATION IN FORAGE BREEDING. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH MEETING OF THE FODDER CROPS SECTION OF EUCARPIA, ALGHERO, ITALY, 14-1B OCTOBER 1991 (EDITED BY VERONESI, F.; BULLITTA, S, CAREDDA, S). ROME, ITALY; CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE P159-161, 3 1992.

KEYWORDS: BIRDFOOT TREFOIL; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS TENUIS; UNREDUCED GAMETES; POLLEN; CONFERENCES; PLOIDY AND CHROMOSOME

MANIPULATION IN FORAGE BREEDING NON-UNIFORMITY OF THE POLLEN GRAINS WAS FOUND IN 10, 7 AND 1, OF PLANTS OF THE L. TENUIS ACCESSIONS 1322, 1170 AND 1158, RESPECTIVELY. THE PERCENTAGE OF LARGE POLLEN GRAINS, INDICATIVE OF UNREDUCED GAMETES, RANGED FROM 1 TO 28. IT IS THOUGHT THAT THESE ACCESSIONS MIGHT BE USED IN CROSSES OF L. CORNICULATUS (2N = 4X =24) WITH L. TENUIS (2N = 2X = 12).

TITLE: CONTENT AND DEPOSITION RATES DF CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE, AND LIGNIN DURING REGROWTH OF FORAGE GRASSES AND LEGUMES. (ENG(FRE SUMMARY)

AUTHOR: BIDLACK, J.E. UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA, EDMOND, OK BUXTON, D.R.

SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOTECHNIE. V. 72 (3) : P. 809-818. 1992.

KEYWORDS: BROMUS INERMIS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; PANICUM VIRGATUM; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; CELL WALLS; CELLULOSE; DEPOSITION; HEMICELLULOSES; LIGNIN; REGROWTH; GROWTH STAGES

TITLE: DEFOLIATION AND MOISTURE STRESS INFLUENCE COMPETITION BETWEEN ENDOPHYTE-FREE TALL FESCUE WHITE CLOVER, BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL AND CAUCASIAN CLOVER. (ENG)

AUTHOR: HILL, M.U. CSIRO, ARMIDALE, N.S.W.; HOVELAND, C.S.

SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. V. 44 (5) : P. 1135-1145. 1993.

KEYWORDS: FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; PHALARIS AQUATICA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; DEFOLIATION; LEAF WATER POTENTIAL; PLANT COMPETITION; WATER STRESS; CROP YIELD; DRY MATTER

TITLE: UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM BY TERRESTRIAL PLANTS GROWING ON A COAL FLY ASH LANDFILL . PART 3. FORBS AND GRASSES. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: ARTHUR, M. A.; RUBIN, G.; SCHNEIDER, R. E.; WEINSTEIN, L. H. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY PROGRAM, BOYCE THOMPSON INSTITUTE, ITHACA, NY 14853, USA.

SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 11: 9, P1301-1306, 1992.

KEYWORDS: PLANT NUTRITION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MINERAL UPTAKE; SELENIUM; BROMUS INERMIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; PHLEUM PRATENSE; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; CORONILLA VARIA; SOIL AMENDMENTS; GYPSUM; LANDFILLS; FLY ASH; CARROTS; NUTRITION; SELENIUM; UPTAKE

IN FIELD STUDIES AT LANSING, NEW YORK IN 1988-89, SE CONCENTRATIONS IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS, BROMUS INERMIS, ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA, DAUCUS CAROTA, PICRIS HIERACIOIDES, PHLEUM PRATENSE, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND CORONILLA VARIA WERE GREATER IN PLANTS SAMPLED FROM COAL FLY ASH LANDFILL SITES THAN FROM NON-LANDFILL SITES. SE CONCENTRATIONS WERE GREATEST IN T. REPENS AND WERE GREATER IN LEGUME THAN NON-LEGUME SPECIES IN THE LANDFILL SITE. APPLICATION OF 5.6-16.8 T GYPSUM/HA REDUCED SE CONCENTRATION IN L. CORNICULATUS BUT NOT IN A. SYRIACA, P. HIERACIDIDES OR GRASSES (A MIXTURE OF DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, B. INERMIS AND P. PRATENSE). SULPHUR CONCENTRATION INCREASED IN L. CORNICULATUS AND P. HIERACIOIOES WITH GYPSUM APPLICATION.

TITLE: GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY OF 3-NITROPROPIONIC ACID IN SOME LEGUMINOUS PLANTS IN CHINA. (LANG:CH)

AUTHOR: WANG, U.; LEI, Z. Y.; FENG, X. Q. (INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, CHINESE ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BEIJING, CHINA.)

SOURCE: PRATACULTURAL SCIENCE: 9: 2, P34-37, 8 1992.

KEYWORDS: ASTRAGALUS DAHURICUS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; ORGANIC ACIDS; ASTRAGALUS MELILOTOIDES; ASTRAGALUS STRICTUS; INDIGOFERA AMBLYANTHA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LEGUMES; TOXIC SUBSTANCES; ESTIMATION

GC AND GC/MS WERE USED FOR DETECTION, IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TOXIN 3-NITROPROPIONIC ACID (3-NPA) IN LEGUMES INCLUDING ASTRAGALUS DAHURICUS, A. MELILOTOIDES (BROAD AND NARROW LEAVED CULTIVARS), A. STRICTUS, INDIGOFERA AMBLYANTHA AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS. A. DAHURICUS, A. STRICTUS, I. AMBLYANTHA AND L. CORNICULATUS DID NOT CONTAIN 3-NPA. BOTH BROAD AND NARROW LEAVED CULTIVARS OF A. MELILOTOIDES CONTAINED THE METHYL ESTER OF 3-NPA, IDENTIFIED BY GC/MS. THE 3-NPA CONTENTS OF LEAVES ON A DM BASIS OF BROAD AND NARROW LEAVED CULTIVARS WERE 4.62 AND 2.88, , RESPECTIVELY.

TITLE: EFFECTS OF PLANTING DENSITY, CUTTING HEIGHT AND FREQUENCY ON HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. (LANG:CH)

AUTHOR: SHEN, Y. X.; LIANG, Z. O.; WANG, H. S.; CHEN, Z. F. (DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, NANJING AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, NANUING, JIANGSU, CHINA.)

SOURCE: PRATACULTURAL SCIENCE: 9: 3, P37-40, 10 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CUTTING HEIGHT; CUTTING FREQUENCY; SOWING DATE; PLANT DENSITY

IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN NANWING, JIANGSU, CHINA IN 1988-90, LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. LEO DM YIELD INCREASED AS PLANT DENSITY (20, 40 AND 60 PLANTS/M) INCREASED IN THE 1ST YEAR, BUT THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE 2ND YEAR IN SPRING-SOWN CROPS AND IN THE 2ND AND 3RD YEARS IN AUTUMN-SOWN CROPS. L. CORNICULATUS FW YIELD WAS AS HIGH AS 10 T/HA. REGROWTH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER AT HIGHER CUTTING HEIGHTS AMONG CUTTING TREATMENTS OF 1, 5 AND 10 CM IR 1-3 AND 5-7 CM, BUT NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS WERE NOTED ON THE TOTAL ANNUAL HERBAGE DM YIELD. HERBAGE DM YIELD, CP AND DROUGHT AND HEAT TOLERANCES DECREASED WITH INCREASING CUTTING FREQUENCY.

TITLE: INTRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF TEMPERATE FORAGES IN THE UPPER ITAJAI VALLEY, SANTA CATARINA. (INTRODUCAO E AVALIACAO DE FORRAGEIRAS TEMPERADAS NO ALTO VALE DO ITAJAI, SANTA CATARINA.) (LANG:PT, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: FLARESSO, J. A.; ALMEIDA, E. X. DE(EMPASC, ESTACAO EXPERIMENTAL DE ITUPORANGA, 88400 ITUPO RANGA, SC, BRAZIL.)

SOURCE: REVISTA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA: 21: 2, P309-319, 14 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM; COMPARISONS; BRAZIL; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; PHALARIS; MELILOTUS ALBA; LATHYRUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BRASSICA NAPUS; RAPHANUS SATIVUS; SPERGULA ARVENSIS; HELIANTHUS ANNUUS; BETA VULGARIS

YIELD DATA ARE PRESENTED FOR 53 FORAGE LINES AND CULTIVARS OF ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL GRASSES AND LEGUMES EVALUATED IN FIELD TRIALS AT ITUPORANGA, BRAZIL IN 1986-89. AVERAGE DM YIELD OF THE 8 ANNUAL GRASSES WAS GREATEST IN LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM CV. COMUM (ABOUT 4.5 T/HA). DM YIELD WAS 6.0 T IN FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA CV. K-31 AND ABOUT 3.0 T IN PHALARIS SP. WHICH WERE THE ONLY 2 PERENNIAL GRASSES EVALUATED. YIELD OF ANNUAL LEGUMES RANGED FROM ABOUT 0.5 T DM IN MELILOTUS ALBA TO 6.0 T IN LATHYRUS SP. YIELD OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES RANGED FROM ABOUT 0.7 T IN MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. MOAPA TO 4.0 T IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. SAO GABRIEL. YIELD IN NON-LEGUME AND NON-GRASS SPECIES WAS 2.99 T IN BRASSICA NAPUS CV. CTC-4 AND AVERAGED 3.50 T IN THE 3 RAPHANUS SATIVUS CULTIVARS EVALUATED. YIELD FROM SPERGULA ARVENSIS, HELIANTHUS ANNUUS CV. GESTRAIFT AND BETA VULGARIS WAS NEGLIGIBLE. AVERAGE CP CONTENT WAS 14.7, IN ANNUAL GRASSES, 16.5, IN PERENNIAL GRASSES, 21.6, IN ANNUAL LEGUMES, 18.8, IN PERENNIAL LEGUMES AND 16.2, IN OTHER SPECIES; CORRESPONDING VALUES FOR IN VITRO DM DIGESTIBILITY WERE 70.8, 65.8, 69.0, 67.6 AND 71.7.

TITLE: EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAINOUS PASTURES I,

AUTHOR: SHUNDI, A.; BUZI, T. (FACULTY OF AGRONOMY, TIRANA, ALBANIA.):

SOURCE: HERBA: NO. 4, P50-52, 1991.

KEYWORDS: PHLEUM PRATENSE; IRRIGATION; ALBANIA; ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA RUBRA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; COMPARISONS; GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT; RESOWING; GRASSES; LEGUMES

RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT PHLEUM PRATENSE, ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS AND DACTYLIS GLOMERATA HAD GOOD PRODUCTIVITY, WHILE FESTUCA RUBRA AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS HAD GOOD YIELD STABILITY. THE BEST TILLAGE DEPTH WAS 20-25 CM AND THE OPTIMUM IRRIGATION LEVEL WAS 2700 M3/HA.

TITLE: SMALL-SCALE PLANT SPECIES TURNOVER IN A LIMESTONE GRASSLAND: THE CAROUSEL MODEL AND SOME COMMENTS ON THE NICHE CONCEPT. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: MAAREL, E. VAN DER; SYKES, M. T. (DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGICAL BOTANY, UPPSALA UNIVERSITY, 75122 UPPSALA, SWEDEN.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE: 4: 2, P179-188, 1993.

KEYW0RDS: CONFERENCES; MECHANISMS IN VEGETATION DYNAMICS; GRASSLANDS; NATURAL GRASSLANDS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; AVENULA PRATENSIS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MODELS

SMALL-SCALE CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT SPECIES IN A 2.5 M2 PLOT OF GRAZED, SPECIES-RICH VERONICA SPICATA-AVENULA PRATENSIS GRASSLAND ON SHALLOW, DRY, NUTRIENT-POOR SOIL IN THE GREAT ALVAR AREA (STORA ALVARET) OF S. OLAND, S.E. SWEDEN, WERE STUDIED IN 1986-91. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF 0.001 M2 AND 0.25 M2 QUADRATS WITHIN THE PLOT SHOWED THAT THERE WAS LITTLE FLORISTIC VARIATION IN THE PLOT. AVERAGE SPECIES RICHNESS VARIED LITTLE THROUGHOUT THE STUDY PERIOD, WITH 1986 AVERAGES OF 7.0 ON 0.001 M2, 16.3 ON 0.01 M2, AND 26.1 ON 0.25 M2. ON 0.001 M2 THE HIGHEST SPECIES NUMBER FOUND WAS 12, ON 0.01 M2, 27. HOWEVER, CUMULATIVE SPECIES RICHNESS, I.E. SPECIES NUMBER IN THE 1ST YEAR PLUS NEW SPECIES APPEARING IN LATER YEARS (AVERAGED OVER 40 QUADRATS) INCREASED OVER THE SAME PERIOD, ON 0.001 M2 FROM 7.0 IN 1986 TO 14.9 IN 1991, AND ON 0.01 M2 FROM 16.3 TO 24.1. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY, I.E. NUMBER OF QUADRATS OUT OF 40 WHERE A SPECIES OCCURRED IN THE 1ST YEAR AND/OR IN LATER YEARS, INCREASED AS WELL; THE NUMBER OF CUMULATIVELY HIGHLY FREQUENT ( 80, ) SPECIES INCREASED FROM 5 IN 1986 TO 18 IN 1991. SPECIES MOBILITY ON THE SCALE OF THE SMALL QUADRATS USED IMPLIES BOTH APPEARANCE AND DISAPPEARANCE FROM THESE QUADRATS. USING 6 EXAMPLES (A. PRATENSIS, V. SPICATA, HELIANTHEMUM ITALICUM SUBSP. OELANDICUM, H. NUMMULARIUM, CERASTIUM SEMIDECANDRUM AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS), SPECIES MOBILITY WAS SHOWN TO VARY INDIVIDUALISTICALLY, BOTH IN RATE AND DEGREE. IT WAS POSTULATED THAT IN HOMOGENEOUS, GRAZED, NUTRIENT- AND WATER-DEFICIENT ENVIRONMENTS MANY SPECIES CAN REACH VIRTUALLY ALL MICROSITES WITHIN THE PLOT, WHICH WAS EXPRESSED THROUGH THE IDEA OF THE 'CAROUSEL MODEL'. THE USEFULNESS OF THE NICHE CONCEPT WAS QUESTIONED, AND THE CONCEPT WAS RE-INTERPRETED BY STATING THAT ALL SPECIES OF THIS PLANT COMMUNITY HAVE THE SAME HABITAT NICHE, WHILE MOST OF THEM ARE SHORT-LIVED AND HAVE THE SAME REGENERATION NICHE. THE ESSENTIAL VARIATION AMONGST THE SPECIES IS THEIR INDIVIDUAL ABILITY TO ESTABLISH OR RE-ESTABLISH BY MAKING USE OF FAVORABLE CONDITIONS APPEARING IN MICROSITES IN AN UNKNOWN, COMPLEX SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERN.

TITLE: DESCRIPTION AND ILLUSTRATION OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS OF LOTUS ANGUSTISSIMUS L., L. PALUSTRIS WILLD. AND L. SUAVELONS PERS (FABACEAE-FABOIDEAE). (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: ARAMBARRI, A. M. (AREA DE BOTANICA, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRARIAS Y FORESTALES, 1900 LA PLATA, ARGENTINA.)

SOURCE: LOTUS NEWSLETTER: 22: P8-11. 1991.

KEYWORDS: PLANT MORPHOLOGY; LOTUS ANGUSTISSIMUS; SEEDS; SEEDLINGS; MORPHOLOGY; LOTUS PALUSTRIS; LOTUS SUAVOLENS; SEED MORPHOLOGY

SEED AND SEEDLING MDRPHOLOGY OF L. ANGUSTISSIMUS, L. PALUSTRIS AND L. SUAVELONS (L. SUAVOLENS) ARE DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED.

TITLE: IN VIVO AND IN VITRO FLAVONOID PRDDUCTION IN LOTUS TENUIS WALDST. ET KIT. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: STRITTMATTER, C. D.; RIVERO, M.; WAGNER, M.; KAOE, M.; RICCO, R. A.; GURNI, A. A. (CEVEG-CONIT, SERRANO 661, 1414 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA.)

SOURCE: LOTUS NEWSLETTER: 22: P14-17, 1991.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS TENUIS; METABOLISM; FLAVONOIDS; TISSUE CULTURE

KAEMPFEROL AND KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSYL-7-0-RHAMNOSYDE WERE THE 2 MAIN FLAVONOIDS PURIFIED FROM FIELD-GROWN L. TENUIS CV. CHAJA SHOOTS. KAEMPFEROL AND KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSYL-7-0-RHAMNOSYDE CONCENTRATIONS WERE HIGHEST DURING FLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND FLOWERING BUT WERE PRESENT THROUGHOUT VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH, WHILE KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSIDE WAS ABSENT DURING VEGETATIVE GROWTH. FLAVONOIDS WERE NOT DETECTED IN VITRO CALLUS CULTURES, BUT FLAVONOID PRODUCTION IN PLANTLETS DERIVED FROM THE CALLUS SHOWED SIMILAR PATTERNS TO THE FIELD-GROWN PLANTS.

TITLE: ESTABLISHMENT, PERSISTENCE, PRODUCTIVITY AND HERBAGE QUALITY OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA. (LANG:ENG)

AUTHOR: BLUMENTHAL, M.; HAMILTON, B.; HAMILTON, L.; HARRIS, C.; UAMES, G.; UONES, D.; KELMAN, W.; LAUNDER, T.; WILSON, G. NSW AGRICULTURE, PASTURE RESEARCH UNIT, P.O. BOX 63, BERRY, NSW 2535, AUSTRALIA.)

SOURCE: LOTUS NEWSLETTER: 22: P28-31. 1991.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND; VICTORIA; NEW SOUTH WALES; SEED BANKS

PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM STUDIES AT SAMFORD IN QUEENSLAND, GRAFTON, TAREE, NOWRA AND BEGA IN NSW, AND WARRAGUL AND CANN RIVER IN VICTORIA ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT (LATITUDE, TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL) ON DM PRODUCTION, FORAGE QUALITY, SEED BANK DYNAMICS AND RHIZOME DYNAMICS OF L. PEDUNCULATUS CV. MAKU, ALGARVE AND G4704 COMPARED WITH TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV. HAIFA ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED.

TITLE: TRANSFORMATION OF LOTUS SPECIES USING AN RI PLASMID VECTOR. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: AZIZ, M. A.; CHAND, P. K.; DAVEY, M. D. (DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE, UNIVERSITY PERTANIAN MALAYSIA, 43400 SELANGOR, MALAYSIA.)

SOURCE: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT IN ASIA (EDITED BY MOSS, . P.). PATANCHERU, INDIA; ICRISAT:P201-203, 1992.

KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; TRANSGENICS; FODDER LEGUMES; LOTUS TENUIS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; BOOKS; BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT IN ASIA; AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES; LOTUS

THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE TRANSFORMATION OF L. TENUIS AND L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) USING THE GENETIC ENGINEERED AGROBACTERIUM STRAIN LBA9402 (PRIL855-PBINL9) WHICH CONFERS RESISTANCE TO KANAMYCIN. CELL SUSPENSIONS WERE ESTABLISHED FROM THE TRANSFORMED ROOT-DERIVED CALLUSES AND THE KANAMYCIN RESISTANT PROTOPLASTS ISOLATED ARE POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION PROGRAMMES.

TITLE: TRENDS IN BREEDING PERENNIAL HERBAGE CROPS. (PRAVCI OPLEMENJIVANJA VISEGODISNJITH TRAVA I DJETELINA.) (LANG:SH, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: HALAGIC, S.; GASPEROV, S.; KOLIC, B.; LOVREC, L. (INSTITUT ZA OPLEMENJIVANJE I PROIZVODNJU BILJA, ZAGREB, CROATIA)

SOURCE: SJEMENARSTVO: 9: 4-5, P. 265-268, 1992.

KEYWORDS: GRASSES; MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BREEDING; SYNTHETIC VARIETIES

BREEDING WORK IN CROATIA WITH 10 GRASS SPECIES AND 4 LEGUMINOUS FORAGE CROP SPECIES (RED AND WHITE CLOVER, MEDICAGO SATIVA AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS) IS OUTLINED. THE SOURCE MATERIAL COMPRISED POPULATIONS AND ECOTYPES FROM CROATIA, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND SLOVENIA, AND THE POLYCROSS TECHNIQUE WAS THE MAIN BREEDING METHOD, LEADING TO THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC VARIETIES. GRASS VARIETIES BRED ARE LISTED (8 VARIETIES OF 7 SPECIES), AND DATA ARE TABULATED ON GREEN MATTER AND SEED YIELDS IN 7 OF THEM. LUCERNE VARIETIES BRED INCLUDE MIRNA AND POSAVINA.

TITLE: BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL-A NEW LEGUMINOUS CROP FOR PASTURE IN CENTRAL CISCAUCASIA. (LANG:RU)

AUTHOR: ANDRIYANOVA, N.A.; PLOTNIKOVA, N.V.; TSELOVAL 'NIKOV, I.K.

SOURCE: MATERIALY KONFERENTSII MOLODYKH UCHENYKH I ASPIRANTOV &QUOT;NOVYE IDEI V RASTENIEVODSTVE I PUTIIKH REALIZATSII&QUOT;, VORONEZH, 9-13 IYULYA. 6V 4428; P20-21, 1991.

KEYWORDS: GROWTH PERIOD; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GENETIC RESOURCES; VARIETY TRIALS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CULTIVARS; RUSSIA

IN TRIALS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS POPULATIONS FROM THE WORLD COLLECTION OF THE VAVILOV INSTITUTE OF PLANT INDUSTRY (VIR) IN COMPARISON WITH THE STANDARD VARIETY MAIKOPSKII 1, THE EARLIEST FORMS WERE ODENWALE AND SMOLENSKII, WHICH BEGAN TO FLOWER 54-56 DAYS AFTER SOWING. LATE-FLOWERING TYPES WERE THE WILD FORMS K40695 AND K44106, TOGETHER WITH PRIMORSKII AND LEO (70-74 DAYS). EDDEI , K37719 AND MAIKOPSKII 1 WERE INTERMEDIATE (60-66 DAYS). GREEN MATTER YIELD WAS 3.1-5.9 KG/M2 AMONG EARLY TYPES, 5.9-6.7 KG/M2 AMONG INTERMEDIATE TYPES AND 5.4-6.7 KG/M2 AMONG LATE TYPES.

TITLE: IDENTIFICATION OF LOTUS TENUIS (WALDST. ET KIT.) FLAVONOIDS. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: STRITTMATTER, C. D.; WAGNER, M. L.; KADE, M.; GURNI, A. A. (CENTRO DE ECOFISIOLOGIA VEGETAL SERRANO 665, 1414 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA.)

SOURCE: BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY: 20: 7, P635-687, 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS TENUIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; FLAVONOIDS

THE FLAVONOID COMPOSITION OF LOTUS TENUIS GROWING IN ARGENTINA WAS DETERMINED AT THE VEGETATIVE, FLORAL BUD, FLOWERING AND FRUITING GROWTH STAGES. THE PRESENCE OF FREE KAEMPFEROL, KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCDSIDE AND KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSYL-7-0-RHAMNOSIDE WAS DETECTED. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN FLAVONOID COMPOSITION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PLANT ORGANS AND GROWTH STAGES OCCURRED.

TITLE: ASYMMETRIC SOMATIC HYBRID CALLI BETWEEN LEGUMINOUS SPECIES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND GLYCINE MAX AND REGENERATED PLANTS FROM THE CALLI. (LANG:EN, UA(SUMM))

AUTHOR: KIHARA, M.; CAI, K. N.; ISHIKAWA, R.; HARADA, T.; NIIZEKI, M.; SAITO, K. I. PLANT BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORIES, SAPPORO BREWERIES LTD., KIZAKI, NITTA, GUNMA-KEN 370-03, JAPAN.)

SOURCE: JAPANESE JOURNAL OF BREEDING: 42: L, P55-64, 1992.

KEYWORDS: SOYABEANS; IN VITRO CULTURE; PEROXIDASES; BIOTECHNOLOGY; GLYCINE (X) LOTUS, PROTOPLAST FUSION; LOTUS (X) GLYCINE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GLYCINE MAX; PROTOPLAST FUSION

PROTOPLASTS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (L. CORNICULATUS) AND SOYABEAN (G. MAX) WERE FUSED INTERSPECIFICALLY. IN ORDER TO PRODUCE ASYMMETRIC HYBRIDS CONTAINING A COMPLETE TREFOIL GENOME AND A SMALL PART OF A SOYABEAN GENOME, OR CYBRIDS CONTAINING ONLY A TREFOIL GENOME, IODOACETAMIDE-TREATED PROTOPLASTS OF TREFOIL WERE FUSED WITH X-RAY-IRRADIATED SOYABEAN PROTOPLASTS. PEROXIDASE ISOENZYME AND KARYOTYPES OF CALLUSES OBTAINED FROM THE PROTOPLAST FUSION WERE ANALYZED AND AS A RESULT THE HYBRIDITY OF SOME OF THE CALLUSES WAS ESTABLISHED. PLANT REGENERATION FROM THE ASYMMETRIC HYBRID CALLUSES WAS ALSO SUCCESSFUL, BUT REGENERATED PLANTS DID NOT SHOW HYBRIDITY ON THE BASIS OF ANALYSIS OF PEROXIDASE ISOENZYME. THIS RESULT MAY BE CAUSED BY THE ELIMINATION OF SOYABEAN CHROMOSOMES. THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE REGENERATED PLANTS RESEMBLED THAT OF TREFOIL DERIVED FROM PARENT CALLUS. HOWEVER, THE REGENERATED PLANTS WERE USUALLY TERATOLOGICALLY AN ERECT TYPE IN CONTRAST TO THE CREEPING HABIT OF NORMAL BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL.

TITLE: ASSESSING ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON NITROGEN FIXING LEGUMES. (LANG:ENG)

AUTHOR: MARTENSSON, A. (DEP. OF SOIL SC , SWED. UNIV. AGRIC. SC., UPPSALA, SWEDEN.)

SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PESTICIDE MICROBIOLOGY, 17-21 AUGUST 1992, SIGTUNA, SWEDEN (EDITED BY ANDERSON, J.P.E.; ARNOLD, D.J.; LEWIS, F.;TORSTENSSCN, L. UPPSALA, SWEDEN; DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES:P121-126, 1992.

KEYWORDS: BENTAZONE; SOIL; RHIZOBIUM; NITROGEN FIXATION; GLYPHOSATE; MCPA; PLANT HAIRS; LUCERNE; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; HERBICIDES; CONFERENCES; INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PESTICIDE MICROBIOLOGY

LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS REVEALED THAT N-FIXING BACTERIA (4 STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM BV. TRIFOLII. (2 STRAINS OF R. MELILOTI AND 2 STRAINS OF R. LOTI) WERE ABLE TO MULTIPLY WHEN EXPOSED TO THE EQUIVALENT OF 1-3 KG/HA FENPROPIMORPH, MANCOZEB, BENTAZONE AND GLYPHOSATE AND 0.5-3.5 KG MCPA, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THEY WERE GROWN FROM CULTURE COLLECTION MATERIAL OR WERE ISOLATED FROM AGRICULTURAL SOILS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. BACTERIAL EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES AND HEAVY METALS DID NOT INFLUENCE THE NODULATING ABILITY OF THE BACTERIA, EXCEPT FOR GLYPHOSATE AND ZN, WHICH REDUCED NODULATION. LEGUMES (RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE), LUCERNE AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS)) EXPOSED TO BENTAZONE AND MCPA EXHIBITED ROOT HAIR DEFORMATIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE INDUCED BY BACTERIA DURING THE ONSET OF NODULATION. THE BACTERIAL-INDUCED DEFORMATIONS WERE PREVENTED BY FENPROPIMORPH, MANCOZEB, BENTAZONE AND GLYPHOSATE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT RHIZOBIUM SPP. ARE SENSITIVE TO HEAVY METAL EXPOSURE, WHEREAS THE PLANTS ARE MOST SENSITIVE TO PESTICIDES.

TITLE: ABUNDANCE, VEGETATION, AND ENVIRONMENT OF FOUR PATCH TYPES IN A NORTHERN MIXED PRAIRIE. (LG:EN, FR(SUMM)

AUTHOR: UMBANHOWAR, C. E., JR. (DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, WI 53706.USA.L

SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY: 70: 2, P277-284, 1992.

KEYWORDS: GRASSLANDS; PRAIRIES; PLANT CDMMUNITIES; ELYMUS SMITHII; CALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA; ANDROPOGDN GERARDII; LOTUS PURSHIANUS; ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI; DISTURBED LAND; POLYGONUM ARENASTRUM; ECOLOGY; HABITATS; LEPIDIUM DENSIFLORUM; SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM; RUMEX; AMARANTHUS RUDIS; ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI; GRASSLANDS; USA; SOUTH DAKOTA

THE SIZE, ABUNDANCE, VEGETATION, AND ENVIRONMENT OF THATCHING ANT MOUNDS, EARTH MOUNDS MADE BY MAMMALS, BISON WALLOWS, AND OPENINGS IN DRY MARSHES WERE COMPARED IN A NORTHERN MIXED PRAIRIE IN N. CENTRAL SOUTH DAKOTA. PATCH SIZE AND ABUNDANCE VARIED CONSIDERABLY BETWEEN PATCH TYPES. ANT AND MAMMAL MOUNDS WERE THE SMALLEST BUT MOST ABUNDANT PATCH TYPES. BISON WALLOWS AND DRY MARSHES WERE LARGER AND OCCURRED LESS FREQUENTLY THAN ANT AND MAMMAL MOUNDS. DIFFERENT PATCH TYPES OCCUPIED A SIMILAR AMOUNT OF AREA. ORDINATION OF PATCH VEGETATION REVEALED MARKED BETWEEN-TYPE COMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES; ANT AND MAMMAL MOUNDS WERE DOMINATED BY VEGETATIVELY REPRODUCING PERENNIALS, WHILE ANNUALS OCCURRED MORE ABUNDANTLY IN BISON WALLOWS AND DRY MARSHES. MANY SPECIES WERE RESTRICTED TO EITHER WALLOWS OR MARSHES. ANT MOUNDS WERE DOMINATED BY DENSE AGROPYRON (ELYMUS) SMITHII COVER IN MIDPRAIRIE OR BY CALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA IN HIGH PRAIRIE; THE FEW ANT MOUNDS ON THE LOW PRAIRIE WERE DOMINATED BY ANDROPOGON GERARDII. EUPHORBIA GLYPTOSPERMA, CHENOPODIUM DESICCATUM, POLYGONUM ARENASTRUM, LEPIDIUM DENSIFLGRUM AND LOTUS PURSHIANUS WERE ABUNDANT ON BISON WALLOWS AND CAREX ATHERODES, SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM, RUMEX SPP., AMARANTHUS RUDIS, ARTEMESIA BIENNIS AND ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI WERE ABUNDANT IN DRY POTHOLES; ALL THESE SPECIES WERE RARE OR ABSENT FROM OTHER PATCH TYPES. LEVELS OF NITRATE, PHOSPHORUS, SOIL OM, AND OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS VARIED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN PATCH TYPES. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT DIFFERENT PATCH TYPES SUPPORTED DIFFERENT GROUPS OF SPECIES, AND PATCH VEGETATION WAS A PRODUCT OF MECHANISM OF PATCH CREATION, PATCH ENVIRONMENT, AND LOCATION.

TITLE: EFFECT OF CUTTING AND BURNING BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL GROWN FOR SEED ON THE TREFOIL SEED CHALCID (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE). (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: PETERSON, S.S. SW IDAHO RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CENTER, PARMA, ID; WEDBERG, O.L.; HOGG, D.B.

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. V. 292-298. 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BRUCHOPHAGUS; INSECT CONTROL; CUTTING DATE; BURNING; WISCONSIN, BRUCHOPHAGUS PLATYPTERUS.

TITLE: AMARANTH A PROMISING SOURCE OF FODDER PROTEIN. (LANG:RU, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: CHERNOV, I. A. (BOTANIC GARDENS, KAZAN STATE UNIVERSITY, KAZAN, RUSSIA.)

SOURCE: VESTNIK SEL'SKOKHOZYAISTVENNOI NAUKI (MOSKVA):NO. 2, P82-86, 1992.

KEYWORDS: AMARANTHUS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; AMINO ACIDS; LUPINUS; HORDEUM VULGARE; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LATHYRUS; GALEGA; PANICUM MILIACEUM; LYSINE; BARLEY; FODDER PLANTS; AMINDO ACIDS; COMPOSITION; AMARANTHUS; PROTEIN CONTENT

IMPROVING THE PRODUCTION OF FODDER PROTEIN IN RUSSIA IS DISCUSSED. ANALYSES ARE GIVEN OF THE AMINO ACID CONTENTS OF AMARANTHUS, BARLEY, LUPINS, MEDICAGO SATIVA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, LATHYRUS, GALEGA AND MILLET (PANICUM MILIACEUM) AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PROTEIN CONTENT AND OF 20 CROPS INCLUDING AMARANTHUS ON A DW BASIS. AMARANTHUS HAD THE HIGHEST LYSINE CONTENT IN PROTEIN (7.67%) OF THE CROPS TESTED.

TITLE: FORCING EXPRESSION OF A SOYBEAN ROOT GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE GENE IN TOBACCO LEAVES INDUCES A NATIVE GENE ENCODING CYTOSOLIC ENZYME. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: HIREL, B.; MARSOLIER, M. C.; HOARAU, A.; HOARAU, J.; BRANGEON, J.; SCHAFER, R.; VERMA, D. P. S. LABORATOIRE DU METABOLISME ET DE LA NUTRITION DES PLANTES, C.N.R.A., ROUTE DE ST. CYR, 78000 VERSAIL LES, FRANCE.)

SOURCE: PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: 20: 2, P207-218, 1992.

KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; SOYABEANS; TOBACCO; GLYCINE MAX; MOLECULAR GENETICS; GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE; GENE EXPRESSION; NICOTIANA TABACUM; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CLONING; GENETICS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE; GENE EXPRESSION; ENZYMES; SOYABEANS; TOBACCO; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOTS

GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE (GS) (GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE) IS PRESENT IN DIFFERENT SUBCELLULAR COMPARTMENTS IN PLANTS. IT IS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM IN ROOT AND ROOT NODULES AND IS GENERALLY PRESENT IN THE CHLOROPLASTS IN LEAVES. THE EXPRESSION OF GS GENE(S) ENHANCED IN ROOT NODULES AND IN SOYABEAN ROOTS TREATED WITH AMMONIA. FOUR GENES ENCODING SUBUNITS OF CYTOSOLICS WERE ISOLATED FROM SOYABEAN (GLYCINE MAX) CV. PRIZE. PROMOTER ANALYSIS OF ONE OF THESE GENES (GS15) SHOWED THAT IT IS EXPRESSED IN A ROOT-SPECIFIC MANNER IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS, BUT IS INDUCED BY AMMONIA ONLY IN THE LEGUME BACKGROUND. MAKING THE GS15 GENE EXPRESSION CONSTITUTIVE BY FUSION WITH THE CAMV 355 PROMOTER LED TO THE EXPRESSION OF GS IN THE LEAVES OF TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS. THE SOYABEAN GS WAS FUNCTIONAL AND WAS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM IN TOBACCO LEAVES WHERE THIS ENZYME IS NOT NORMALLY PRESENT. FORCING THIS CHANGE IN THE LOCATION OF GS CAUSED CONCOMITANT INDUCTION OF THE MRNA FOR A NATIVE CYTOSOLIC GS IN THE LEAVES OF TRANSGENIC TOBACCO. THE LATTER IS NORMALLY EXPRESSED ONLY IN THE ROOT TISSUE OF TOBACCO. THIS PHENOMENON SUGGESTS A HITHERTO UNCHARACTERIZEO METABOLIC CONTROL ON THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES IN PLANTS.

TITLE: CROWNVETCH (CORONILLA VARIA L.) IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA. (LANG:EN. CS(SUMM))

AUTHOR: HOFBAUER, J. (RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FODDER PLANTS, 664 41 TROUBSKO, CZECH REPUBLIC.)

SOURCE: SCIENTIFIC STUDIES-OSEVA RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FODDER PLANTS, OSEVA BREEDING INSTITUTE FOR FODDER PLANTS: NO. 12, P97-102, 1991.

KEYWORDS: CORONILLA VARIA; REVIEWS; SEED PRODUCTION; SOIL CONSERVATION; COMPARISONS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO LUPULINA; ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS

CORONILLA VARIA CV. EROZA, CHEMUNG AND KOMPOLTI WERE COMPARED WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS), BLACK MEDIC (MEDICAGO LUPULINA), KIDNEY VETCH (ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA) AND WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS) IN FIELD TRIALS AT 5 LOCATIONS OVER 15 YEARS. AVERAGE HAY YIELDS WERE 8.2-8.9, 8.2, 8.8, 9.5, 7.5, 8.1 AND 7.8 T/HA FOR THE SPECIES/CULTIVARS AS LISTED. CP CONTENTS WERE 20.8-22.2 FOR C. VARIA CULTIVARS AND 22.5, 21.5, 21.1 AND 22.8, FOR THE OTHER SPECIES AS LISTED. SEED YIELDS WERE 0.347-0.427 T/HA IN EROZA, 0.243 T IN CHEMUNG AND 0.263T IN KOMPOLTI. IN A TRIAL WITH M. SATIVA AND C. VARIA, HAY YIELDS WERE 10.60 AND 9.64 T/HA, RESPECTIVELY. A FULL AMINO ACID ANALYSIS IS GIVEN FOR C. VARIA ON 5 DATES. APART FROM A SOURCE OF FODDER FOR RUMINANTS, C. VARIA WAS RECOMMENDED FOR EROSION CONTROL, HONEY PRODUCTION AND AS A SOURCE OF CARDIOTONIC GLYCOSIDES AND OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES.

TITLE: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON GERMINATION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF ALPINE LEGUMES. (EXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUCHUNGEN UBER KEIMUNG UND ETABLIERUNG VON ALPINEN LEGUMINOSEN.) (LANG:DE, EN (SUMM))

AUTHOR: FLUELER, R. P. (GEOBOTANISCHES INSTITUT ETH, STIFTUNG RUBEL, 8044 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.)

SOURCE: VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN DES GEOBOTANISCHEN INSTITUTES DER ETH, STIFTUNG RUBEL, ZURICH: NO. 110, 149 PP., 1992.

KEYWORDS: SOIL CONSERVATION; GRASSLANDS; ALPINE GRASSLANDS; ANTHYLLIS ALPESTRIS; SEED GERMINATION; SEED TREATMENT; ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS; ASTRAGALUS FRIGIDUS; HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM; HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA; LOTUS ALPINUS; HOT WATER TREATMENT; SULFURIC ACID; OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS; OXYTROPIS JACQUINII; TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM; TRIFOLIUM BADIUM; TRIFOLIUM NIVALE; TRIFOLIUM PALLESCENS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM THALII; SEED DORMANCY; GERMINATION; SCARIFICATION; SEED SIZE; MOTHER PLANT ENVIRONMENT; DORMANCY

THE POTENTIAL USE OF LEGUMES FOR EROSION CONTROL IN ALPINE SKIING AREAS WAS STUDIED IN 1987-91. 14 LEGUME SPECIES OF THE DAVOS REGION WERE ASSESSED FOR GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH PERFORMANCE: ANTHYLLIS ALPESTRIS, ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS, ASTRAGALUS FRIGIDUS, HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM, HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA, LOTUS ALPINUS, OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS, O. JACQUINII, TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM, T. BADIUM, T. NIVALE, T. PALLESCENS, T. REPENS AND T. THALII. CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT STUDIES INVESTIGATED SEED WEIGHT AND ANATOMY, AND THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS ON STORABILITY, GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF UNTREATED AND TREATED SEEDS. SEED TREATMENTS WERE HOT WATER, SULFURIC ACID, GA AND MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION. FIELD STUDIES AT STRELA AND UAKOBSHORN INCLUDED SOIL AND NUTRIENT ANALYSES, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY RECORDS. IN SOWING TRIALS WITH UNTREATED AND SCARIFIED SEEDS, THE LEGUMES WERE SOWN (A) WITHOUT A SEEDBED PREPARATION OR WITH CURLEX (GEOTEXTILE) AND JUTE MAT COVERS, AND (B) WITHOUT FERTILIZER APPLICATION OR WITH 1-5 KG/M2 OF THE COMMERCIAL COMPOSTS PISTAREN, TERRAVERDE OR TRIOHUM, SUPPLEMENTED BY 0-100 G OF THE SLOW-RELEASE NPKMG FERTILIZER CERTOPLANT ROYAL/M2. GERMINATION BEHAVIOUR DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN LEGUME SPECIES AND IN DIFFERENT YEARS. NO PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENT OFTEN RESULTED IN POOR GERMINATION, DUE TO WATER AND GAS IMPERMEABLE TESTAS. SMALL-SIZED SEEDS ORIGINATING FROM HIGH ALTITUDES SHOWED A LONG INNATE DORMANCY. INDUCED DORMANCY TENDED TO OCCUR DURING ADVERSE STORAGE CONDITIONS. AS A PROTECTIVE MEASURE AGAINST GERMINATION IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS, ENFORCED DORMANCY WAS IDENTIFIED IN SOME SPECIES, PARTICULARLY IN DRY AND COLD SOIL CONDITIONS TOWARDS THE END OF THE GROWTH PERIOD. THE FERTILIZER INPUTS IMPROVED ABOVE GROUND GROWTH BUT NOT ROOT GROWTH. BOTH CURLEX AND JUTE COVERS SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED PLANT SURVIVAL. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT EROSION CONTROL WITH ALPINE LEGUMES IS POSSIBLE. SUITABLE SPECIES INCLUDE A. ALPESTRIS, H. COMOSA, L. ALPINUS AND T. ALPINUM AND T. NIVALE.

TITLE: SPREAD OF RHIZOBIUM AND BRADYRHIZOBIUM IN SOIL. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: LOWTHER, W.L. PATRICK, H.N.

SOURCE: SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIDCHEMISTRY. V. 25 (5) : P. 607-612 1993.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; RHIZOBIUM; BRADYRHIZOBIUM; SPREAD; RHIZOSPHERE; MOVEMENT IN SOIL; RESOWING; TOPOGRAPHY; NODULATION; NEW ZEALAND, RHIZDBIUM LOTI

MOVEMENT OF RHIZOBIUM LOTI AND BRADYRHIZOBIUM SP., FROM ESTABLISHED LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND L. PEDUNCULATUS RESPECTIVELY, WAS STUDIED TO DETERMINE IF LACK OF ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA WOULD LIMIT NDODULATION FOLLOWING NATURAL RESEEDING. HIGH POPULATIONS OF ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA OCCURRED IN THE SOIL UNDER ESTABLISHED PLANTS. HOWEVER, MOVEMENT AWAY FROM ESTABLISHED PLANTS VARIED WITH TOPOGRAPHY. DOWNSLOPE MOVEMENT WAS MOST RAPID, BUT DID NOT EXCEED 4.0 M YR-1. LATERAL MOVEMENT WAS VERY LOW AT &LT; 0.25 M YR-1. FEW ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA WERE DETECTED EVEN 1 M UPSLOPE FROM ESTABLISHED PLANTS 5 YR AFTER SOWING, INDICATING LITTLE MOVEMENT IN WIND-BLOWN DUST OR ON THE HOOVES OF GRAZING ANIMALS. WHEN ASSESSING THE FEASIBILITY OF NATURAL RESEEDING, MAXIMUM RATES OF SPREAD DF ROOT NODULE BACTERIA OF &LT; 0.25 AND 4 0 M YR-1 LATERALLY AND DOWNSLOPE RESPECTIVELY SHOULD BE EXPECTED.

TITLE: IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF MEDICAGO AND LOTUS SPECIES BY NODE CULTURE. (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: PUPILLI, F.; DAMIANI, F.; NENZ, E.; ARCIONI, S.

SOURCE: IN VITRO CELLULAR &AMP; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: PLANT. (4) : P. 167-171. 1992.

KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS TENUIS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS: MICROPROPAGATION; TISSUE CULTURE; ORGANOGENESIS; SHOOTS; BENZYLADENINE: KINETIN; ISOPENTENYLADENINE.

TITLE: COMPARISON OF PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT FROM A CONVENTIONAL DISC DRILL AND A PROTOTYPE STRIP SEEDER DRILL. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: LOWTHER, W. L.; FRASER, W. J.; HORRELL, R. F.; UOHNSTONE, P. D. (MAF TECHNOLOGY. INVERMAY AGRICULTURAL CENTRE, MOSGIEL, NEW ZEALAND.)

SOURCE: PROCEEOINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION: 53: P47-50, 1991.

KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; ESTABLISHMENT; HERBICIDES; SOWING METHODS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; PARAQUAT; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; PASTURES; DRILLS; GRASSLANDS; WEED CONTROL; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; HERBICIDES; ESTABLISHMENT; BIOMASS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; PARAOUAT; NEW ZEALAND; CONTROL; WEEDS

ESTABLISHMENT OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES DRILLED IN SPRING WITH A PROTOTYPE STRIP SEEDER DRILL OR A CONVENTIONAL TRIPLE DISC DRILL WERE COMPARED ON TWO SITES IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF PARAQUAT. ON THE EARNSCLEUGH SITE, PLANT ESTABLISHMENT IN AUTUMN, AS A PERCENTAGE OF VIABLE SEED SOWN, WAS HIGHER WITH THE PROTOTYPE DRILL THAN WITH THE TRIPLE DISC DRILL IN THE ABSENCE OF PARAQUAT. THE APPLICATION OF PARAQUAT INCREASED ESTABLISHMENT WITH THE TRIPLE DISC DRILL AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DRILLS WERE NOT CONSISTENT OVER SPECIES. PARAQUAT HAD NO DISCERNIBLE EFFECT ON THE COMPETING VEGETATION OR ESTABLISHMENT AT OHAU DOWNS. ESTABLISHMENT OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA BUT NOT TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN AUTUMN IN THE PROTOTYPE DRILL TREATMENT. TREATMENT EFFECTS ON STANDING HERBAGE MASS ON BOTH SITES FOLLOWED A SIMILAR TRENO TO ESTABLISHMENT ALTHOUGH PARAQUAT INCREASED HERBAGE MASS IN THE PROTOTYPE DRILL TREATMENTS ON EARNSCLEUGH, IN CONTRAST TO THE NON-SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON ESTABLISHMENT. THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATE THE POTENTIAL OF THE PROTOTYPE STRIP SEEDER DRILL FOR COST EFFECTIVE ESTABLISHMENT OF IMPROVED PASTURE SPECIES IN DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENTS.

TITLE: THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MAKU LOTUS AS A FOREST UNDERSTOREY. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: WEST, G. G.; DEAN, M. G.; PERCIVAL, N. S. (FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, ROTORUA, NEW ZEALAND.)

SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION: 53: P169-173, 1991.

KEYWORDS: AGROFORESTRY; NEW ZEALAND; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; ESTABLISHMENT; OVERSOWING; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; FORESTS; WEEDS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; INVASION; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; HOLCUS LANATUS; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; NEW ZEALAND

OVERSOWING LOTUS ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU OFFERS CONSIDERABLE SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF UNDERSTOREY FORAGE PRODUCTION IN NEW ZEALAND'S PLANTATION FORESTS. IN A GRAZING TRIAL IN KAINGAROA FOREST (PINUS RADIATA) ANNUAL FORAGE YIELDS OF PREDOMINANTLY L. ULIGINOSUS WERE 3000-5000 KG/HA DM FROM TREE AGE 4-7 YEARS BUT DECLINED TO 1000-3000 KG DM/HA BY AGE 11 YEARS. FORAGE YIELDS AVAILABLE FOR GRAZING UNDER DIFFERENT TREE STOCKINGS (100, 200 AND 400 STEMS/HA) WERE (UP TO TREE AGE 11) APPROXIMATELY THE SAME, IN SPITE OF THE PERCENTAGE AREA COVERED WITH SLASH BEING SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY TREE STOCKING. FORAGE SPECIES COMPOSITION SINCE TIME OF OVERSOWING CHANGED FROM INITIAL STANDS OF ALMOST PURE L. ULIGINOSUS TO A MIXTURE OF L. ULIGINOSUS AND LOWER FERTILITY GRASSES, PARTICULARLY HOLCUS LANATUS, AND FLAT WEEDS. BY TREE AGE 11 YEARS (8 YEARS AFTER OVERSOWING) L. ULIGINOSUS COMPRISED 20-30, OF UNDERSTOREY GROUND COVER, BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT CATTLE GRAZING.

TITLE: PASTORAL FALLOW FOR IMPROVING LOW FERTILITY HILL COUNTRY PASTURES. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: MACKAY, A. D.; BUDDING, P. J.; ROSS, D. J.; TATE, K. R.; ORCHARD, V. A.; HART, P. E.. S; KETTLES, H. A. (DSIR GRASSLANDS, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)

SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION: 53: P209-213, 1991.

KEYWORDS: AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS; GRAZING SYSTEMS; GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT; ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS; NEW ZEALAND; FALLOW; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; CYCLING; NITROGEN; CARBON; GRASSLANDS; PERMANENT GRASSLANDS

THE EFFECT OF A PASTORAL FALLOW FROM EARLY SPRING (SEP.) T3 AUTUMN (APR./MAY), WITH OR WITHOUT ADDED FERTILIZER, ON PASTURE AND LEGUME GROWTH RATES, TOTAL PASTURE BIOMASS ACCUMULATION, NITROGEN FIXATION, AND ON SOIL CARBON AND NITROGEN CYCLING IN THE YEAR OF THE FALLOW, AND IN THE YEAR AFTER THE FALLOW, WAS EVALUATED ON 2.2 HA OF MODERATE TO STEEP LOW FERTILITY, SUMMER MOIST HILL COUNTRY DOMINATED BY AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS, ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS SP. AT BALLANTRAE, DSIR GRASSLANDS HILL COUNTRY RESEARCH STATION. THE MAJOR EFFECT WAS TO OPEN THE SWARD, INCREASE INDIVIDUAL PLANT SIZE, VIGOUR AND ROOTING DEPTH, INCREASE THE PRESENCE AND VIGOUR OF T. REPENS BY CREATING NEW NICHES FOR GROWTH, AND IMPROVE N FIXATION BY LEGUMES IN THE YEAR AFTER THE FALLOW ONLY. THE DATA ON SOIL C AND N DYNAMICS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE CONCEPT OF FALLOWING ADDING A POOL OF POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE N TO THE SOIL. THE BENEFITS OF A FALLOW FOR MOIST HILL COUNTRY AND OTHER PASTORAL FARMING SYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED.

TITLE: CAUSAL ANALYSES OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED ALTERATION OF THE SPECIES COMPOSITION IN A GOLDEN OAT MEADOW. (KAUSALITATSANALYSE CHEMIKALIENINDUZIERTER ANDERUNGEN IM ARTENGEFUGE EINER GOLDHAFERWIESE.) (LANG:DE, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: NEEMANN, G.; STICKAN, W.; RUNGE, M. (SYSTEMATISCH-GEOBOTANISCHES INSTITUT, UNIVERSITAT GOTTINGEN, 3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.)

SOURCE: ANGEWANDTE BDTANIK: 66: 5-6, P169-173, 1992.

KEYWORDS: PLANT COMPOSITION; PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA; FUNGICIDES; HERBICIDES; INSECTICIDES; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; FESTUCA RUBRA; ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PESTICIDES; ROOTS; COMPOSITION; CARBOHYDRATES; PENTACHLDROPHENOL; WEEDS; TRISETETUM FLAVESCENTIS; GERMANY; CONTROL; POPULATION DYNAMICS: PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; FESTUCA RUBRA; ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; HERBICIDES; STACHYOSE; FODDER CROPS;

AS WEEDS AN EXTENSIVELY MANAGED TRISETETUM FLAVESCENTIS MEADOW WAS TREATED WITH 0.75 G PENTACHLOROPHENOL (PCP)/M2 IN 1, 3 OR 10 APPLICATIONS DURING THE GROWING SEASON. ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS WAS HARVESTED 10 TIMES IN THE APPLICATION YEAR AND 4 TIMES IN THE SUBSEQUENT YEAR. PCP APPLICATION DID NOT AFFECT TOTAL ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS AT ANY HARVEST BUT ALTERED THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF THE STAND. THIS WAS ILLUSTRATED BY THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM RESPONSES OF PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, LOTUS ULIGINOSUS, FESTUCA RUBRA AND ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM. MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES OF P. LANCEOLATA AND F. RUBRA IN LATE JULY, 89, 28 AND 7 D AFTER APPLICATION OF 100, 33 AND 10, , RESPECTIVELY, OF THE TOTAL PCP DOSE, SHOWED NO SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS EXCEPT IN P. LANCEOLATA 7 D AFTER PCP APPLICATION. THE RESPONSES OF P. LANCEOLATA WERE ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN THE STACHYOSE RESERVES IN THE ROOTSTOCK DURING THE GROWING SEASON.

TITLE: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CLONAL GROWTH OF ALPINE LEGUMES. (EXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUHUNGEN UBER KLONAL WACHSENDE ALPINE LEGUMINOSEN.) (LANG:DE, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: HASLER, A. R. (GEOBOTANISCHES INSTITUT DER EIDGENDSSISCHEN TECHNISCHEN HOCHSCHULE (ETH), 8044 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.)

SOURCE: VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN OES GEOBOTANISCHEN INSTITUTES DER ETH, STIFTUNG KUBEL, ZURICH:NO. 111, 04 PP., 126 54;1992.

KEYWORDS: HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM; GROWTH; COMPARISONS; ANTHYLLIS ALPESTRIS; OXYTROPIS UACQUINII OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS; ASTRAGALUS FRIGIOUS; ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS; HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA; LOTUS ALPINUS; TRIFOLIUM BADIUM; TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM; TRIFOLIUM PALLESCENS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM THALII

ASPECTS OF CLONAL PLANT GROWTH ARE REVIEWED AND RELATED TO THE RESULTS OF GLASSHOUSE STUDIES, GARDEN AND FIELD TRIALS CARRIED OUT IN SKIING AREAS NEAR OAVOS, IN 1987-91. PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENTS WAS TO COMPARE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF 14 ALPINE LEGUME SPECIES: HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM, ANTHYLLIS ALPESTRIS, OXYTROPIS JACQUINII, O. CAMPESTRIS, ASTRAGALUS FRIGIDUS, A. ALPINUS, HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA, LOTUS ALPINUS, TRIFOLIUM BADIUM, T. ALPINUM, T. PALLESCENS, T. REPENS AND T. THALII. THE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED WITH EMPHASIS ON CLONAL GROWTH, SELF-SEEDING, EXPANSION GROWTH, SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT, ANNUAL GROWTH PATTERN, POPULATION DYNAMICS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON PHENOTYPE, AND THE POTENTIAL USE OF LEGUMES IN EROSION CONTROL AND ECOLOGICAL REGENERATION OF ALPINE SKIING AREAS.

TITLE: TOLERANCE OF SOME SUBTROPICAL PASTURE LEGUMES TO WATERLOGGING. (LANG:EN, ES(SUMM))

AUTHOR: SHIFERAW, W.; SHELTON, H. M.; SO, H. B. (DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, BRISBANE, QLD 4072, AUSTRALIA.)

SOURCE: TROPICAL GRASSLANDS: 26: 3, P187-195, 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; FLOODING TOLERANCE; WATERLOGGING; TRANSPIRATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; VIGNA PARKERI; TRIFOLIUM SEMIPILOSUM; AESCHYNOMENE AMERICANA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; FLOODING

THE WATERLOGGING TOLERANCE OF 8 PASTURE LEGUMES WAS STUDIED IN A GREENHOUSE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA DURING THE SPRING OF 1989. THE SPECIES WERE LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. MAKU AND ACCESSIONS G4704 AND 67677, L. CORNICULATUS ACCESSION G32, VIGNA PARKERI CV. SHAW, TRIFOLIUM SEMIPILOSUM CV. SAFARI, AESCHYNOMENE AMERICANA CV. GLENN AND MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. TRIFECTA. WATERLOGGING TREATMENTS WERE INUNDATION TO 3 CM ABOVE SOIL LEVEL FOR 0, 3, 7 OR 14 D. THE REDOX POTENTIAL OF THE YELLOW PODZOLIC SOIL (TYPIC HAPLOXERULT) DROPPED FROM +350 MILLIVOLTS (MV) TO -300 MV AFTER 14 0 WATERLOGGING, INDICATING THAT ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS PREVAILED. THE SPECIES MOST TOLERANT OF WATERLOGGING WERE A. AMERICANA BY L. PEDUNCULATUS CV. MAKU AND T. SEMIPILOSUM. THESE SPECIES TRANSPIRED THE HIGHEST AMOUNTS OF WATER IMMEDIATELY AFTER WATERLOGGING WAS IMPOSED, ACCUMULATED THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS OF MN IN PLANT TOPS, AND PRODUCED ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS. TOLERANCE IN L. PEDUNCULATUS CV. MAKU WAS ALSO INDICATED BY THICKENING OF SUBMERGED STEMS AND SUBERIZATION OF ROOTS. THE REMAINING LOTUS SPECIES SHOWED MEDIUM TOLERANCE. THE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES WERE M. SATIVA AND V. PARKERI WHICH SHOWED THE LOWEST RATE OF TRANSPIRATION, LOWEST CONCENTRATIONS OF MN IN SHOOTS, GREATEST REDUCTION IN PLANT WEIGHT DUE TO WATERLOGGING, AND FINALLY WILTING AND DEATH. ALL SPECIES SHOWED REDUCED NODULATION AND N CONCENTRATIONS IN SHOOTS FOLLOWING WATERLOGGING.

TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL SELENIUM ACCUMULATION AMONG FORAGE PLANT SPECIES GROWN IN SOILS AMENDED WITH SELENIUM ENRICHED PLANT TISSUE. {LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BANUELOS, G. S.; MEAD, R.; WU, L.; BEUSELINCK, P.; AKDHDUE, S. USDA-ARS, WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY, FRESND, CA 93727, USA.)

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION: 47: 4, P338-342, 1992.

KEYWORDS: RAPE; MINERAL NUTRITION; SELENIUM; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; ACCUMULATION; BRASSICA JUNCEA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MINERAL UPTAKE; SELENIUM; GREEN MANURES; DRY MATTER; NUTRIENT UPTAKE

FIELD TRIALS IN 1989-90 FRESNO, CALIFORNIA EVALUATED THE DIFFERENTIAL ABILITY OF SE ACCUMULATION AMONG MEDICAGO SATIVA, FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, AND RAPE, BRASSICA JUNCEA GROWN IN SOIL WHERE SE-LADEN GREEN MANURE (B. JUNCEA) HAD BEEN INCORPORATED. SIXTY LATER, THE MEAN TOTAL SOIL SE CONCENTRATION AT TIME OF TRANSPLANTING WAS 0.7 MG SE/KG SOIL. PLANTS WERE CUT 60 AND 105 D AFTER TRANSPLANTING, RESPECTIVELY, THEN WEIGHED AND ANALYSED FOR TOTAL TISSUE SE, CP AND DIGESTIBLE DM. THE ORDER DF TISSUE SE ACCUMULATION AMONG PLANT SPECIES TESTED WERE B. JUNCEA=RAPE, M. SATIVA, L. CORNICULATUS, AND F. ARUNDINACEAE. SE CONCENTRATIONS RANGED FROM 1.3 TO 50 MG/KG DM IN F. ARUNDINACEA AND B. JUNCEA/RAPE, RESPECTIVELY. CP RANGED FROM 16 TO 27, FOR ALL SPECIES, EXCLUDING STEM TISSUE FRDM B. JUNCEA AND RAPE. DIGESTIBLE DM OF AT LEAST 90 WAS UNIFORM AMONGST F. ARUNDINACEA, L. CORNICULATUS AND M. SATIVA.

TITLE: IS THERE RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS? (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: KAKES, P.; HAKVDDRT, H. (DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND ECDTOXICDLDGY, VRIUE UNIVERSITEIT, 1081HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.)

SOURCE: PHYTOCHEMISTRY: 31: 5, P1501-1505, 1992.

KEYWORDS: SULFOTRANSFERASES; BRASSICA OLERACEA; ENZYMES; SULPHOTRANSFERASES; SORGHUM; CASSAVA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ACACIA ERIOLOBA; ARTOCARPUS LANCEIFOLIUS; ESCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA; HEVEA

A METHOD TO MEASURE LOW RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS IS PROPDSED, AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE REACTION MIXTURE ON SPONTANEOUS THIOCYANATE FORMATION WAS STUDIED. THE PROPOSED METHOD WAS USED TO STUDY RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, SORGHUM, CASSAVA, ACACIA ERIOLOBA, ARTOCARPUS LANCEIFDLIUS, BRASSICA DLERACEA, ESCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA AND HEVEA BRAZILIENSIS (H. BRASILIENSIS). THE SPECIES/CULTIVARS TESTED INCLUDED BOTH CYANOGENIC AND ACYANDGENIC PLANTS. IN ALL CASES RHODANESE ACTIVITY WAS VERY LOW. NO RELATION BETWEEN CYANOGENESIS AND RHODANESE ACTIVITY WAS FOUND. THE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN THESE RESULTS AND MOST OTHER AUTHORS ARE DISCUSSED AND THE POSSIBILITY RAISED THAT RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS IS DUE TO THE ACTION OF OTHER ENZYME(S).

TITLE: ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE SEED PROTEINS OF SOME SPECIES IN GENUS LOTUS. (LANG:EN, DE(SUMM)

AUTHOR: SAMMOUR, R. H.; HAMOUD, M. A.; HAIDAR, A. S.; BADR, A. (DEPARTMENT DF BDTANY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, TANTA UNIVERSITY, TANTA, EGYPT.)

SOURCE: FEDDES REPERTDRIUM: 104: 3-4, P251-257, 1993.

KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; SDS-PAGE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS CRETICUS; LOTUS HALOPHILUS; LOTUS POLYPHYLLOS; LOTUS PEREGRINUS; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; FODDER LEGUMES; MAPS; LOTUS; PROTEINS; SEEDS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SEEDS; COMPOSITION; PROTEINS; LOTUS CRETICUS; LOTUS HALOPHILUS; LOTUS POLYPHYLLOS; LOTUS PEREGRINUS; TAXONOMY; LOTUS

THE SEED PROTEINS OF A NUMBER OF ACCESSIONS OF L. CORNICULATUS, L. CRETICUS, L. HALOPHILUS, L. POLYPHYLLOS AND L. PEREGRINUS WERE ELECTROPHORETICALLV ANALYSED USING SDS-PAGE. THE MAJORITY OF THE SEED PROTEINS OF THESE SPECIES IS LEGUMIN-LIKE PROTEIN. ALTHOUGH EACH SPECIES SHOWED A DISTINCTIVE ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERN, THERE WERE ELECTROPHORETIC VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE ACCESSIONS OF L. CORNICULATUS, L. CRETICUS AND L. HALOPHILUS. THESE VARIATIONS ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES. CLUSTER ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT L. HALOPHILUS STANDS APART FROM THE OTHER SPECIES AND THAT L. CRETICUS AND L. POLYPHYLLDS ARE THE MOST CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES.

TITLE: PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FROM BIOMASS CONTAMINATED WITH RADIONUCLIDES. (LANG:RU, UK, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: NIZHKO, V. F.; SHINKARENKO, M. P.; POLOZHAI, V. V.; KRIVCHIK, O. V. (INSTITUTE OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS, LIKRAINIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, KIEV, UKRAINE.)

SOURCE: FIZIOLOGIYA I BIOKHIMIYA KUL'TURNYKH RASTENII:24: 6, P599-603, 1992.

KEYWORDS: MELILOTUS ALBUS; LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LUPINUS LUTEUS; POLLUTION; RADIONUCLIDES; ONOBRYCHIS HYBRIDUS; SYMPHYTUM ASPERUM; POLYGONUM DIVARICATUM; MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; MEDICAGO VARIA; SILPHIUM PERFOLIATUM

COEFFICIENTS OF RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION WERE DETERMINED FOR TRADITIONAL AND UNCOMMON FORAGE CROPS GROWN ON CONTAMINATED SOIL IN THE KIEV, PRIPYAT' AND NOVD-SHEPELICHI DISTRICTS. WITH LOW RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS (0.7-1.0 KBQ/KG) IN THE SOIL, MINIMAL LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION WERE FOUND IN BIOMASS OF LUPINUS LUTEUS AND ONOBRYCHIS HYBRIDUS AND RELATIVELY HIGH LEVELS IN SYMPHYTUM ASPERUM AND POLYGONUM DIVARICATUM. AT HIGHER LEVELS OF SOIL CONTAMINATION (23.1-265.3 KBQ/KG), MELILOTUS ALBUS AND M. OFFICINALIS SHOWED LOW ACCUMULATION COEFFICIENTS (0.08-0.19); LOTUS CORNICULATUS (0.3), TRIFOLIUM REPENS (1.01), T. PRATENSE |1.15) AND SILPHIUM PERFOLIATUM (1.19) HAD INTERMEDIATE ACCUMULATION COEFFICIENTS AND T. HYBRIDUM (1.60) THE HIGHEST. EVEN AT LOW SOIL RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS, MEDICAGO VARIA AND POLYGONUM SP. HAD HIGH ACCUMULATION COEFFICIENTS. BIOMASS OF M. ALBUS AND T. HYBRIDUM WAS USED TO PRODUCE LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE. WITH CONTAMINATION LEVELS OF 1 KBQ/KG OR GREATER, CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THERMAL PRECIPITATION OF PROTEIN DID NOT GIVE A PURE PRODUCT; 2-STAGE PROCESSING IMPROVED CONCENTRATE PURITY.

TITLE: SPECIES DIVERSIFICATION FOR TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS. (DIVERSIFICATION DES ESPECES POUR PRAIRIES TEMPORAIRES.) (LANG:FR, EN, DE(SUMM))

AUTHOR: LEHMANN, U.; BRINER, H. U.; MOSIMANN, E.; CHALET, C. (STATION FEDERALE DE RECHERCHES AGONOMIQUES DE RECKENHOLZ, 8046 ZURICH-RECKENHOLZ, SWITZERLAND.)

SOURCE: REVUE SUISSE D'AGRICULTURE: 24: 3, P159-163, 1992.

KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; CULTIVARS; SWITZERLAND; ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFDLIA; MEDICAGO LUPULINA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS; AGROSTIS GIGANTEA; AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS; ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS; TRISETUM FLAVESCENS; FESTUCA OVINA

FIELD TRIALS AT 8 SITES IN SWITZERLAND IN 1989-91 TO EVALUATE CULTIVARS OF THE FOLLOWING GRASSLAND CROPS ARE REPORTED: TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM, ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA, MEDICAGO LUPULINA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS, AGROSTIS GIGANTEA, AGROSTIS TENUIS (A. CAPILLARIS), ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS, TRISETUM FLAVESCENS AND FESTUCA OVINA. BASED ON THE RESULTS, 11 CULTIVARS FROM 6 SPECIES WERE ADDED TO THE SWISS LIST OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVARS OF FORAGE PLANTS.

TITLE: EVALUATION OF SOLUTION CULTURE TECHNIOUES FOR STUDYING ALUMINIUM TOXICITY IN PLANTS. LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BLAMEY, F. P. C.; EDMEADES, D. C.; ASHER, C. U.; EDWARDS, D. G.; WHEELER, D. M. (DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, ST. LUCIA 4067, AUSTRALIA.)

SOURCE: PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, 24-29 JUNE 1990, BECKLEY, WEST VIRGINIA, USA. VOL. 45; 1991.

KEYWORDS: TECHNIQUES; STRESS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; TOXIC SUBSTANCES; ALUMINIUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS; CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH; LOTUS ULIGONOSUS; MINERAL NUTRITION; ALUMINIUM; TOXICITY; LOTUS CORNICULATUS

LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU (AL-TOLERANT) AND L. CORNICULATUS CV. MAITLAND (AL-SENSITIVE) WERE GROWN IN LOW (2300 MICROM) AND HIGH (22 000 MICROM) IONIC STRENGTH NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS WITH 4 MONOMERIC AL (AL MONO) CONCENTRATIONS IN THE RANGE 0-21 MICROM. INFORMATION IS GIVEN ON THE CONCENTRATION OF 13 ELEMENTS MEASURED IN ROOTS OF THESE PLANTS, AND RELATIVE ROOT AND SHOOT DRY MASSES. IN SOLUTIONS OF LOW IONIC STRENGTH, THE YIELD OF GRASSLANDS MAKU WAS NOT AFFECTED BY AL, BUT THAT OF MAITLAND DECREASED BY MORE THAN OR EQUAL T0 40, WITH MORE THAN OR EQUAL T0 8 MICROM AL MONO. IN CONTRAST, THE GROWTH OF NEITHER CULTIVAR WAS DECREASED WITH 21 MICROM AL MONO IN SOLUTIONS OF HIGH IONIC STRENGTH. THE RESULTS INDICATED THE IMPORTANCE OF CONDUCTING STUDIES ON AL TOXICITY IN TEST SOLUTIONS THAT APPROXIMATE THE SOIL SOLUTION'S COMPOSITION, IONIC STRENGTH AND AL ACTIVITY.

TITLE: SHORT-TERM BIOASSAY OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS SOIL ACIDITY TOLERANCE. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: BELESKY, O. P.; FEDDERS, O. M.;WRIGHT, R. U. (APALACHIAN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY, PO BOX 867, AIRPORT ROAD, BECKLEY, WV 25802-0867, USA.)

SOURCE: PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, 24-29 JUNE 1990, BECKLEY, WEST VIRGINIA, USA. P931-938, DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES, VOL. 45; 1991.

KEYWORDS: STRESS; PASTURE PLANTS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOTS; SOIL PH; CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SOIL PH; SOIL DENSITY; SOIL WATER; ROOTS; GROWTH; SOIL AMENDMENTS; LIME; CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH

SEEDLINGS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS ENTRIES FERGUS AND G32 WERE RAISED IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ON DEKALB SANDY LOAMS OF BULK DENSITY 1.00, 1.15 AND 1.30 G CM-3 AND WITH MOISTURE CONTENTS OF 65, 80 AND 95 PW (PERCENTAGE OF WATER RETAINED AT -0.03 MPA). SIMILARLY, SEEDLINGS OF10 ENTRIES (INCLUDING THE 2 MENTIONED ABOVE) WERE GROWN ON DEKALB, DANDRIDGE AND BERKS SOILS, BULK DENSITY 1.0 G CM-3, PW 80, UNDER BOTH LIMED AND UNLIMED CONDITIONS, AND EVALUATIONS OF GROWTH WERE MADE AT 3 DAYS AND 5 WEEKS. DATA IS TABULATED ON 11 SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION PROPERTIES. ROOT LENGTH OF 3-DAY-OLD SEEDLINGS OF FERGUS AND G32 DECREASED AS BULK DENSITY AND SOIL WATER INCREASED. IN THE SECOND EXPERIMENT, THE ROOT LENGTH OF ALL ENTRIES WAS GREATER IN DANDRIDGE SOILS AND LIMING SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVED ROOT GROWTH. CULTIVAR CARROL PRODUCED THE GREATEST ROOT LENGTH IN DANDRIDGE (34 MM, 28 MM) AND BERKS (31 MM, 25 MM) SOILS, UNDER LIMED AND UNLIMED CDNDITIONS, RESPECTIVELY. AU DEWEY RANKED HIGHEST FOR ACIDITY TOLERANCE IN BOTH THE 3 DAY AND 5 WEEK BIOASSAY.

TITLE: POLLEN MORPHOLOGY IN LOTEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE GENUS LOTUS (LANG: EN)

AUTHOR: CROMPTON, C. W.; GRANT, W. F. (CENTRE FOR LAND &AMP; BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES RESEARCH, RESEARCH BRANCH, AGRICULTURE CANADA, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A OC6, CANADA.)

SOURCE: GRANA: 32: 3, P129-153, 1993.

KEYWORDS: FODDER LEGUMES; LEGUMINOSAE; LOTUS; POLLEN; TAXONOMY; GENETIC RESOURCES; TAXONOMY

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY WAS USEO TO CLARIFY SOME TAXONOMIC DIFFERENCES IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LOTEAE TRIBE AND THE GENUS LOTUS. THE ANALYSIS OF PALYNOLOGICAL DATA BY NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES INDICATED A CLEAR TAXONOMIC SEPARATION OF MANY HIGHER CATEGORIES. SUBGENERA SYRMATIUM, SIMPETERIA AND ACMISPON WERE DETERMINEO TO BE MOST CLOSELY RELATED, WHILE SUBGENUS HOSACKIA IS SEPARATE. OLD WORLD LOTUS WERE FOUND TO BE STENOPALYNOUS WHILE NEW WORLD LOTUS WERE EURYPALYNOUS, THEREBY SEPARATING THE SPECIES INTO TWO PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS. VARIOUS TAXONOMIC TREATMENTS WERE EXAMINED AND OLD WORLD LOTUS APPEARED TO BE MORE CLEARLY DEFINED THAN THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE NORTH AMERICAN TAXA. THIS IS SUPPORTED BY THE RESULTS OF THE PALYNOLOGICAL STUDY. SOME TAXA CONSIDERED AS LOTUS SENSU STRICTO MAY REQUIRE CLASSIFICATION INTO OTHER GENERA. THE RESULTS INDICATED AFFINITIES WITHIN OR BETWEEN TAXA OF THE SUBGENERIC AND SPECIFIC LEVEL WHICH SHOULD AID IN SELECTING POSSIBLE TAXA COMBINATIONS FOR PURPOSES OF PLANT BREEDING AND MOLECULAR STUDIES.

TITLE: LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CAV. (GREATER LOTUS) CV. SHARNAE. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: WILSON, G. P. M. (NSW AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH &AMP; ADVISORY STATION, PMB 2, GRAFTON, NSW 2460, AUSTRALIA.)

SOURCE: TROPICAL GRASSLANDS: 26: 2, P140-141, 1992.

KEYWORDS: FODDER LEGUMES; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; VARIETIES; SHARNAE; PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES; MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA; CONTROL; PEST RESISTANCE

REGISTERED IN 1991, THE L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. SHARNAE WAS DEVELOPED FROM THE ACCESSION CPI67677 COLLECTED IN THE ALGARVE, PORTUGAL IN 1974. IT IS A STOLONIFEROUS, PERENNIAL, UPRIGHT OR DECUMBENT CULTIVAR AND IS MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR TO CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU BUT IS LESS HAIRY. ON THE NORTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES, SHARNAE FLOWERS FROM MID SEPTEMBER TO LATE SUMMER AND HAS GIVEN HIGHER FORAGE YIELDS DURING LATE SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER THAN GRASSLANDS MAKU. OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT IT IS TOLERANT OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA.

TITLE: STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN SOME MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. S.L. (LEGUMINOSAE JUSS.) IN EUROPEAN RUSSIA AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES. (LANG:RU, ENG SUMM))

AUTHOR: KRAMINA, T. E. (MOSKOVSKII GOSUOARSTVENNYI UNIVERSITET, MOSCOW, RUSSIA.)

SOURCE: BYULLETEN' MOSKOVSKOGO OBSHCHESTVA ISPYTATELEI PRIRODY, EIOLOGICHESKII:97: 6, P108-119, 1992.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MORPHOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY

IN A STUDY OF VARIATION IN 18 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN 22 LOCAL POPULATIONS IN RELATION TO VARIATION IN MICROCLIMATE, MARKED VARIATION WAS FOUND IN MOST POPULATIONS IN RESPECT OF MOST TRAITS, AND A TENDENCY TO CLINAL VARIATION ALONG A NORTH-WEST TO SOUTH-EAST GRADIENT WAS FOUND FOR SOME TRAITS (ESPECIALLY CALYX AND LEAF HAIR DENSITY, LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIO OF LEAFLETS IN THE COMPOUND LEAF, AND FLOWER SIZE). SOME OF THESE CHARACTERS (LEAFLET SIZE AND HAIR DENSITY ON DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS) HAD AN ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE, WITH A TENDENCY FOR LEAFLET SIZE TO FALL AND HAIR DENSITY TO RISE FROM THE NORTH WEST TO THE SOUTH EAST AS MOISTURE AVAILABLE DECREASED AND THE NEED TO REDUCE TRANSPIRATION AND INCREASE THE REFLECTION OF SUNLIGHT ROSE.

TITLE: FIELD CROP BREEDING IN LITHUANIA. (LAUKO AUGALU SELEKCIJA LIETUVOUE.) (LANG:LI, RU, EN(SUMM)

AUTHOR: LAZAUSKAS, U.;DAPKUS, R. (EDITORS) V

SOURCE: VILNIUS, LITHUANIA; MOKSLAS: 251 PP., 244 1992.

KEYWORDS: WHEAT; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; BARLEY; HORDEUM VULGARE; OATS; AVENA SATIVA; RYE; SECALE CEREALE; BUCKWHEAT; FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM; MAIZE; ZEA MAYS; PANICUM MILIACEUM; PEAS; PISUM SATIVUM; VICIA SATIVA; LUPINUS; VICIA FABA; ORNITHOPUS; GLYCINE MAX; LENS CULINARIS; LENTILS; SOYABEAN; POTATOES; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM; SWEDES; BRASSICA NAPUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; CLOVERS; LUCERNE; MEDICAGO SATIVA; ONOBRYCHIS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PHLEUM PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; FESTUCA RUBRA; LOLIUM PERENNE; LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM VAR. WESTERWOLDICUM; BROMUS INERMIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; POA PRATENSIS; POA PALUSTRIS; PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA; AGROSTIS ALBA; CEREALS; GRAIN LEGUMES; FODDER LEGUMES; GRASSES; ROOT CROPS; BREEDING; LINUM USITATISSIMUM; FLAX; TRITICUM; HORDEUM; SECALE; BETA VULGARIS; FODDER BEET; SUGARBEET; CROPS; BOOKS; BOOKS; BREEDING; LITHUANIA; BREEDING; LITHUANIA; BOOKS; BOOKS; BREEDING; SEED PRODUCTION; GRASSES; LEGUMES; CEREALS

AFTER INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ON THE HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC PLANT BREEDING IN LITHUANIA AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIAN VARIETIES, CHAPTERS ARE DEVOTED TO METHODS OF DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING VARIETIES (CHAPTER 3), STATE TRIALS AND RELEASE OF NEW VARIETIES (4), AND THE BREEDING OF CEREALS (5), INCLUDING WINTER WHEAT, WINTER RYE, SPRING WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS, BUCKWHEAT, MAIZE AND PROSO MILLET, GRAIN LEGUMES (6), INCLUDING PEA, VETCH, LUPIN, FABA BEANS, SERRADELLA, SOYABEAN AND LENTIL, INDUSTRIAL CROPS (7), INCLUDING FLAX AND SUGARBEET, POTATOES (8), FODDER ROOT CROPS (9) INCLUDING FODDER BEET AND FODDER SWEDE, HERBAGE LEGUMES (10), INCLUDING RED CLOVER, WHITE AND ALSIKE CLOVER, LUCERNE, SAINFOIN AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL LOTUS CORNICULATUS), AND GRASSES (11), INCLUDING PHLEUM PRATENSE, FESTUCA PRATENSIS, F. RUBRUM, F. ARUNDINACEA, LOLIUM PERENNE, BROMUS INERMIS, POA PRATENSIS, P. PALUSTRIS, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA, AGROSTIS ALBA AND LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM VAR. WESTERWOLDICUM. THE LAST CHAPTER (12) DEALS WITH SEED PRODUCTION OF CEREALS, PRODUCTION OF VIRUS-FREE POTATO BY MERISTEM CULTURE, AND THE VARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION OF PERENNIAL HERBAGE CROPS. DESCRIPTIONS ARE GIVEN OF MANY OF THE VARIETIES BRED.

TITLE: LIVE MULCHES AND HERBICIDES IN FRUIT ORCHARDS. (ENHERBADOS Y HERBICIDAS EN FRUTALES.) (LANG:ES, EN(SUMM))

AUTHOR: PEREZ, E.; AIBAR, J.; ZARAGOZA, C (ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA POLITECNICA DE LA ALUMNIA DE DONAGODINA, 50 100 SARAGOSSA, SPAIN.)

SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1992 CONGRESS OF THE SPANISH WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY. MADRID, SPAIN; SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE MALHERBOLOGIA. :P347-351, 1992.

KEYWORDS: PEACHES; SPAIN; WEEDS; PHYSICAL CONTROL; CHEMICAL CONTROL; MULCHING; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; IMAZETHAPYR; CONTROL; MCPA; CONFERENCES; SPANISH WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY

IN A FLOOD-IRRIGATED PEACH ORCHARD NEAR SARAGOSSA, TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV HUIA, MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA CV BORUNG AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS WERE SOWN AS LIVE MULCH IN THE ALLEYS. THE MOST RAPID T0 ESTABLISH WAS T. REPENS FOLLOWED BY M. TRUNCATULA, WHICH DISAPPEARED IN SUMMER, AND THE SLOWEST WAS L. CORNICULATUS. VARIOUS HERBICIDES WERE APPLIED T0 THE LEGUMES POST-EM. IN WINTER TO AID ESTABLISHMENT. GOOD SELECTIVE WEED CONTROL WAS OBTAINED WITH IMAZETHAPYR AT 0.2 KG/HA IN M. TRUNCATULA AND L. CORNICULATUS AND WITH MCPA AT 0.3 KG/HA IN T. REPENS.

TITLE: DETERMINATION OF BUFFER ZONES T0 PROTECT SEEDLINGS OF NON-TARGET PLANTS FROM THE EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE SPRAY DRIFT. (LANG:EN)

AUTHOR: MARRS, R. H.; FROST, A. U.; PLANT, R. A.;LUNNIS, P. (NESS BOTANIC GARDENS, UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL ENVIRONMENTAL AND HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION, NESS, NESTON S. WIRRAL, L64 4AY, UK)

SOURCE: AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT: 45: 3-4, P283-293, 1993.

KEYWORDS: WEEDS; GLYPHOSATE; DRIFT; LYCHNIS FLOS-CUCULI; DIGITALIS PURPUREA; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LYCOPUS EUROPAEUS; PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA; PLANTAGO MEDIA; RANUNCULUS ACRIS;SILENE PRATENSIS; VERBASCUM THAPSUS; NONTARGET EFFECTS; HERBICIDES

EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH TRAY-GROWN LYCHNIS FLOS-CUCULI SEEDLINGS TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO GLYPHOSATE DOWNWIND OF A TRACTOR-MOUNTED SPRAYER, AND THUS TO DETERMINE THE BUFFER ZONE REQUIRED TO PROTECT THIS SPECIES. THE INFLUENCE OF SHORT (APPROX. 5 CM) AND TALL (APPROX. 80 CM) SURROUNDING GRASS STRUCTURES ON SEEDLING MORTALITY WAS ALSO ASSESSED, AND A COMPARATIVE STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE FOLLOWING SPECIES TO DETERMINE THE APPROX. RANGE OF VARIATION IN THE BUFFER ZONE: BETONICA OFFICINALIS, DIGITALIS PURPUREA, GALIUM VERUM, GEUM URBANUM, HYPERICUM PERFORATUM, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, LYCOPUS EUROPAEUS. PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA, PLANTAGO MEDIA, PRIMULA ELATIOR, PRIMULA VULGARIS, RANUNCULUS ACRIS, SILENE ALBA (S. PRATENSIS), TEUCRIUM SCORODONIA AND VERBASCUM THAPSUS. THE MORTALITY OF L. FLOS-CUCULI VARIED BETWEEN EXPERIMENTS AND APPEARED TO BE MORE OR LESS UNAFFECTED BY GRASSLAND STRUCTURE, EXCEPT IMMEDIATELY DOWNWIND OF THE SPRAYER WHERE SEEDLINGS IN TALL GRASS EXHIBITED LOWER MORTALITY. THE MULTI-SPECIES EXPERIMENT INDICATED A WIDE SENSITIVITY TO SPRAY DRIFT, AND H. PERFORATUM WAS AFFECTED BETWEEN 15 AND 20 M DOWNWIND. SEEDLINGS OF SOME SPECIES WERE AFFECTED AT GREATER DISTANCES THAN ESTABLISHED PLANTS, INDICATING EITHER GREATER CAPTURE OF DRIFT OR A GREATER SENSITIVITY IN SEEDLINGS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT, ON SITES WHERE SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR COMMUNITY REGENERATION, BUFFER ZONES MAY NEED TO BE 20 CM WIDE.

TITLE: SEED PROTEIN VARIATION IN RELATION TO CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF SOME SPECIES IN GENUS LOTUS L.(ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: SAMMOUR, R.H. TANTA UNIVERSITY, TANTA, EGYPT; HAMOUD, M.A.; HAIDAR, A.S.

SOURCE: CYTOLOGIA : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CYTOLOGY. V. 56 (2): P. 289-291. 1991.

KEYWORDS: LOTUS; SEEDS; PROTEIN CONTENT; VARIATION; CHROMOSOMES; CHROMOSOME NUMBER; ACCESSORY CHROMOSOMES; CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY; NUCLEI; SPECIES DIFFERENCES; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; GENETIC REGULATION; EGYPT.

TITLE: EFFECT OF CUTTING AND BURNING BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL GROWN FOR SEED ON THE TREFOIL SEED CHALCID (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE). (ENGLISH)

AUTHOR: PETERSON, S.S. SW IDAHO RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CENTER, PARMA, ID; WEDBERG, O.L.; HOGG, D.B.

SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. V. 292-298. 1992.