1. Introduction:
2. Meeting announcements Lotus Symposium
report.
3. Lotus Activities:
reports and abstracts
4. Notes and news.
Purpose: The Lotus
Newsletter consists of informal communications of research
information on Lotus. Reports of any phase of research
on Lotus breeding, genetics, taxonomy, management, utilization
or physiology are welcome. Your biographic sketches and information
about your research objectives, approaches, and progress including
titles of your publications are encouraged. Seed requests and
news items are accepted.
This is the 25th year of publication for the Lotus
Newsletter. Now is the time to consider contributing to
the 26th volume of the Lotus Newsletter.
Contributions generally are compiled without editing.
1. Prepare your contribution using any Macintosh or IBM (MS-DOS) word processing program. Then you have two options:
a. submit the file on 3.5 " (90 mm) disk accompanied by a printed copy of the contribution. Identify which program you used. OR
b. submit the file to my e-mail address (pbeuselinck@plantsci.missouri.edu) and send me a hardcopy by FAX to 573-882-1467, or by regular mail.
2. Send your contributions by December 31, 1995 to:
Lotus Newsletter
Dr. P. R. Beuselinck, USDA-ARS
Plant Genetics Research Unit
207 Waters Hall
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211 U.S.A.
E-Mail pbeuselinck@plantsci.missouri.edu
FAX 573-882-1467
The expense of publishing the Lotus Newsletter has been partially covered by unrestricted research support. This issue of the Lotus Newsletter is provided to you without charge. I will continue to strive for financial support of the Lotus Newsletter to provide you with an unencumbered communication resource.
Many thanks to you who respond to my requests for information about your Lotus research. Your contributions to the Lotus Newsletter help generate a better perspective of the research and management on the many species of Lotus.
There is a limited supply of back issues available. Supplies of most volumes have been depleted, but requests will be handled on a first-come first-served basis.
Your suggestions are helpful, and I will strive to incorporate them to make this publication more useful. As you compile your data for analysis please think about making a contribution to the Lotus Newsletter. Use the Lotus Newsletter as a resource for communication: it is published to aid you (and me), the international researchers of Lotus.
If you have not filled-out and sent in a questionnaire in the last two years please complete one. If you know of others interested in receiving the Lotus Newsletter have them submit a questionnaire and they'll be added to the mailing list.
Please note the instructions for submitting your contribution by computer disk or e-mail.
Requests for distribution the Lotus Newsletter to university or research libraries are accepted. If you have a library that needs a copy for your research group or center please notify me.
The illustration on the cover is of a Lotus spp. L. graciously provided by Ana Arambarri (Argentina) . The illustration of L. unifoliatus Benth. (syn. L. purshianus) is the third in a series of illustrations that started with L. edulis in Volume 23.
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| O Genetics | O Breeding | O Taxonomy | O Physiology |
| O Pathology | O Ecology | O Biology | O Forage |
| O Utilization | O Germplasm | O Tissue culture | O Biotechnology |
| O Entomology | O Seed | O Reclamation | O Other (please indicate) |
List the Lotus
species you study: _______________________________
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Send or FAX your completed questionnaire to:
P. R. Beuselinck, USDA-ARS
University of Missouri
207 Waters Hall
Columbia, MO 65211 USA
FAX 573-882-1467
The 1st International Lotus Symposium was held at the Missouri
Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, Missouri, USA on 2224 March
1994. The Lotus Symposium was cosponsored by the
Missouri Botanical Society, the University of Missouri, the Agricultural
Research ServiceUSDA, the American Society of Agronomy,
and Crop Science Society of America. The main objective of the
Lotus Symposium was to discuss what is known about the
many basic and applied disciplines of this genus including breeding,
genetics, taxonomy, management, utilization, physiology, and pathology
from applied agronomy to genetic manipulation. The secondary objective
was to organize the proceedings in a manner so that they could
be used as the a standard reference for Lotus and as the
base for developing a monograph on Lotus.
Comments received during and after the symposium from the more
than 60 registrants were quite complimentary. The weather cooperated
with the springtime urges of the plantings at the Botanical Gardens
resulting in a daily changing floral scene. Over 40 papers were
presented during the 2.5 days of the symposium. The papers that
were actually presented are listed below. Other papers were submitted
and will be found in the proceedings of the symposium, but due
to travel or funding complications the authors were not able to
attend.
An ad hoc committee was formed to initiate and coordinate
the timing and location of a second Lotus symposium. Members of
the committee are: P. R. Beuselinck (USA, Chair), M. Blumenthal
(Australia), P. Gayraud (France), M. Jay (France), K. Urbanska
(Switzerland), and Y. Papadopoulos (Canada). Suggestions or offers
can be made to any member of the committee.
Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr: Taxonomic circumscription of the
genus Lotus Linnaeus (Fabaceae, Loteae), its tribal position,
and its species.
William F. Grant: Interspecific hybridization and amphiploidy
of Lotus as it relates to phylogeny and evolution.
Maurice Jay, Joel Reynaud, D. Cartier, and S. Blaise: Diversification
strategies of Lotus corniculatus s.1. in the light of chemical
markers.
Joel Reynaud and Maurice Jay: Phytochemical approach to
Lotus corniculatus s.1. diversification.
Stephanie L. Greene and James R. McFerson: Conservation
of the Lotus genetic resources: Status of the U.S. collection.
Jeffrey J. Steiner: Lotus germplasm utilization:
Integrating genetic diversity, species relationships, and ecological
distributions.
Robert G. Gregorson, D. LowellRobinson, and Carroll P.
Vance: Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Lotus.
Thomas J. Wacek: Rhizobium species associated with Lotus.
C. Jerry Nelson, S. N. Hur, and Paul R. Beuselinck: Physiology
of seedling vigor of birdsfoot trefoil.
D. O. Gimenez and Pedro A. Ballatti: Lotus tenuis plant
growth and development under different environmental conditions.
Daphne T. Fairey: Seed production in birdsfoot trefoil,
Lotus spp.: A review of some limiting factors.
Clara C. Heyn, A. Madmony, G. Alon, and E. Werker: Regulation
of the breeding systems of some selfcompatible Lotus species.
Richard R. Smith. David K. Davis, and William H. Leakey:
Birdsfoot trefoil seed production in northern United States.
Kristi L. SavageClarke, Robert L. McGraw, and Paul R.
Beuselinck: Stigma receptivity in birdsfoot trefoil.
M. M. Mujica and C. P. Rumi: Cotyledon influence on the
initial growing stage of L. tenuis.
Phillip Morris, K. Judith Webb, Mark P. Robbins, and Leif Skot:
Application of tissue culture, molecular biology and genetic
manipulation in Lotus research
M. Niizeki, R. Ishikawa, T. Harada, and K. Saito: Cytogenetical
and molecular genetical analysis on somaclonal variation in Lotus
corniculatus.
Jens Stougaard: Lotus japonicus a model legume.
K. Judith Webb, Mark P. Robbins, and Sue Mizen: Segregation
of Agrobacterium rhizogenes TDNA from other inserted genes
in the T1 progeny of Lotus corniculatus.
Mark P. Robbins, Tom R. Carron, Steven P. Colliver, and Phillip
Morris: A study on the genetic manipulation of flavonoids
and condensed tannins in the Lotus corniculatus using antisense
technology.
Martin J. Blumenthal, Walter J. Kelman, W. L. Lowther, and
Kenneth H. Widdup: The use and management of Lotus in
Australia and New Zealand.
Robert L. McGraw: Agronomic uses of Lotus in North
America.
Ariel Asuaga: Use and production of Lotus corniculatus
in Uruguay.
Carl S. Hoveland: Birdsfoot trefoil management problems
in a stressful environment.
Ariel Asuaga: Lotus subbiflorus cv E1 Rincon, a
new alternative for extensive improvements of natural pastures.
Joseph L. Moyer, D. W. Sweeney, and D. A. Whitney: Phosphorus,
potassium, and chloride effects on birdsfoot trefoil and alfalfa.
A. M. Quadrelli de Escuder, F. Laich, and Y. Andreoli:
Response of Lotus tenuis to inoculation with Rhizobium
loti and to fertilization with phosphorus.
Osvaldo R. Vignolio, Osvaldo N. Fernandez, and N. O. Maciera:
Response of Lotus tenuis and Lotus corniculatus
to flooding in seedling stage.
Gary S. Banuelos, S. Zambrzuski, S. Akohoue, and P. Beuselinck:
Remediation of selenium and boron contaminated soil with Lotus
corniculatus L.
Krystyna M. Urbanska: Use of Lotus alpinus in alpine
ecosystem restoration
Paul R. Henderlong: Birdsfoot trefoil in Conservation Reserve
Program (CRP) areas.
James T. English: Diseases of Lotus spp
Craig Roberts, Art Karr, M Mohammadi, Stephen Marek, and Paul
Beuselinck: Chitinases in Lotus corniculatus L.
A. Bazin, S. Blaise, and D. Cartier: Polymorphism study
of two defense mechanisms in French populations of Lotus corniculatus
L.: Cyanide and condensed tannins.
Nora Altier: Current status of research on Lotus diseases
in Uruguay.
L. Choa, J. De Battista, and F. Santiaque: Incidence of
birdsfoot trefoil crown and root rot in west Uruguay and Entre
Rios (Argentina).
S. Stewart, F. Formoso, and N. Altier: A flower blight
of birdsfoot trefoil, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum.
Paul R. Beuselinck: The rhizomes of Lotus corniculatus
L.
Nancy J. Ehlke, Paul R. Beuselinck, and Robert L. McGraw: Evaluation
of birdsfoot trefoil populations selected under grazing.
Yousef A. Papadopoulos, K. L Sutherland, J. Novak, K. B. McRae,
and S. A. E. Fillmore: Assessment of phenotypic recurrent
selection techniques for improving vigor in birdsfoot trefoil.
John R. Samek and P. R. Beuselinck: Lotus corniculatus
L. diploids and their hybridization with L. tenuis Waldst
& Kit. ex Willd.
The First International Lotus Symposium Proceedings will
be available until June 1, 1995 through the University Extension
Conference Office. Cost is: $17 (US) $20 (outside the US)
Payment will be accepted by Purchase Order, Credit Card or check
made out to: UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI and sent to: Lotus Proceedings
344 Hearnes Center Columbia, MO 65211.
If you wish to contact the University Extension Conference Office
they can be reached: by phone (314) 8824038 by fax (314)
8821953
After June 1, 1995, contact Paul Beuselinck at pbeuselinck@plantsci.missouri.edu
for information.
Introduction
During the last three decades many Lotus species (represented
by at least 60 separate introductions) have been grown at Grafton
Agricultural Research and Advisory Station. Lotus pedunculatus
and Lotus corniculatus have been the most potentially useful
species. However, to date, the only commercial Lotus species
used on a large scale in Australia is the Lotus pedunculatus
cultivar from New Zealand, Grasslands Maku.
In 1974, the Regional Research Agronomist, Mr A.D. O'Brien, began
a detailed study of the Lotus genus. Evaluation of his collections
led to the selection of three vigorous, early flowering types
of Lotus pedunculatus from the Algarve region of southern
Portugal between Caldas de Manchique (latitude 37°9'N) and
Manchique (latitude 37°ll'N).
The collection site was a rugged but protected 30% slope, with
an easterly aspect and a gravelly soil, derived from granite (pH
6.0). It was kept wet by spring fed soakages. Average annual rainfall
was 850mm (O'Brien, 1974).
These three selections (CPI 67676, CPI 67677 and CPI 67678) were
combined and evaluated as the composite P15303, in trials at Kempsey
and Grafton in northeastern New South Wales (Wilson, 1980)
and near Gympie in southeastern Queensland (Cook, 1984 and
1985). P15303 had an extended flowering period which complicated
management for seed production. To overcome this, seed produced
from the original accession, CPI 67677, was sown under isolation
in 1984. Very early flowering plants were eliminated from the
population to produce Sharnae, which as a more restricted flowering
period.
Morphological comparison with Grasslands Maku
Sharnae is morphologically similar to Grasslands Maku, except
that it is a less hairy plant. At flowering, the buds of Grasslands
Maku are densely hairy, the matted hairs almost obscuring the
calyx teeth. There are fewer hairs on the calyx of Sharnae and
the outlines of the spreading teeth are clearly visible. The peduncle
tip is also much less hairy than that of Grasslands Maku.
Table 1 demonstrates that Sharnae produced
fewer crown stems per plant than Grasslands Maku in a glasshouse
study of 200, one month old, plants. Similarly in a study of one
month old plants gown on a low fertility podsolic soil at Grafton,
Sharnae produced slightly fewer rhizomes than Maku.
Seeds of Sharnae are smaller and almost double the number per
pod of Grasslands Maku. Sharnae is diploid (2n=12) (W.Kelman,
pers. comm.) and Grasslands Maku is tetraploid (Armstrong, 1974).
Sharnae is more robust and bulky than Grasslands Maku.
Table 1 Morphological comparison of Sharnae with Grasslands Haku
| Leaf colour | |||
| Time of flowering | |||
| Condensed tannins | |||
| Crown stems/plant | |||
| Rhizomes/plant | |||
| Seed size (mm) | |||
| Seed weight | |||
| Seeds per pod |
Agronomy
Flowering Time: The main difference between Sharnae and
Grasslands Maku is their time of flowering. On the New South Wales
north coast Sharnae commences flowering in mid September, reaches
its first peak by mid October and continues waves of flowering
until late summer. By contrast, Grasslands Maku rarely flowers
before mid December. Mature seed has been collected from predominantly
rain grown Sharnae at Grafton during each month from mid November
to mid April.
This characteristic is particularly important in the subtropical
regions, where the ability to mature seed before the summerautumn
wet season can enhance survival, through seedling recruitment
following flooding of coastal lowlands.
Forage yield: In trials on two soil types at Grafton, Sharnae has given higher forage yields during late spring and early summer than Grasslands Maku. In continuously grazed trials on two sites with contrasting moisture regimes at Fineflower, in the upper Clarence Valley, Sharnae has persisted better, spread further and produced more dry matter than Grasslands Maku on the driest site. Conversely, Grasslands Maku had superior persistence, spread and yield on the moist site (Table 2). Evaluation of 40 lines of Lotus pedunculatus at 3 sites (Canberra, Bowral and Nowra) has shown Sharnae to be in the top 10 lines for dry matter production at all sites (Blumenthal, pers. comm.).
Table 2 Agronomic comparison of Sharnae with
Grasslands Maku
| Site |
|
| |||||
| Moist | |||||||
| Dry | |||||||
Forage quality: The concentration of condensed tannins
in Sharnae varies between sites and with seasons but is
usually double that of Grasslands Maku. The tannin levels in Sharnae
may negatively affect voluntary intake and dry matter digestibility,
however in a mixed pasture the lotus component is unlikely to
be sufficiently dominant for this to have any major effect.
Data from trials at Wingham demonstrated little difference between
the digestibility of Sharnae and Maku, although Sharnae was in
full flower at sampling. Sharnae had 69.0% digestible dry matter
and Maku 73.6%.
Disease resistance: Limited data has shown Sharnae to have
resistance to root knot nematode (McLeod, pers. comm.) whereas
Maku is susceptible. This may be an important consideration affecting
the choice of Lotus cultivars for use as permanent ground cover
in subtropical orchards, plantation crops and pastures on acid,
sandy soils.
Herbicide tolerance: At Gympie, Sharnae was screened for
tolerance to a wide range of postemergent herbicides, including
some unregistered chemicals. It tolerated the full range of selective
grass herbicides available when applied at the recommended rates,
but failed to tolerate any of the standard range of broadleaf
herbicides (Lock and Harvey, 1990).
Seed production: Sharnae's advantage in northern NSW and
southern Qld coastal belt is that it can produce seed at latitudes
as low as 26S while Maku cannot. This is a valuable characteristic
of Sharnae to the Australian seed industry. The seed yields of
Sharnae from irrigated plots at Grafton have been between 300
and 350 kg/ha, of which the hard seed content varies between 35
to 45%.
References
Armstrong, C.S. (1974) Grasslands Maku a tetraploid lotus
(Lotus pedunculatus). New Zealand Journal of Experimental
Agriculture, 2, 333336.
Cook, B.G. (1984) Near North Coast Observation Programme. In Pasture
Agronomy Technical Report 1984. Qld Department of Primary
Industries, Brisbane, pg 60.
Cook, B.G. (1985) Near North Coast Observation Programme. In Pasture
Agronomy Technical Report 1985. Qld Department of Primary
Industries, Brisbane, pg 63.
Loch, D.S. and Harvey, G.L. (1990). In The Proceedings of a
Herbicide Workshop, Toowoomba, 1719th January 1990.
Qld Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba. Pages 234
to 242 and Appendices pages 3 to 6.
O'Brien, A.D. (1974). A plant collecting trip in the Western Mediterranean
region of southwest Spain, southern Portugal and northwest
Morocco. Churchill Fellowship Report.
Wilson, G. (1980). Lotus on the north coast. NSW Department
of Agriculture Aanote 9/80.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND PHOSPHATE RESPONSE
OF THREE LOTUS SPECIES
New Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research Institute Ltd Whatawhata
Research Centre Private Bag 3089, Hamilton, New Zealand
Introduction
The agronomic evaluation of three Lotus species was conducted
as part of a larger experiment screening a number of temperate,
mainly annual, legume species from the Lotus, Medicago, Ornithopus
and Trifolium genera. The objective of this trial was
to evaluate the ability of a number of pasture legume species
to grow in a low fertility, low pH hill country soil; to assess
their growth response to added phosphate (P); and to use information
on growth patterns and reseeding to assess their suitability for
a hill soil in a summerdry environment. This environment
represents approximately 4 million ha of pastoral land in the
North Island of New Zealand.
The three Lotus species included in the experiment were:
Lotus angustissimus L.: (slender birdsfoot trefoil) Annual/perennial.
Material used: accession S2778
Lotus subbiflorus Lag. syn. L. suaveolens Pers.:
(hairy birdsfoot trefoil) Annual/perennial. Material used: cv.
'E1 Rincon' (Uruguay)
Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit.: (narrowleaf trefoil)
Perennial. Material used: accession S2840
Methods
The system utilised in the evaluation of the species involved
in the experiment consisted of growing plants in undisturbed soil
monoliths which were removed from the field site encased in PVC
tubes. The technique was adapted from that used for nutrient leaching
experiments in lysimeters. This allowed for a reasonable degree
of control of water and nutrients while also providing conditions
close to those likely to be encountered by plants in/under the
field, allowing for full expression of the plants normal growth
habit. The soil type used in this experiment is known locally
as a Dunmore ash soil (Yellowbrown loam/alvic soil). This
soil type generally has pH = 5.4; Olsen P = 10; P retention =
9095%.
The uniformity of growing conditions in each core was evaluated
by firstly taking soil samples from immediately outside the circumference
of each core (at the field site) for soil chemical analysis. The
second phase involved growing two 'calibration' plants in each
core prior to planting the annual species: cloned material of
'Grasslands Huia' white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and
'Warigal' wheat (Avena sativa L.). These test plants were
transplanted into the cores and measurements of plant growth were
made.
The Lotus seeds were pregerminated by scarifying
with sandpaper, inoculated with appropriate strains of rhizobia,
and transplanted into the soil cores in late June after eight
weeks of growth. Three plants were planted in each core. Two phosphate
treatments were applied across all species as follows: 0 and 100
kgP/ha equivalent applied to the core surface in solution.
In order to simulate summer drought stress during the later development
of the plants, irrigation was ceased in late November and the
prevailing weather conditions allowed to dictate soil water levels.
The growth of plants through winter and early spring was assessed
by counts of growing points. Plant harvests on all cores were
made at 45 week intervals, depending on growth rates, beginning
in late September. Plants were cut to a height of 1.0 cm, and
to 1.0 cm inside the core circumference. The cut herbage was dissected
into leaf, flower and seed pod components for dry matter determination,
and flower and pod numbers were counted from harvested material.
The dried herbage from harvest two was bulked within species and
analysed for the major plant minerals N, P, K, S, Na, Mg, and
Ca. The date on which individual plants had senesced sufficiently
to be regarded as dead was recorded.
Results and Discussion
Analysis of the results of the initial soil testing adjacent to
the cores, and the growth of the indicator plants, showed no significant
differences between the factors 'P treatment' or 'species'. Since
this indicated a good degree of uniformity amongst the cores it
was not considered necessary to use these results to alter the
design or as a covariate measure.
L. angustissimus appeared to have the earliest growth,
by virtue of having consistently around 10 more primary growing
points than the other two species, (Table 1)
along with growing the most herbage at the first harvest (Fig. 1).
By contrast the growth of the perennial L. tenuis was significantly
less than the two annuals through most of the season and did not
exceed that of the annuals until February. These differences between
the species were significant for all harvests at p<O.O 1.
L. angustissimus also had the earliest flowering period
(Table 1), although in terms of total flowers (both counted and
harvested) L. subbiflorus was the most profuse, followed
by L. angustissimus and L. tenuis. This ranking
also carried through into the number of pods harvested, the species
differences being significant at p< 0.05.
Completing the pattern, L. angustissimus was the first
species to senesce and die, in late January compared to late February
for L. subbiflorus. This measure was not relevant to the
perennial L. tenuis.
For any annual species, time of flowering is a critical factor
in successful seed production and regeneration. In the summerdry
North Island hill environment, completion of flowering and adequate
seed development must take place before the onset of a somewhat
unpredictable dry period. In this context, the early pattern of
growth in L. angustissimus appears to be most welladapted.
Weather conditions over the DecemberMarch period of 199293
were slightly below average for rainfall, and close to average
for temperatures. Thus in terms of the impact of the summer dry
period on plant growth, seed production and senescence, this season
proved to be a representative one. The successful growth and seed
producton of all three species in this trial indicates their ability
to regenerate in the field under average conditions.
In terms of total herbage growth, all three species had significant
responses to added P (Table 1) although the
size of this response differed. The high added P treatment overall
gave an increase of 105% for L. angustissimus; 21% for
L. subbiflorus; and 59% for L. tenuis. The data
from individual harvests showed that this significant response
to P occurred only in the months of November, December and January
(Fig. 1), and in fact the interaction
between 'species' and 'P' was only significant for the November
harvest.
While the greatest response to added P came from L. angustissimus,
it should be noted that smaller responses to added P can be
considered an indicator of adaptability to low P levels as is
the case with L. subbiflorus. This species was able to
maintain a high level of growth at low P levels relative to its
'potential' given unlimiting P availability, this being the intent
of the high P application rate. Thus this species can be regarded
as well suited to the low P fertility soils targetted in this
screening.
Although added P had no significant effect on flower and pod numbers,
there appears to be a consistent pattern in these measurements
for L. angustissimus and L. tenuis to increase numbers
of reproductive heads in response to P, in contrast to a decrease
for L. subbiflorus. In addition, improved P fertility
appears to have significantly accelerated senescence (Table l).This
latter result is somewhat unexpected, yet implies an overall preference
of this species for low P fertility conditions.
Conclusions
In terms of the question of the suitability of species for a low
fertility, moderately acid hill soil environment under intensive
grazing, the results of this screening trial indicate that L.
angustissimus and L. subbiflorus are potentially
well adapted, L. subbiJlorus being particularly well adapted
to conditions of low soil phosphate fertility.
Table.1 Growth characteristics of three Lotus species
| Species | L. angustissimus | L. subbiflorus | L. tenuis | SEM | ||||
| Phosphate level | P(O) | P(100) | P(0) | P(100) | P(0) | P(100) | ||
| Primary growing points(per core in midSept.) | 35 | 37 | 25 | 25 | 21 | 21 | 1.3 | |
| Total Herbage (gDM harvested per core) | 13.3 | 27.3 | 23.5 | 28.4 | 13.6 | 21.5 | 2.6 | |
| Total flowers (number harvested per core) | 117 | 171 | 281 | 210 | 48 | 82 | 36 | |
| Total pods (number harvested per core) | 187 | 175 | 308 | 173 | 93 | 144 | 38 | |
| Flowering period | ||||||||
| Mean death date | 1/26/93 | 251/93 | 3/4/93 | 2/17/93 | * | * | 2-days | |
Competitiveness of birdsfoot trefoil, kura clover, and lading
clover with tall fescue
Osceola ladino clover, AU Dewey birdsfoot trefoil, and Rhizo kura
clover were grown in monocultures and in mixtures with AU Triumph
tall fescue with adequate water and under water stress in the
greenhouse. Kura clover was more severely affected by competition
from tall fescue than either ladino clover or birdsfoot trefoil.
Under soil moisture stress, birdsfoot trefoil was more competitive
than lading clover when grown in mixture with tall fescue.
Tall fescuelegume mixture performance on a soil with
a compacted plow sole layer.
Alfagraze alfalfa, AU Dewey birdsfoot trefoil, and Osceola ladino
clover were grown in monoculture and in mixture with AU Triumph
tall fescue on a Cecil clay loam soil having a 1inch compacted
layer at a depth of approximately 6 to 8 inches. This is a common
problem on this soil and chisel tillage has only a short period
of improvement before the soil seals again. The field experiment
was conducted over a 3year period near Athens, GA. Harvesting
was done at monthly intervals. Tall fescue monoculture was fertilized
four times with 50 lb N/acre each year Rainfall was good the first
two years, followed by extreme drought in 1993.
| Entry | 1991 | 1992 | 1993 | 3yr average |
| Ladino clover + fescue | 6769 a | 4964 ab | 1836 a | 4523 a |
| Alfalfa + fescue | 4513 d | 4938 ab | 1824 a | 3757 b |
| Trefoil + fescue | 4688 cd | 2978 c | 1798 a | 3155 c |
| Ladino clover only | 5432 bc | 3905 abc | 723 b | 3165 c |
| Alfalfa only | 3529 e | 4665 ab | 1906 a | 3367 bc |
| Trefoil only | 4141 de | 3874 bc | 1826 a | 3280 bc |
| Tall fescue + N | 5856 ab | 5012 a | 2196 a | 4355 a |
Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at the 5% level
On this compacted soil, yields of all legumes were low. Root penetration
of the compacted zone by alfalfa was minimal. Ladino clover thrived
on this soil the first two years when rainfall was high but lost
stands during the severe drought the third year. Birdsfoot trefoil
and alfalfa stands persisted well. Since the yield potential of
alfalfa was not utilized on this soil, birdsfoot trefoil would
appear to be an economical replacement legume with lower inputs
of lime and fertilizer needed.
By the result of many earlier observations the fodder and seed
yield of L. corniculatus depend on sowing rate, weed controll
status and harvesting rate.
In Hungary at Szarvas where natural precipitation and the
relativ humidity are low levels in Summer time we are able to
grow L. corniculatus for forage and seed, but there are more convenient
territories for this purposes too.
In our trial have been tested the effects of factors in question.
In the sowing year we cut one time, in next two years (1992, 1993)
the seed yield harvesting utilized on second growth.
The yields of first cut air dried fedder and seed can be seen
at 1 st. table. As it shown the higher sowing
rate, the utilization of imazetapyr (PIVOT 100 LC) and the cutting
after flowering had better effects than lower rate, no herbicide
control! and cutting before flowering. Result of seed yield are
altering, future research need to make in this question.
In connection of weeding of sowing year (1991) can be stateilafter
the imazetapyr weed controll strongly decreased the percent of
broad leaf weeds, at higher sowing rate the percent of grass weed
too, but increased the number of Cirsium arvense, 2nd table.
The effects of different sowing rate, weed controll system and cutting date of the fodder and seed yield of L. corniculatus c.v. G keskenylevelu (19911993 at Szarvas).
Herbicide air dried fodder yield dkg/m2
Seed yield g/m2
| Sowing | ||||||||
| raate kg/ht |
Date of first cutting. (1992-1993) before flowering
| 7,6 | ||||||||
| 7,6 | ||||||||
| 15,2 | ||||||||
| 15,2 | ||||||||
| LDS 5 % |
Date of first cutting. (1992-1993) after flowering
| 7,6 | 0 | - | 3,49 | 80,69 | 43,95 | 128,13 | _xx | 30.49 |
| 7,6 | imazetapyr | 80 | 4,80 | 88,92 | 55,13 | 148,85 | - | 23.62 |
| 15,2 | 0 | - | 4,54 | 87,87 | 53,29 | 145,70 | - | 34.54 |
| 15,2 | imazetapyr | 80 | 7,76 | 104,80 | 69,74 | 182,30 | - | 33.45 |
| LDS 5 % | - | - | 1,37 | 8,19 | 10,71 | 15,63 | - | 6.42 |
| LDD 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 5.28 |
Note: x-as PIVOT 100 LC herbicyd
xx -there were not seed yield
xx -between any two combination
NS-Not significant
Weeding rate at the sowing year(1991 at Szarvas).
| Broadleaf | Cirsium arvense | Total | Broad leaf | Cirsium arvense | |||||
Note:
x 0 no treatment, 1. imazetapyr treatment
xx by the base of total weed amount
Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is the most important
forage legume in Uruguay, where it is grown for grazing alone
or in mixtures with grasses. The advantages of being a nonbloating
pasture, adapted to many different soil types and conditions (low
fertility, low pH, poor drainage), make this species suitable
for both intensive and extensive production systems along diverse
ecological regions of the country. The use of birdsfoot trefoil
could be increased if highly productive stands could be established
and maintained for several years.
The results of "Doomsday" experiments (disease and pest
protected plots), which were started in 1985, have indicated that
diseases play an important role limiting the birdsfoot trefoil
production in Uruguay, by reducing yield and persistence.
In the fall of 1987, a spaced plant nursery was established at
INIA La Estanzuela, to determine the main causal agents of birdsfoot
trefoil diseases. By the end of the first summer (April 1988),
20% of the plants had died; by the end of the second summer (April
1989), 85% of the plants had died; by June 1989, only 7% of the
plants had survived. Plant losses were almost entirely due to
crown and root diseases (rot/wilt). The key symptom of root or
crown infection was the failure of the plant to regrow after being
clipped. Many diseased plants also showed symptoms of injury by
root feeding curculio (Graphognatus leucoloma), which probably
enhanced infection by soil pathogens. The fungi involved were
mainly Fusarium spp., F. oxysporum being the most
prevalent followed by F. solani. In some casesRhizoctonia
solani was isolated from diseased plants.
Plants showing dwarf, witches' broomlike symptoms, probably
induced by Mycoplasmalike organisms (MLO's), represented
up to 15% of the stand. Diseased plants rarely produced flowers,
and prematurely died .
Stem and foliar diseases caused by Phoma spp., Cercospora
spp., Colletotrichum spp., Phomopsis spp., Stemphylium
spp., Myrothecium spp., and Uromyces spp. were
recorded with variable damage severity depending on seasons and
weather conditions. Lepthosphaerulina,spp. and Curvularia
spp. were detected in pods and seeds.
During field surveys, other minor diseases have been detected
on Lotus spp., causing variable damage. Sclerotium rolfsii,
has been found on L. corniculatus diseased plants during
occasionally hot, dry summers. In 1986 Sclerotinia spp.
was isolated from diseased plants of L. corniculatus and
L. subbiflorus the specially wet and cool conditions of
that spring favored the development of the disease. During the
fall of 1993, Sclerotinia was also detected causing a severe
rot in L. pedunculatus. specific weather conditions.
Longterm goals of our research project are to develop an
integrated management system to minimize the impact of diseases
on birdsfoot trefoil, for different production systems. To accomplish
these goals, current and future research focuses on three major
areas:
1. survey and diagnosis of diseases under different production
systems;
2. develop methods (inoculation techniques, rating scales) for
identifying and breeding resistances to main birdsfoot trefoil
diseases;
3. determine the effect of crop production practices on severity
of birdsfoot trefoil diseases.
A flower blight on birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus
L.) occurred in 1991, 1992, and 1993. This legume is one of the
major forage crops sown in the country either for grazing and
seed production purposes.
A fungus of the genus Colletotrichum was consistently associated
and isolated from necrotic petals when wet weather prevailed during
flowering onset. The fungus was sent to the International Mycological
Institute in London, where it was identified and described as
Colletotrichum acutatum, (IMI No. 353322).
Pathogenicity tests were carried out during 1993, the symptoms
were reproduced and the pathogen was reisolated from the inoculated
flowers. Disease may result in important economical losses as
it might limit seed production. Inflorescences are mummified and
practically no pods arise from infected flowers.
No reports were found of this pathogen affecting L. corniculatus,
but it is a major fungus involved in strawberry anthracnose (causing
flower blight and fruit rot).
Field studies will be conducted to determine severity and yield
losses, and efficiency of commercial fungicides.
Introduction
Most common fruit in Lotus is the dehiscent legumen at
maturity by two twisting valves; however, there are species with
indehiscent pods. The purpose of this report was to establish
the structural differences between L. conimbricensis with
indehiscent, strongly upcurved fruit and L. corniculatus and
L. tenuis with dehiscent, terete and straight pods.
Materials and Methods
Completely developed fruits were used. They were from plants growing
in the Area de Genetica, Departamento de Biologia y Ecologia,
Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, U.N.L.P.
First, observations of pod structures were made on longitudinal,
transversal and diagonal handsections, stained with saffranin
and mounted in glycerin 90%; then, the fruits were examined on
the basis of microtome sections using FAAfixed material.
For microtoming fixed material was dehydrated through an alcoholic
series. Sections were cut at 15 µm thickness with a rotary
microtome, following standard paraffin methods. Sections were
stained with cresylviolet 1%, then mounted on glassslides
with balsam.
For SEM studies, fruits without treatment were mounted on stubs
with nail paint and coated with goldpalladium in a JFC1100.
Observations were made at 15Kv with a Jeol JSMT100 scanning
electron microscope.
Description
Pericarp structure was found to be as follows:
Exocarp: waxy surface; without trichomes; stomatas showed
a wide and raised outer rim and aperture long, in surface view.
In crosssection epidermal cells showed external thick walls
(sclerified); hypodermal cells were elongated with thin walls.
Mesocarp: parenchymatous tissue carrying the vascular bundles
and may be found crystalifer cells. Adjacent to the outer epidermis
at pericarp adaxial (ventral) suture and abaxial nerve level,
there is a sclerenchymatous tissue with fibres running parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the valves.
Endocarp: sclerenchymatous stratum along both fruit sides
with fibres running diagonally to the longitudinal axis of the
pod; this stratum is followed by parenchymatous cells; the innermost
layer (inner epidermis) with cells thinwalled.
Results
L. conimbricensis showed several fiber layers at pericarp adaxial suture and abaxial nerve level; these fibres present uniformly thick walls.
L. corniculatus and L. tenuis legumens
showed at pericarp adaxial suture and abaxial nerve level,
only a few cells with thick external and thin internal walls.
Discussion
Fahn and Zohary (1955) reported: "for an active dehiscence
of the leguminous pod, two factors are necessary": (1) the
crossing of the sclerenchymatous cells or/and the crossing of
their cellulose micelles; (2) the presence of a separation tissue
extending in the region of the suture from the inner to the outer
epidermis".
L. conimbricensis fruits do not have tissue separation, this character
would be determining indehiscence in the legumen, but other features
must be present. I hope pod shape and persistent style are important
characters. Pod structure in L. scoparius, presents tissue separation
at pericarp adaxial suture level, however it is an indehiscent
legumen; this species and others from Subgenus Syrmatium show
arcuate fruits and persistent style.
I think, these are interesting characters, because the pod from
Subgenus Syrmatium may be legumen folliculiforme (primitive character)
or indehiscent legumen, fewseeded (advanced characters)
following the report developed by Dudik (1981) and the research
on pod anatomy by Pate & Kuo (1981).
Literature
DUDIK, N.M. 1981. Morphology of the pods of Leguminales (Fabales).
Advances in legume systematics. (Ed. R.M. Polhill and P.H. Raven).
Part 2:897901.
FAHN, A. and M. ZOHARY. 1955. On the pericarpial structure of
the legumen: Its evolution and relation to dehiscence. Phytomorphology
3:99111.
PATE, J.S. and J. KUO. 1981. Anatomical study of legume pods
a possible tool in taxonomic research. Advances in legume systematics.
(Ed. R.M. Polhill and P.H. Raven). Part 2:903912.
Legume seeds will not frequently imbibe water and they fail to
germinate, even when environmental conditions are favorable for
germination. Those seeds are commonly called impermeable or hard
seeds. Impermeability of hard seeds testa is a physical exogenous
dormancy (Nikolaeva, 1969; Rolston, 1978). Lotus corniculatus
seedlots had a high percentage of impermeable seeds (MacDonald,
1946; Brown, 1955). The presence of hard seeds has also been determined
in the case of Lotus tenuis, in fact more than 90% were
found in samples free from the abrassive effect of the mechanical
threshing (Minon et.al., 1990; Mujica y Rumi, 1991). Seeds from
this species were found to have turned permeable after several
months preservation at low temperature conditions, in a refrigerator
(Mujica and Rumi, 1991). This treatment is slow although favorable
to preserve seed viability.
For many years, several methods have been used in order to draw
out impermeability in seeds of different species. One of them
is the mechanical scarification, abrassion by rough surfaces,
probably the most common commercial treatment (Rolston, 1978).
Chemical scarification with concentrated sulphuric acid (Hopkins,
1923) has been used experimentally, on many species. The time
during which seeds must be submerged for the treatment to be effective,
depends upon the species treated.
An aggressive scarification treatment may cause damage to the
seeds affecting their viability, germination rate or seedling
growth. Nothing on this matter has been informed yet for L.
tenuis.
Germination of L. tenuis seeds subject to scarification
with concentrated sulphuric acid during 10, 20 and 30 minutes,
and scarified by rubbing against sandpaper was assessed. For this
experiment, seeds from Tresur Chaja variety and from a natural
population in Brandsen, Province of Buenos Aires, were used. They
were harvested and threshing by hand in order to avoid erosion
on the teguments. For chemical scarification, seeds were soaking
in concentrated sulphuric acid during the previously determined
time. After exposure to acid, the seeds were washed with running
water for 5 minutes. Mechanical scarification was performed by
rubbing the seeds softly but constantly between extrafine
sandpaper during 3 minutes. A nonscarified control sample
was also included. Design used was a completely randomized, with
4 repetitions. Fifty seeds were placed into each petri dish, they
were incubated at 22°C +1. The number of nonimbibed
and germinated seeds were recorded every 24 hours during 7 days.
Results are shown in the figure.
Both seeds populations presented high percentage of hard seeds
(more than 95%). Both responded in similar way to the treatments
applied. Seeds soaking in concentrated sulphuric acid for 2030
minutes and mechanical scarification were the most effective treatments.
Germination accumulated for 7 days was more than 90%, using the
mentioned treatments. Scarification using sulphuric acid for 10
minutes was only partially effective. Germination was better than
the control but worse than the one obtained with the other procedures
(LSD, 1% level). Seeds which did not germinate at all were visibly
not imbibed up to the moment the evaluation ended.
References
Brown CS (1955) Hard seed in birdsfoot trefoil. Unpublished PhD
thesis, Cornell University. Ithaca, New York
Hopkins EF (1923) The behavior of hard seeds of certain legumes
when subjected to conditions favorable to germination. Proc Assoc
Off Seed Analysts N Amer 14: 4648
MacDonald HA (1946) Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus
L.). Its characteristics and potentialities as a forage legume.
Cornell University Agriculture Experimental Station.
Minon DP, GH Sevilla, L Montes and O Fernandez (1990) Lotus
tenuis: Leguminosa forrajera pare la Pampa Deprimida. Boletin
Tecnico Est Exp Agr Balcarce N° 98:8.
Mujica MM and CP Rumi CP (1991) Estado de dureza en las semillas
de Lotus tenuis: efecto de las condiciones de conservacion.
Rev de la Fac de Agr, Univ Nac de La Plata, 66/67: 6366.
Nikolaeva MG (1969) Physiology of deep dormancy in seeds. IPST
Press Jerusalem 220 pp.
Rolston MP (1978) Water impermeable seed dormancy. The Bot Rev
44: 365396.
The low seedling vigor of L. tenuis restrict their success
to establish, especially in the case of intersowing at a
natural field. Some factors from the environment taking place
at certain seasons or places are not favorable for a rapid and
effective germination and can cause failure or delay in seedling
emergency. If, under the same conditions, other species and weeds
are not affected for those factors, then L. tenuis will
be in disadvantage as regards competitive capacity.
Temperature is often considered one of the main factors acting
in the environment because of its influence on the germination
rate (Garcia Huidobro et.al., 1982). Qualls and Cooper (1968)
proved that the germination rate in most of varieties tested of
L. corniculatus increased as temperature went up from 15.6
to 21.1 °C. Only one of the varieties showed a significant
increase up to 26.7°C. Woods and MacDonald (1971) pointed
out that germination of L. corniculatus was delayed under
temperatures lower than 15°C and, not only delayed but also
reduced under temperatures of 30°C and higher. In a variety
of the same species, Hurt and Nelson (1985) determined that 20°C
is the temperature under which the highest percentage of final
germination takes place.
The coefficient of association between L. tenuis and
L. corniculatus according to Grant and Zandstra (1968)
suggested there should be similarity for these species in many
traits. Nevertheless, L. tenuis germination behavior with
respect to temperature has not been informed yet. Such information
would be valuable to identify the best moment for sowing and to
study the possible relationship with adaptation mechanisms.
The aim of this paper was to evaluate the dynamic of L. tenuis
germination under three different constant temperature treatments
(17°C +1; 21°C +1 and 25°C +1). The biological
material used for this study consisted of seeds from two natural
populations and two improved populations, harvested in December
and January. Seeds from natural populations were collected in
Brandsen and Magdalena, Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Improved
populations were "Tresur Chaja" and "Los Hornos".
Seeds from both populations were collected from free polinization
lots at "Julio Hirschhorn Experimental Field" in Los
Hornos, Province of Buenos Aires.
Each treatment was repeated four times under a completely randomized
design. Fifty seeds were placed into petri dishes, on filter paper,
under standard humidity conditions. Seeds were previously scarified
using concentrated sulphuric acid for 20 minutes. Seeds were observed
two times diary during one week. Germinated seedling were counting
and remove when radicle lengths were of 2mm or more. Germination
percentages were arcsin transformed before analysis of variance.
Results are shown in Figure 1. They
indicate that temperature of 25°C was the less favorable
one. Natural populations were negatively affected as regards speed
of germination but not as regards final cumulative germination
at 108 hours of imbibition; while in the varieties both parameters
were affected. The temperature of 21°C had a positive effect
on the speed of germination of the every populations studied.
At 24 hours germination percentage was higher at 21°C than
the recorded for temperatures of 17°C and 25°C. This
effect was not observed for the final germination results, when
compared treatment at 21°C with treatment at 17°C.
Temperatures of 25°C or higher will cause delay in seedling
emergency, especially in the case of the varieties studied. This
will obviously restrict establish success if the sowing is in
seasons when such temperature is usual. The behavior of the germination
at 17°C indicate that the L. tenuis early sowing in
Spring or late in Autumn could be interesting alternatives to
investigate.
References
Garcia Huidobro J, JL Monteith and GR Square, 1982. Time, temperature
and germination of pearl millet. J Exp Bot 33, 288296.
Grant WF and Zandstra II, 1968. The biosystematics of genus Lotus
(Leguminosae) in Canada. II Numerical chemotaxonomy. Can J of
Botany 46, 585589.
Hurt SN and CJ Nelson, 1985. Temperature effects on germination
of birdsfoot trefoil and seombadi. AgronJ77, 557560.
Qualls M and CS Cooper, 1968. Germination, growth, and respiration
rates of birdsfoot trefoil at three temperatures during the early
nonphotosynthetic stage of development. Crop Sci 8, 758760.
Woods LE and HA MacDonald, 1971. The effects of temperature and
osmotic moisture stresses on the germination of Lotus corniculatus.
J Exp Bot 22, 575585.
Introduction
"Broadleaf birdsfoot trefoil" and "narrowleaf birdsfoot
trefoil" are the most important species (cultivated and naturalized)
in Argentina.
Our purpose was to study anatomical features of L. corniculatus
and L. tenuis leaves. These characters would be used
in plant pathology and ecological research.
Materials and Methods
Leaves from plants growing in pots were used. Our acknowledge
to M. M. Mujica, Area de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias Agr. y
For., U.N.L.P., who provided the L. tenuis material.
For epidermis in surface view studies, each central leaflet from
fresh leaves was attached to glassslide with double adhesive
tape; fine forceps were used to remove the epidermis (peeling
technique); it was mounted in glycerin 90%.
Epidermal characters on leaflets adaxial and abaxial surfaces
were examined using a Leitz light microscope. Measurements of
stomata! size were obtained using a Nikon light microscope equipped
with a micrometer.
For SEM studies, FAAfixed leaves were dehydrated in absolute
alcohol, placed between glassslides and silica geldried,
then, central leaflets were mounted on stubs with double adhesive
tape and sputtercoated with goldpalladium. Observations
on both surfaces were made at 15Kv with a Jeol JSMT100 scanning
electron microscope.
Observations of the leaf structures were made on the basis of
microtome sections using fixed material in FAA. For microtoming,
fixed material was dehydrated through an alcoholic series. Transverse
sections were cut at 1015 1lm thickness with a rotary microtome,
following standard paraffin methods. Sections were stained with
cresylviolet 1% (me/achromatic), then mounted on glassslides
with balsam.
Results
L. corniculatus and L. tenuis showed epidermal cells
with undulate walls and different sizes in surface view; they
are elliptic in crosssection; sunken and elliptical stomatas
with wide and raised outer stomata! ledge (rim), aperture long
and narrow, were found; they are distributed in a random manner
and surrounded by 3 or 4 epidermal cells which form a triangular
or trapezoidal space over them.
Mesophyll consists the cells irregular in shape and separated
from one another by an extensive system of intercellular airspaces;
these cells constitute the spongy chlorenchyma. Tannins and some
crystalifer cells were found.
In L. corniculatus only few simple, long and thin trichomes
were found on the leaflets, but another shorter may be found on
the rachis and peciolules.
Table 1. Stomata size (µm)and stomata number per unit of area of leaflet surface (mm-2)
L = long
W = wide
Conclusions
Both Lotus species present amphistomatic and homogeneous
leaflets with sunken stomatas; they are predominantly on the adaxial
surface. L. tenuis showed stomatas shorter than L. corniculatus,
but the stomata number per unit of area of leaflet surface was
greater.
L. tenuis showed epidermis
with external cells walls more convex than L. corniculatus,
and after treatment for SEM, this differences continued.
Removal of epidermal layer in L. tenuis was easier than
L. corniculatus.
Epidermal cells showed undulate walls in different grades on both
leaflet surfaces.
Some leaflets from L. corniculatus showed mesophyll with
palisade and spongy tissue becoming distinguishable from one another.
Note: the data reported are the basis to continuous our
research using plants growing under different conditions.
Literature
FREEMAN, H.E. 1984. Leaf histologytwo modern methods. Journal
of Biological Education 18 (4):271272.
METCALFE, C.R. and L. CHALK. 1979. Anatomy of Dicotyledons. Vol.1
and 2. Oxford Clarendon Press.
MOORE, A.J. and N.R., LERSTEN. 1972. Leaf crystals of Psoralea
(PapilionoideaeLeguminosae). Brittonia 24:124.
Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus Regel has been
found through many parts of Korea. Nevertheless, the species seems
not quite successful to establish itself in the peninsular part
of the country, considering the scattered distribution and limited
size of colonies (Moon 1992). However, many large colonies have
been found in the Cheju Island (once known as Quelparta in Europe),
which is the largest island and located at the subtropical southern
end of Korea The spacious grasslands, mild winter temperature
and abundant pollinators may be also the factors supporting such
successful colonizations in the island.
It was once mentioned that wild populations in the island should
have intermingled with alien L. corniculatus that were
introduced as a fodder crop for horses and cows, and that were
subsequently escaped from cultivation (MOOn & Kim 1992). As
a result of inbreeding between heterogeneous strains, many different
types of the plants have been found from various aspects of morphology
and phytochemistry (Moon,1992).
To trace a mechanism to maintain the populations, I investigated
with a prior interest in 1992 about what kinds of insects were
associated with L corniculatus var. japonicus in
Cheju Island. Frequent and active visitors were found distinctively
in Hymenoptera. Out of 12 hymenopteran species, two groups of
bees Apis mellifera L. and Megachile spp. were detected
as the most frequent visitors to the flowers. They were also important
pollinators through a year.
The populations of the honey bee mellifera were also of
heterogeneous oirgins because they were annually imported for
honey production and also as pollinators for glasshouse agriculture
largely from Canada and Australia, and recently from China and
New Zealand. However, the countries have also imported or exchanged
the strains of mellifera between them or from the other
sources. It is, therefore, hard to detect which strains of A.
mellifera are most closely associated with the plants. But
the bees of a slightly darker and pubescent populations were the
most abundant and frequent visitors on the flowers of L corniculatus
var. japonicus. As far as I understood, such characters
are those of Caucassian strains that have usually their territories
in cooler northern part of South Korea. They seem to stay longer
and to enter more deeply into the base of flowers than the other
strains of the bees. While they attend in nectaring, they hold
the tip of flower keels with their middle and hind legs subsequently
making the keels slightly opened. Then the pollens are mixed while
the bees move their wings and thorax touching the tips of keels
(Figure 1A).
Megachile identified are M. humilis Smith, M.
analis Nylander and M. bicolor kigiana Cokerell, but
another 3 species were remained unidentified. The densely haired
abdomens of Megachile species were most useful tools for
mixing and exchanging pollens between the keeled flowers of leguminous
plants (Figure 1B). They hold and
press the base of flower keels during nectaring, which then became
naturally opened slightly. Then the hairs of abdomen touch the
keels as if they brush the keels.
The next groups of visitors, but less frequent, were largely found
between bumble bees. They are, in turn of visiting frequencies,
Bombus ardens ardens Smith, B. koreanus (Skorikov),
B. ussurensis Radoszkowski, B. opulentus Smith,
and rarely B. consobrinus wittenburgi Vogt. They used to
stay only short on the plants and often visit simply the flowers
rather rhan collect nectar.
On the other hand, it has been found, other than the hymenopteran
visitors, a small number of aphids feeding on various parts of
L. corniculatus var. japonicus; Acyrthosiphon
pisum(Harris), Megoura viciae coreana (Moritsu), Aphis
craccivora Koch, A. fabae Scopoli, A. gossypii Glover,
Sitobion spp. However, a large number of hunters and parasites
such as ladybeetles, polispine, eurytomid and braconid wasps were
found wandering between vegetation of L corniculatus var. japonicus.
Ladybeetles are often observed feeding on the small herbivores.
Among them, routinely found and identified are Coccinella septempunctata
'L., Henosepilachna vigintiotopunctata (F.), Serangiurn
japonicum Chapin, Scymnus spp.. They seem to be related
with the aphids feeding on L. corniculatus var. japonicus
but it has not been investigated why so many kinds of parasitic
and hunting wasps visit L. corniculatus var. japonicus.
It should be interesting to study because they are unlikely to
find their hosts or preys successfully on the plants.
Moon, T.Y. 1992, Cyanogenic polymorphism in the leaves of Lotus
corniculatus var.japonicus Regel (Leguminosae) in
South Korea, Korean J. Ecol. 15 (1):7580
Moon, T.Y. & J.H. Kim, 1992, The distribution records of
Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus Regel in Korea, Lotus
Newsletter (USDA) 23:2428
Last year in the Lotus Newsletter (Grant et al. 1992),
a birdsfoot trefoil plant was reported in which the inflorescence
was sessile and which had only a single inflorescence per individual
branch. It was planned to carry out crosses to obtain inheritance
data, as no mutant plant possessing a sessile inflorescence had
been reported previously.
During the fall of 1992, seed was germinated from the sessileflowered
putative mutant and seedlings were raised in the greenhouse. The
plants were brought into flower through the use of mercury lights
which provided a daylength of approximately 17 hours. When the
plants came into flower, the flowers arose on axillary peduncles
as on normal birdsfoot trefoil plants. Further seed was germinated
and seedlings transplanted to the field during the summer of 1993.
All putative mutants grew normally producing normal inflorescences.
In addition, the original plant which had remained in the field
during the winter produced normal branches and flowers during
the summer of 1993.
It is assumed that a physiological condition arose during the
initial development of the putative mutant plant which was not
inherited. This led to normal growth in subsequent growth of the
plant and to normal growth in succeeding generations.
Acknowledgment
Financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada to W. F. Grant for studies in birdsfoot trefoil
is gratefully acknowledged.
Reference
Grant, W. F., McDougall, R. B. and Coulman, B. 1992. Sessile inflorescence
A putative new mutant in birdsfoot trefoil. Lotus
Newslett. 23: 1113.
The callus protoplasts of cv. Viking were isolated by 4% Cellulase
Onozuka RS, 1% Macerozyme R10, 0.2% Pectolyase Y23
and 0.1M mannitol. The isolated protoplasts (1 x 104 / ml) were
cultured in a thin layer of KM8p medium (Kao and Michayluk, 1975).
The medium was solidified with 0.6% agar. After 1 month they developed
into globular colonies. The colonies derived from single protoplasts
could be detected by continuous observation using an inverted
microscope. The induced callus lines, all of which were derived
from single protoplasts were transplanted to MS medium (Murashige
and Skoog, 1962) with 1.5 mg / 1 IAA and 1.5 mg / 1 BA. One of
the callus lines that produced numerous shoots was used in this
experiment, and their shoots were transplanted to the medium of
Nitsch and Nitsch (1969), without growth regulators, for the formation
of complete plantlets.
The regenerated plants originated from a single protoplast mostly
showing 24 chromosomes, indicative of their tetraploid nature.
Among 71 regenerated plants, there was only one octoploid and
one mixoploid, which had cells with 24 (tetraploid) and 48 (octoploid)
chromosomes. No aneuploids were observed and chromosome structural
changes were not detected under a light microscope.
In the meiosis of seedderived plants, a very small number
of PMCs showed abnormalities such as the univalent at metaphase
I and lagging chromosomes at anaphase I. The protoclones, on the
other hand, showed a high frequency of meiotic abnormalities,
although abnormal somatic chromosomes were not found under a light
microscope. The abnormal chromosome set that appeared most frequently
at metaphase I generally contained one or two univalents. At diakinesis,
asynaptic chromosomes were also occasionally observed. These may
have occurred due to deletions or translocations. In anaphase
I and II, bridges and fragments were frequently observed. These
may have arisen from a crossover within the inversion. The frequencies
of bridges and fragments varied among the protoclones. Besides
these chromosome alterations, lagging chromosomes were frequently
observed at anaphase I and II. Occurrence of these abnormal chromosome
configurations at meiosis seemed to be one of the causes of the
decrease in pollen fertility. Indeed, higher frequencies of the
chromosome abnormalities tended to relate to lower pollen fertility.
Generally, the chromosome abnormalities such as univalents, lagging
chromosomes, fragments and bridges at meiosis largely decreased
in the protoclones of two succeeding generations (P2 and P3) after
open pollinations of the regenerated protoclones (P1). This may
be caused by the elimination of gametes with abnormal chromosome
configurations. Indeed, it was observed that the pollen fertility
drastically increased in the P2 and P3.
References
1. Kao. K.N. and M.R. Michayluk. 1975. Nutritional requirements
for growth of Vicia hajastana cells and protoplasts at
a very low population density in liquid media. Planta 126:105110.
2. Murashige. T. and F. Skoog. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Planta. 15:473497.
3. Nitsch J.P. and C. Nitsch. 1969. Haploid plants from pollen
grains. Science 163:8587.
Cell Manipulation Group, AFRCInstitute of Grassland and
Environmental Research, Aberystwyth Research Center, Plas Gogerddan,
Aberystwyth, Dyfed, SY23 3EB, UK.
Lotus corniculatus is an important species in managed pasture
systems and in addition may be regarded as an interesting forage
legume for laboratory experiments. In particular, L .corniculatus
can be readily transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes
to produce 'hairy root' cultures; on exposure to light these
root cultures regenerate to produce transgenic plants (Webb et
al., 1990).
A. rhizogenes strains which harbour binary transformation
vectors, can be used to introduce novel gene constructs into L.
corniculatus. During this procedure, a number of cotransformation
events are found in which TDNA from the binary vector is
transferred to the genome of a recipient Lotus genotype.
At IGER we have been using this system to introduce sense and
antisense genes into L. corniculatus. However, we have
encountered problems in determining the presence of the introduced
transgenes due to difficulties in extracting good quality genomic
DNA from this species (Robbing et al., 1991). Although
we can conveniently monitor for the presence of selectable antibiotic
markers, for example, kanamycin or hygromycin resistance encoded
in the TDNA of a binary vector; this is an indirect method
for detecting linked sense or antisense gene construct sequences.
In view of the difficulties outlined above, we have assessed the
possibility of using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect
betaglucuronidase (gus) sequences in the genome of a Lotus
line cotransformed with pJIT73, a binary vector containing
a gus gene together with hygromycin and kanamycin selectable markers.
In addition, we include data on the detection of gus sequences
and GUS activity in the progeny of this cotransformed line.
Materials and methods
The original plant material (line JIT73/12) was produced by transformation
of Lotus corniculatus cv. Leo with A. rhizogenes LBA
9402 harbouring pJIT73. Progeny were produced by handcrossing
to nontransformed plants using the transformed plant as
the male parent. A full description of this plant line is given
in Webb et al. (1994).
Genomic DNA was isolated from Lotus plants grown either in a transgenic growth room or transgenic greenhouse facility using our previously described method (Robbing et al., 1991).
PCR reactions were carried out on a PerkinElmer Thermal
Cycler 480.
Each reaction contained in a volume of 100µl: 60µl PCR
reaction buffer [16.6mM Tris pH 8.4, 83.3mM KCl, 25mM MgCl2,
0.17mg/ml gelatin], 10µl Oligo 1 [100µM], 10µl
Oligo 2 [100µM], 10µl deoxynucleotides [2mM], l0µl
Lotus genomic DNA [100ng], 0.5µl AmpliTaq DNA
polymerase [2.5 Units].
Reactions were run in 0.5ml microcentrifuge tubes and the reaction
mix was overlaid with 100µl liquid paraffin. Primer sequences
used in this study were; Oligo 1 GGTGGGAAAGCGCGTTACAAG and for
Oligo 2 GTTTACGCGTTGCTTCCGCCA corresponding to 5' and 3' sequences
in the gus gene. This primer pair was designed to give a PCR amplification
product of about 1.2kb (Hamill et al., 1990). PCR reaction
buffer and plasticware were autoclaved before use while oligonucleotides,
deoxyoucleotides and genomic DNA were made up either in sterile
water or sterile l0mM Tris, lmM EDTA (TE). All liquid transfers
were carried out using a positive displacement pipette.
We used the following cycling conditions for overnight PCR runs:
94°C, 3 minutes, 10 cycles of; 94°C, 1 minute; 45°C
1 minute; 72°C 1.5 minutes, 25 cycles of; 94°C, 1 minute;
45°C 1 minute; 72°C 2.5 minutes, 20µl of reaction
products were run on a 1% agarose gel and visualized with ethidium
bromide. After photography gels were alkaline blotted onto Zetaprobe
membrane and then probed with a gus DNA sequence isolated from
pA1GusN (Klein et al., 1988). Filters were placed in autoradiography
cassettes with two intensifying screens and developed after overnight
exposure at 70°C.
Results from the analysis of line Jit73/12 and progeny
When amplification products from JIT73/12 genomic DNA were run
out on an agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide, we noted
two amplified DNA fragments sized 1.2kb and 450bp. No amplification
products were seen when reactions were run using genomic DNA from
nontransformed Lotus plants. Genomic DNA from seven
of the progeny of pJIT73/12 also yielded 1.2kb and 450bp PCR products.
In order to clarify the results, agarose gels were blotted and
then probed with a gus specific DNA probe. After autoradiography
we found that only the 1.2kb amplification product showed any
hybridization with the gus sequence. Hybridization signals were
noted in a number of samples where there was no visible amplification
by PCR. In one case, line 13, visible PCR products were seen but
gave no hybridization when probed with gus.
Below we have tabulated the PCR data for Jit73/12 and for fifteen
of its progeny. In addition we outline GUS enzyme activity and
hygromycin resistance data for these lines.
| Plant line | Visible PCR
amplification products | qus-positive
after hybridization | GUS activity | Hygromycin
resistance |
| Control | No | - | ||
| pJIT73/12 | + | + + | Yes | HygR |
| Progeny 2 | No | - | ||
| Progeny 3 | + | ++ | Yes | HygR |
| Progeny 4 | + | + + + | Yes | " |
| Progeny 5 | + | Yes | " | |
| Progeny 6 | + | Yes | " | |
| Progeny 8 | Yes | " | ||
| Progeny 9 | + | Yes | " | |
| Progeny 10 | Yes | " | ||
| Progeny 11 | No | - | ||
| Progeny 12 | + | Yes | HygR | |
| Progeny 13 | + | No | - | |
| Progeny 14 | + | ++ | Yes | HygR |
| Progeny 15 | + | ++ | Yes | " |
| Progeny 16 | + | ++ | Yes | " |
| Progeny 17 | + | +++ | Yes | " |
Discussion
Comparison of GUS activities with PCR results indicated that the
first method using ethidium bromide staining to give visible PCR
products underestimated the number of transgenepositive Lotus
plants. However more lines could be scored as gus-DNA positive
after DNA probing and scoring for the presence of a 1.2kb hybridizing
fragment. Both progeny 8 and 10 had measurable GUS activity but
no corresponding PCR product was found, which implies that this
analysis still underestimates the presence of transgenes. However
in this high expressing line (pJIT73/12) we did not note any progeny
which registered positive by PCR but negative by enzyme activity.
Therefore although this method unequivocally identified gus sequences
in the parental plant and its progeny, problems still exist when
it comes to identifying all the transgenepositive plants
presumably due to nonamplification events. We recommend
using a positive control when using PCR for analyzing transgenic
Lotus lines. For example when using A. rhizogenes transformed
material, one option could be to use primers to cotransferred
rol genes as well as primers specific for sequences in
binary vector TDNA.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Steven Colliver, Andrew Bettany and Leif Scot for helpful
advice on PCR. Also thanks to Teri Evans and Sue Mizen for excellent
technical assistance. Tom Carron was funded by the AFRCPlant
Molecular Biology Initiative (PG 203504). Genetic manipulation
work was carried out under MAFF license. PCR is covered by patent
to Perkin Elmer and all operations should be carried out using
licensed Taq polymerase and on approved thermocycling equipment.
References
Hamill JD, Rounsley S, Spencer A, Todd G, Rhodes MJC, 1990. The
use of the polymerase chain reaction to detect specific sequences
in transformed plant tissues. In: Progress in Plant Cellular
and Molecular Biology, Nijkamp, van der Plas and van Aartrijk
(eds), Kluwer Academic Press.
Klein TM, Gradziel T, Fromm ME and Sanford JC, 1988. Factors influencing
delivery into Zea mays cells by highvelocity microprojectiles.
Bio/Technology 6, 559563.
Robbins MP, Evans TE, Morris P and Carron TR, 1991. Some notes
on the extraction of genomic DNA from transgenic Lotus corniculatus.
Lotus Newsletter 22, 1821.
Webb KJ, Jones S, Robbins M and Minchin FR, 1990. Characterisation
of transgenic root cultures of Trifolium repens, Trifolium
pretense and Lotus corniculatus and transgenic plants
of Lotus corniculatus. Plant Science 70, 243254.
Webb KJ, Robbins M and Mizen S, 1994. Expression of GUS in primary
transformants and segregation patterns of GUS TL and TR DNA in
the T1 generation of hairy root transformants of Lotus corniculatus.
Transgenic Research (accepted for publication).
The usefulness of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) to distinguish
among different taxa of Lotus was evaluated for several
geographically dispersed accessions of four diploid Lotus
species, L. tenuis Waldst. et Kit, L. alpinus Schleich.,
L. japonicus (Regel) Larsen, and L. uliginosus Schkuhr
and for the tetraploid L. corniculatus L., in order to
ascertain whether RAPD data could offer additional evidence concerning
the origin of the tetraploid L. corniculatus. Clear bands
and several polymorphisms were obtained for 20 primers used for
each species/accession. The evolutionary pathways among the species/accessions
presented in a cladogram were expressed in terms of treelengths
giving the most parsimonious reconstructions. Accessions within
the same species grouped closely together. It is considered that
L. uliginosus, which is most distantly related to L.
corniculatus, may be excluded as a direct progenitor of L.
corniculatus confirming previous results from isoenzyme studies.
Lotus alpinus is grouped with accessions of L.
corniculatus which supports the relationship from a previous
enzyme study in which alleles 6Pgdhl120 and Me2152
are found only in L. alpinus and L. corniculatus
and not in the species L. tenuis, L. uliginosus and
L. japonicus. The findings are in agreement with previous
experimental studies in the L. corniculatus group.
The conservation and utilization of genetic resources are important
international research priorities. To better utilize such valuable
plant materials, detailed knowledge about genetic differences
among individuals or groups of accessions of economically important
species is needed to provide a systematic approach for improving
germplasms. Onehundredtwenty-eight of 335 broadleaf
birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.; 2n =4x = 24)
accessions from the National Plant Germplasm Collection (1) which
were collected from five continents and representing 33 ecoregion
provinces were analyzed. By using biochemical differences in high
salt soluble globulin seed polypeptides, it was found that the
birdsfoot trefoil accessions could be classified into seven genetic
groups that were related to the ecological region in which they
were collected. The seven groups are: 1. Southern Euro highlands,
2. Southern Euro lowlands, 3. TransEuro lowlands, 4. Asia
minor highlands, 5. WestEuropeanNorth African, 6.
Ethiopian, and 7. FrenchMediterranean. Unique morphological
characters that had not been previously described were associated
with some of the groups.
It also was found that many of the cultivars that are now available
to consumers were derived from a narrow germplasm base, therefore,
much of the genetic variation in the collection is still available
for unique germplasm and cultivar development. The biochemical
and ecological classification approach used in this study may
provide a useful way to examine other germplasm collections, and
point to how different germplasm bases may be improved. Such biochemical
and ecological interpretive methods may also show where to collect
accessions that are less likely to be related to ones that have
been previously collected and that are already in germplasm collections.
For detailed information about this research, see: J.J. Steiner
and C.J. Poklemba. 1994. Lotus corniculatus classification
by seed globulin polypeptides and relationship to accession pedigrees
and geographic origin. Crop Science 34:255264; or write
to: J.J. Steiner, National Forage Seed Production Research Center,
USDAARS, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331.
(1) Inquiries concerning the acquisition of accessions should
be addressed to: Dr. Stephanie Greene, Plant Genetic Resources,
USDAARS, NYS Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY
14456.
STEPHANIE L. GREENE, FORAGE CURATOR, AND MARK BOHNING, CAC FACILITATOR
USDA, ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit, Cornell University, Geneva,
New York, 14456 and USDA,ARS National Germplasm Resources Laboratory,
Beltsville, Maryland 20705.
Introduction
The USDA, ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) is a network
of federal, state, and private organizations dedicated to conserving
and utilizing the genetic diversity of plant species we rely on
for food, fiber, medicine and industrial products. The NPGS is
mandated to acquire, maintain, characterize, evaluate and distribute
genetic resources for present and future use. Overall, 441,000
accessions are held, representing current and obsolete cultivars,
landraces, wild/weedy relatives and genetic stocks. The NPGS Lotus
collection contains 737 accessions, representing about 40
species (Table 1.).
The Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) is the centralized
database housing systemwide information on collection inventories
and accession passport, taxonomy and evaluation data. Seed and
information requests are also processed through GRIN. It was developed
by the NPGS Database Management Unit and is maintained by that
group in Beltsville, Maryland. Public users can access GRIN directly
via a modem or through the internet where they can view accession
information and request seed or additional information. A crop
specific PCbased version of GRIN, called PCGRIN was developed
specifically to assist public users in selecting desirable accessions
within the collection. The purpose of this article is to introduce
collection users to the features available on PCGRIN and
ultimately to encourage ~e of the collection.
PCGRIN can be run on an IBMcompatible personal computer.
The Lotus database requires 2.5 megabytes of hard drive
space. The GRIN Database Management Unit is currently developing
a Macintosh version which should be available mid1994. PCGRIN
users also receive a quarterly newsletter containing information
on user tips, program changes and version updates. The software
is menudriven and comes with complete documentation so the
program is easily understood. At the main menu the user can select
from the following choices: SELECTION, ACCESSION, TAXONOMY, GRIN
STATISTICS, and DIRECTORY.
| angustissimus | 8 |
| arabicus | 1 |
| arenarius | 11 |
| chihuahuanus | 1 |
| collinus | 13 |
| conimbricensis | 7 |
| corniculatus | 400 |
| creticus | 18 |
| cytisoides | 4 |
| denticulatus | 1 |
| digit | 2 |
| discolor | 2 |
| edulis | 11 |
| gebelia | 2 |
| glaucus | 2 |
| glinoides | 1 |
| grandiflorus | 1 |
| greened | 1 |
| halophilus | 2 |
| hybrid | 2 |
| mearnsii | 2 |
| maroccanus | 15 |
| nevadensis | 1 |
| oblongifolius | 1 |
| ornithopodioides | 21 |
| palustris | 6 |
| parviflorus | 5 |
| pedunculatus | 2 |
| peregrinus | 9 |
| species | 29 |
| subbiflorus | S |
| subpinnatus | 3 |
| tenuis | 43 |
| uliginosus | 89 |
| unifoliolatus | 12 |
| weilleri | 4 |
Selecting Accessions using the SELECT option
In the SELECTION area of PCGRIN, the user can select Lotus
accessions based upon accession information such as country
of origin, latitude, longitude, habitat and other passport information.
Table 2 lists the accession information available
in the Lotus collection. Observations of morphological
traits, relative response to environmental stress and chemical
and genetic composition can also be used to select accessions.
The Lotus collection has been evaluated for 20 descriptors
to date (Table 3). Additional characters will
be added to the database as evaluation studies are carried out.
Using PCGRIN, the public user interested in developing a
cultivar with exceptional winter hardiness can select an array
of potentially useful material by specifying a high degree of
winter hardiness (as measured at Geneva, New York, USA)! or by
specifying a range of elevations and latitudes or origin. Once
a subset of accessions has been selected, all relevant information
can be displayed and printed or the subset can be further refined
with additional criteria. Specific accessions can then be requested
from the Forage Curator.
Collection users need to be aware of the limitations of the database.
Minimal information is available for some accessions. Recently
collected accessions generally have more extensive passport information.
Efforts are underway to assemble and place outstanding accession
information into the NPGS database to be made available to public
users in updated versions of PCGRIN. Evaluation and characterization
data has been collected on most, but not all accessions. Table 2 lists
the percentage of Lotus corniculatus accessions evaluated
to date, for each descriptor trait. Common cultivated species
are generally more thoroughly evaluated than less common or wild
species.
A substantial portion of the observation data were collected at
Geneva, New York over the last forty years. The data represent
single replications of 20 plants. The user needs to be aware that
accession ranking could be confounded by a year effect. Generally,
the evaluation environment is described for the set of traits
observed. Collection users can use this information to gauge the
robustness of the data. Although historical observation data has
limitations, it can still be used by the cognizant curator or
public user to assemble a subset of accessions that have a greater
probability of containing alleles of interest then if the subset
was assembled by random sampling.
Retrieving information using the ACCESSION or TAXONOMY option:
The ACCESSION option allows the user to quickly retrieve all available
information on an accession (Table 3.). This
information includes: place of collection, collector or developer
name, address and narratives, donor information, cultivar and/or
local name, current taxonomy, evaluation data, comment fields
and inventory availability. The data can be retrieved by using
a Plant Introduction (PI) number (primary identifier used by the
NPGS) or secondary identifier (such as the inventory identifier
of another genebank, or original collector number). The local
or cultivar name, genus or genus and species name can also be
used.
The TAXONOMY section in PCGRIN provides the user with complete
taxa information for a given species. Information is available
on complete scientific name and authority, common name, species
synonyms, species citations, species distribution, family name
and literature citations. It also specifies how many accessions
are available for a given species. The data can be retrieved by
using a genus name, binomial, trinomial, synonym or common name.
Information available in the GRIN STATS and DIRECTORY areas of
PCGRIN
The GRIN STATS area of the PCGRIN database provides the
user with general summary information about the NPGS and specific
crop collections. The user can choose from 6 summary reports which
are further described in Table 4. The DIRECTORY
option in the database provides the user with a directory of NPGS
organizations. This includes names and addresses of staff members
at germplasm maintenance sites, members of Crop Advisory Committees
and other relevant committees and organizations which make up
the NPGS.
Conclusion
Ready access to comprehensive collection documentation promotes
the conservation and utilization of genetic resources. PCGRIN
provides an easytouse tool which gives the collection
user comprehensive information about the NPGS Lotus collection.
The software is available free of charge from the GRIN Database
Management Unit in Beltsville, MD and can be obtained on floppy
disks or over the Internet. Requests and further information can
be obtained from:
Database Manager
GRIN Database Management Unit
USDAARSPSINGRL
Building 003, Room 407, BARCWest
Beltsville, Maryland 207052350
Phone: 3015045666
Fax: 3015046305
| General information | Explanation |
| NPGS identifier prefix (PI or G) |
| Accession number | NPGS unique identifier number |
| Accession suffix | NPGS identifier suffix used to identify selections within an accession |
| Seed availability | Inventory availability |
| Secondary ID | Last previous identifier assigned to accession |
| Cultivar | Cultivar name |
| Local name | Traditional name of accession |
| Improvement status1 | Relative improvement status of accession, such as wild, land race etc. |
| Year collected | Year accession was collected |
| Collector/ Developer | Name and institute of individual who collected or developed accession |
| Origin | Country where accession originated |
| Latitude | Latitude degrees, hemisphere and minutes where accession was collected |
| Longitiude | Longitude degrees, hemisphere and minutes where accession was collected |
| Elevation | Site elevation where accession was collected |
| Habitat | Description of ecosystem where accession was collected |
| Locality | General locality where accession was collected |
| Accession narrative! | Information and comments from collector, developer or donors |
| Site narrative' | Information and evaluation comments from NPGS maintenance site |
| Donor name, institute | Name and institute of individual who donated /material to NPGS |
| Year received | Year accession acquired by the NPGS |
| Core subset, | Field used to designate members of the core subsets |
Field will be present in new version of PCGRIN (available Spring 1994)
The subset represents the genetic diversity of the L. corniculatus
gene pool based upon morphology, flowering habit, forage tannin
content, RAPD and seed protein polymorphism and seed chalcid resistance
(Steiner and Beuselinck, personal communication, 1993)
Historic observation data #
| Trait | Explanation | % |
| FALL RECOVERY | Recovery from late summer cutting | 78 |
| FLOWER COLOR | 1light yellow, 2medium yellow, 3dark yellow, 4lavender, 5variegated | 72 |
| HABIT | Growth habit (erect to prostrate) | 83 |
| LEAF COLOR | 1light green, 2medium green, 3~ark green,4blue green | 68 |
| LEAF NUMBER | Relative number of leaves | 81 |
| LEAF SIZE | Relative size of leaf | 69 |
| MATURITY | Relative time of maturity | 82 |
| PLANT HEIGHT | Plant height in centimeters | 82 |
| PLANT WIDTH | Plant width in centimeters | 82 |
| POD SET | Relative pod set | 74 |
| SPRING RECOVERY | Vigor of spring growth of plants surviving winter | 69 |
| STEM NUMBER | Relative number of stems per plant | 82 |
| STEM SIZE | Relative size of stems | 80 |
| UNIFORMITY | Within plot variability in growth and development | 66 |
| VIGOR | Vigor of summer growth | 69 |
| WINTER HARDINESS | Winter survival | 64 |
| Recent observation data | ||
| CHROMOSOME NUMBER | Somatic chromosome number | 83 |
| SEED GLOBULIN | Interpretive grouping of 128 accessions of L. corniculatus | 34 |
| POLYPEPTIDEt | soluble seed globulin polypeptide polymorphisms and ecoregion province of origin | |
| SELFCOMPATIBLE | 1 self incompatible, 2self compatible of a wide array of species | |
| TANNINS | Tannin concentration (g/km dry matter) | 26 |
Evaluations carried out at the USDA. ARS Northeast Regional Plant
Introduction Station in Geneva, New York, USA, between 1954 and
1982 (Lat. 42° 53' N 77° 02' W; elev. 218 M; Temp max:
41.1° mean frost free days: 159; Mean ann. precip. 81.5 cm
rain, 159 cm snow).
Interpretive grouping: Class 11 Southern Euro Highlands;
Class 12 Southern Euro Lowlands; Class 21 TransEuro
lowlands; Class 22 Asia Minor highlands; Class 3 WestEuropean/North
Africa; Class 4 Ethiopian; Class 5 FrenchMediterranean (Steiner
and Poklemba (1994) Lotus corniculatus classification by
seed globulin polypeptides and relationship to accession pedigrees
and geographic origin" Crop Science 34: 255264)
Table 4. Summary tables available using the
GRIN STATS option in PCGRIN
| Summary table | Explanation |
| Maintenance site | List of all NPGS sites which maintain and distribute including the germplasm number of accessions held |
| Year PI number assigned | Specifies range of PI numbers assigned each year starting with 1931 |
| Country | Enumerates Lotus accessions originating from specified country. |
| Taxonomy | List of Lotus accessions by taxonomy |
| Taxonomy and Country | List of Lotus accessions by taxon and country of origin |
| CSR | Listing of accessions registered with the Crop Science Society of America. Also includes registration number, accession identifier and cultivar name |
* Centro de Ecofisiologia Vegetal. Serrano 665. 1414 Buenos Aires
Argentina Fax: 5418567110
** Catedra de Farmacobotanica, Fac. de Farmacia y Bioquimica UBA
Junin 956. 1113. Buenos Aires. Argentina.
As a consequence of the studies related to flavonoid production
in the forage legume Lotus tenuis cv. Chaja (Strittmatter
et al., 1988, 1990 and 1991) a complete typification of
this species was obtained.
The dependence of flavonoid composition on developmental stage
was confirmed; flowering and fruiting are the most suitable stages
for the flavonoid description of L. tenuis.
During the reproductive stage the production of kaempferol30glucoside
(KG) was detected (Table 1), while free
kaempferol (K) and kaempferol30glucosyl70rhamnoside
(KGR) were determined during the whole lifecycle of
the plant Therefore, these two compounds (K and KGR) can
be considered as chemosystematic markers for L. tenuis
The stems are the organs which showed a constant concentration
of all analyzed substances (Table 1), but
the higher concentration of these flavonoids in the leaves make
them most appropriate for a chemosystematic study.
We suggest that the presence of free K as an aglycone would indicate
a most simple flavonoid metabolism in L. tenuis than in
other Lotus species (Harney and Grant, 1964; 1965), because
of the lack of quercetin and methylated flavonols (Harney and
Grant, 1964; 1965; Jay et al. , 1978; Yang et al., 1989).
2) The distribution pattern of the flavonoids among the plant
organs suggests a different rhythm of production: a) there is
a quantitative variation pattern reflected in flavonoid level
with development stage, when each organ is considered. b) there
is also a qualitative variation pattern described by the absence
of KG at the vegetative stage of the plants, when it is
compared with flowering or fruiting.
In spite of these results we consider that it is necessary to
investigate the different Lotus species for individual
vlavonoid variation.
For further information submit to: Biochemical Systematics
and Ecology, Vol. 20, No. 7, pp. 685687, 1992.
REFERENCES
Harney, P.M and Grant 7 W. F. (1964) A chromatographic study of
the phenolics of species of Lotus closely related to L.
corniculatus and their taxonomic significance. Amer. Jour.
Bot. 51 6, 6216?7.
Harney, P.M. and Grant, W F. (1965) A polygonal presentation of
chromatographic investigations on the phenolic content of certain
species of Lotus. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 7, 4051.
Jay, M., Hasan, A., Voirin, B. and Viricel, M.R. (1978) Les flavonoides
du Lotus corniculatus. Phytochemistry 17, 827829.
Strittmatter, C D., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M. and Gurni, A.A. (1988)
The identification of Lotus tenuis flavonoids. Lotus
Newsletter 19, 3436.
Strittmatter, C.D., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M. and Gurni, A.A. (1990)
Identification of Lotus tenuis (Waldst. et Kit.) flavonoidsPart
II. Lotus Newsletter 21, 3134.
Strittmatter, C.D., Rivero, M., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M., Ricco,
R.A. and Gurni, A.A. (1991) In vivo and in vi tro flavonoid
production in Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. Lotus Newsletter
22. 1417.
Yang, S.S , Gao F., Mabry, T.J., Amer, M.E., AbelKader,
M.A., Mahmoud, Z.F. and AbdelSalam, N.A. (1989) Flavonoids
from Lotus creticus. Phytochemistry 28 6, 17491750.
| Phenological Stage | Plant Organ | K | K-G | K-G-R |
| Vegetative | stems | + | no | ++ |
| leaves | + | no | ++ | |
| Floral bud | stems | + | no | ++ |
| leaves | + | +/- | ++ | |
| floral bud | ++ | + | +++ | |
| Flowering | stems | + | +/- | ++ |
| leaves | ++ | + | +++ | |
| flowers | + | ++ | ++ | |
| Fruit developed | stems | + | +\- | ++ |
| leaves | ++ | + | +++ | |
| fruits | + | +\- | + | |
+\- traces
+presence
++abundace
+++ high abundance
K=kaempferol
K-G=kaemferol -3-0-loucoside
K-G-R=ksempferol-3-0-glucosy1-7-0 rhamnoside
AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan,
Aberystwyth, SY23 3EB Wales UK.
Introduction.
The development of techniques for TDNA insertional and transposon
mutagenesis in plants has opened up new possibilities for identifying
and isolating plant genes of agronomic importance. To date Arabidopsis
thaliana has been used for this purpose, however it is obviously
not appropriate for identifying a wide range of genes, particularly
those involved in nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Lotus corniculatus
var japonicus has recently been identified as a possible
model legume for these gene tagging strategies and could be regarded
as the legume equivalent of Arabidopsis. Lotus corniculatus
var japonicus is a small, diploid (2n= 12), self fertile
and profusely flowering perennial which gives good seed set (ca
29 seeds/pod) and has a short generation time (3 months from seed
to seed). It has a relatively small haploid genome 10 5 pg(2.5
x 108 bp) compared with Arabidopsis (1 x 108 bp)l and is
amenable to tissue culture and transformation by Agrobacterium
tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes (Handberg &
Stougaard 1992) Mutants of L. japonicus tagged with heterologous
transposons or with TDNA are primarily being produced for
cloning plant genes specifically involved in nodulation and nitrogen
metabolism? however the availability of such tagged mutants may
allow the identification of genes involved in other plant processes
not accessible in Arabidopsis.
We are particularly interested in structural or regulatory genes
of the tannin biosynthetic pathway, and particularly those genes
governing tissue specific expression of condensed tannin biosynthesis.
In order to be able to screen for mutants of this pathway we require
a detailed description of the distribution of tannins in this
species. Here we describe some preliminary work on the tissue
distribution of condensed tannins in this species as well as on
the ability of transformed root cultures to accumulate tannins.
We also outline a strategy for the identification and analysis
of tagged mutants in the tannin biosynthetic pathway.
Materials and Methods.
Plant growth.
Seeds (F8 inbred generation) were sown in three inch pots in soil
based compost with no added nitrogen. Plant were grown in a growth
room at 200C, 16 h photoperiod with a light intensity of 200 µE
m-2 s-1 from cool white fluorescent tubes and at about 60% relative
humidity. Plants were 810 weeks from germination and were
flowering and setiing seed.
Establishment and maintenance of A. rhizogenes transformed
root organ cultures
Lotus japonicus cv Gifu seeds were surface sterilized
in sodium hypochlorite (7% available chlorine) for 30 minutes,
washed with six changes of sterile tap water and imbibed overnight
at room temperature. Seeds were plated onto 1.5% water agar and
germinated at 200C under continuous light at 45 µE m-2 s-1
. Ten day old seedlings were inoculated below the cotyledons with
a sterile needle loaded with Agrobacterium rhizogenes, wild
type strain 8196, grown for 2 days on YEB plates, and cultured
in continuous light at a 45° angle for 28 days. Explants
with roots were recultured on 1/2 strength BSO medium (Gamborgs
B5 salts and organics, 3% sucrose, 1.5% agar, no hormones) containing
500 mg/1 ampicillin for 35 days. Individual root 60 were excised
onto fresh B50 with ampicillin at monthly intervals and checked
for contamination by growth in Nutrient Broth. When free from
Agrobacterium, ampicillin was removed and roots initiated
and maintained in liquid B50 medium by subculture of 1 cm root
tips to fresh medium every 14 days, as described previously (Morris
and Robbins 1992).
Tannin determination in plant parts and in hairy root cultures.
Plant parts and root cultures were harvested and frozen at 700C
until analysis. Soluble and insoluble tannins were estimated in
ethanol extracts and in decolorised tissue following conversion
to anthocyanins by hydrolysis with butanol/HC1 as described previously
(Carron et al 1992).
Population screen for leaf tannins.
Whole shoots (about Scm long) with leaves were harvested from
48 individual F8 inbred plants and squashed between two folded
filter papers using a pestle against a tile. One imprinted filter
paper was soaked in a few drops of ethanol alone, the other with
10% (w/v) vanillin in ethanol. After one minute, concentrated
HCI was added to both imprints which were then compared for red
colouration as in Jones et.al. 1973. Plants which showed positive
leaves by this method were retested. Individual leaves were stained
directly with vanillin/HCI following removal of the lower epidermis
with tweezers. Leaves were examined microscopically for tannin
containing mesophyll cells.
Results
Condensed tannins were found to be distributed throughout all
the tissues of the plant with the notable exception that unlike
in L. corniculatus, leaf tissue was found to be free of
tannins (Fig 1). The highest concentration
of tannins was localized in flowers and, in particular, in petals.
Petioles, stems and root /shoot interface tissue contained similar
concentrations to low tannin genotypes of L. corniculatus (Carron
et al. 1992), whereas tannin concentrations in L. japonicus
roots were approximately 15% of that found in L .corniculatus
roots (Morris and Robbins 1992).
Fig 1 Distribution of condensed
tannins in flowering plants of Lotus corniculatus var japonicus.
In order to confirm the absence of tannins in leaves of this cultivar,
a population of 48, F8 inbred plants, were screened using the
vanillin HCI assay. Of the 25 % of the plants which showed some
red coloration on leaf prints, only 16.7% of plants were positive
in different leaves of the same plant. On microscopic examination
of stained leaves for tannin cells, the red coloration was not
located in specific cells but distributed in the leaf tip and
in the midvein. These observations were repeated on glasshouse
grown plants with similar results.
The ability of Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed root
cultures to accumulate condensed tannins to concentrations similar
to control roots is shown in Fig 2a.
As with L. corniculatus root cultures, (Morris and Robbins
1992), tannins were absent from root tips and deposition hegan
following root extension. This accounts for the apparent decline
in tannin concentration during the first 10 days. No evidence
for tannin turnover was apparent when the data was reported as
mg tannin /I culture. Tannin accumulation in these cultures was
found to be stable during repeated subcultures following their
first transfer to liquid medium from agar plates ( Fig 2)
and have continued to produce these levels of tannins for over
9 months of repeated 2 weekly subcultures.
Fig 2 Tannin biosynthesis in transformed
root cultures of Lotus japonicus (line 8196.1). A. Growth
and tannin content of roots grown in liquid shake culture. B.
Stability of tannin accumulation over repeated 14 day subculture.
No of subcultures
Culture period days
Discussion
It would appear from these results that leaf mesophyll cells of
this inbred cultivar of L. japonicus do not accumulate
condensed tannins. The sporadic appearance of red coloration in
leaves following staining with vanillin/HC1 may be attributed
to tannin cells located in the vascular system of the leaf. This
would be consistent with the presence of tannin cells in the vascular
tissue of the petiole extending into the leaf. In view of these
results regarding the tissue specific expression of the condensed
tannin biosynthetic pathway in L. japonicus, we propose
the following scheme (Fig3) for
the identification of mutants in structural and regulatory genes
of the tannin biosynthetic pathway. Tagged mutants with altered
flower color, should be general mutants on the biosynthetic pathway
to flavonols, therefore screening of lines with wild type flower
coloration should be of most interest in this context. Screening
of petals and leaves could reveal at least three classes of mutant:
structural genes specific to tannin biosynthesis (DFR, FDR, condensing
and polymerisation enzymes), regulatory genes controlling the
terminal steps of tannin biosynthesis and possibly genes regulating
aspects of tissuespecific gene expression. With reference
to tagged structural genes, such mutations could be confirmed
prior to cloning, by chemical complementation studies either using
TDNA tagged plant lines or using derived A. rhizogenes
transformed root cultures.
References:
Jones W.T., Anderson L.B. and Ross M.D. (1973) Bloat in cattle
XXXIX. Detection of protein precipitants (flavolans) in legumes.
N.Z. J. Agric. Res. 16:441446.
Morris P., and Robbins M.P. (1992) Condensed tannin formation
by Agrobacterium rhizogenes transformed root and shoot
organ cultures of Lotus corniculatus. J.Exptl.Bot 43:221
231.
Carron T.R., Morris P., Evans T.E., and Robbins M.P. (1992) Condensed
tannin levels in different tissues and different developlmemtal
stages of transformed and nontransformed Lotus corniculatus.
Lotus Newsletter 23:4952.
Handherg K., and Stougaard J. (1992) Lotus japonicus, an
outogamous diploid legume species for classical and molecular
genetics. The Plant Journal 2:287296.
Introduction: The nonbloating characteristic of birdsfoot
trefoil (BFT), Lotus corniculatus L., is attributed to
the production of condensed tannins, a diverse group of soluble
phenolics [2]. Tannins are high molecular weight compounds which
bind with plant proteins in the rumen. Free proteins act as a
surfactant in the release of gas and the formation of a stable
foam which causes bloat in the ruminant [4]. Tannins stop this
reaction by binding proteins which also helps the proteins escape
degradation in the rumen [2]. Tannins are pH sensitive with tanninprotein
bonds being stable in a pH range of 3.5 to 7.0. The pH of the
rumen ranges from 5.5 to 7.0, so the protein is protected from
microbial degradation in the rumen by being tightly bound to tannins
[1,9]. The acidic pH of the duodenum breaks the tanninprotein
bonds which allows the proteins to be absorbed in the duodenum
and metabolized by the ruminant [1]. High tannin concentrations
(811% DM) have disadvantages which include inhibiting enzyme
activities, inhibiting digestion of soluble carbohydrates and
hemicellulose, decreasing palatability by producing an astringent
reaction in the mouth and possibly degrading the gut wall of the
rumen [1,2,3]. Tannin concentrations vary with soil fertility
and environmental conditions in L. pedunculatus. Barry
and Forss (1983) observed tannins to be 23% DM in fertile
soil and increased to 811 % DM on acid soil with low fertility.
The objective of this study is to investigate and quantify the
effect of four diverse environments on the tannin concentration
of six genotypes of birdsfoot trefoil. The birdsfoot trefoil genotypes
were selected to encompass the range of variability for tannin
concentration found in adapted birdsfoot trefoil germplasm.
Materials and Methods: In 1988,750 birdsfoot trefoil plants
from the NC83 germplasm were spaceplanted at the University
of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount, MN
[8]. Two high, two intermediate, and two low tannin genotypes
(H235, H533, M449, M741, L11, and
L582) were identified to represent the range of variability
in the population. Vegetative cuttings were taken from each of
the six genotypes to use as the genetic material for this study.
The growth chamber study was conducted as a completely randomized
design with 4 replications with a splitsplitplot restriction
on randomization. Adequate copies of the six genotypes were included
in each chamber to allow each plant to be harvested once during
each growth period. Pots were rotated weekly in the chambers to
minimize location effects. Main plots were temperature treatments
in two separate growth chambers, subplots were soil type,
and subsubplots were the six birdsfoot trefoil genotypes.
The main plot treatments were 1) a high temperature (HT) stress
treatment with a 32/24 C day/night temperature regime and 2) an
optimum or low temperature (LT) treatment with a 24/19 C day/night
temperature regime. The subplot treatments were 1) a high
pH high fertility soil that was a greenhouse mix of 6:6:5:2
field soil:sand:peat:manure with a pH of 7.1 and 2) a low pH
low fertility soil that was a silty loam obtained from a producer's
field with a pH of 4.9. A sixteen hr photoperiod with 27 watts
m~2 was maintained in each chamber by using a combination of florescent
and incandescent bulbs. Weekly harvesting for the first growth
period (GP1) began 44 days after initiation (DAI) for a total
of 4 harvest dates. Weekly harvesting of the regrowth period (GP2)
was initiated 100 DAI. Whole plant material was harvested to a
4 cm stubble height, rapidly frozen and stored in a 18 C
freezer. Frozen plant material was freezedried, weighed,
and cyclone ground through a 1 mm screen for analysis of tannins
using a modified vanillinHCI spectrophotometric analysis
[8].
Results and Discussion: Temperature showed a significant
effect on tannin production for all harvests. The HT environment
decreased tannin production by an average of 24% during GP1, HT
decreased tannin production by an average of 48% during GP2. This
counters the finding of Fales (1984) where he found leaf tannin
concentrations increased 10 and 3 percentage units for normal
and low tannin sericea lespedeza respectively in a high temperature
regime (32/24 C). The stress of high temperatures on coolseason
BFT probably disrupted normal plant metabolism. These differences
in results may also be related to the much higher level of tannins
in sericea (3 to 14% DM) compared to BFT (1 to 4% DM) for tannin
levels in these two species.
Temperature X genotype interactions were highly significant for
all harvests (data not shown). All genotypes but L582 consistently
showed a decrease in tannin concentration of 10 to 40% in the
HT environment. Genotype L582 showed an increase in tannin
concentration of 150 and 200% in the HT environment for the first
three harvests of GP1 and GP2 respectively (Figure 1).
However, the fourth harvest of L582 during both GP1 and
GP2 showed a decrease in tannin concentration of 25% caused by
HT. The reason L582 responded this way is not clear, L582
appears to be an environmentally sensitive genotype.
Soil treatments had little effect on tannin production. Six of
the eight harvests showed small, nonsignificant increases in tannin
production under low fertility environments with BFT which agrees
with previous research by Lowther et al. (1987) and Kelman and
Tanner (1990).
Large genotype X environment interactions were detected for tannin
concentration. For example, during both growth periods, L582
showed a decrease in tannin production between acid and regular
soil of 5080% during the first three harvests, but showed
no change during the fourth harvests of both growth periods. The
large interactions show that L582 is very environmentally
sensitive. This was confirmed by visual observations where L582
grew extremely well in the greenhouse, but performed rather poorly
in the field [8]. Tannin concentrations showed consistent trends
among and between growth periods. Under HT and GH soil conditions,
both growth periods showed increases in tannin concentration from
first to second harvests with a more gradual increase in the third
harvest followed by a sharp decrease of 50 to 70% in tannin concentration
at the fourth harvest (figure 2).
The other environmental conditions showed similar but less dramatic
responses. These findings contradict those of Briggs and Shultz
(1990) in which they found reproductive plants had higher tannin
levels than nonreproductive plants. The lower tannin levels
at the first harvests may be due to a delay in tannin production
when the plant is young since tannins are a secondary metabolite.
In addition, there may be competition for the precursors needed
to produces tannins in the shikimic acid pathway for the production
of other metabolites needed for growth and development. The drop
in tannin concentration from harvests 3 to 4 is due primarily
to the dilution effect of increased dry matter production, primarily
from stem material, and a reduction in the number of young shoots.
These results agree with Barry and Forss (1983).
Conclusions: In the growth chamber, high temperature had
the dramatic effect of reducing tannin production in all genotypes
tested but L582. The response of this genotype shows that
tannin production can not be predicted for plants tested in only
one environment. Soil pH had an effect on tannin production but
showed inconsistent results between genotypes. The low tannin
genotypes generally produced less tannin on the acid soil while
medium and high tannin genotypes responded inconsistently to acid
soil. Tannin production is environmentally sensitive in birdsfoot
trefoil. When choosing genetic material for breeding programs
and when comparing results from different environments, harvests,
and seasons, genotype X environment interactions need to be considered.
References
1. Barry, T.N. and D.A. Forss. 1983. J. Sci. Food Agric. 34:10471056.
2. Barry, T.N., T.R. Manley and S.J. Duncan. 1986. Brit. J. Nutr.
55:123137.
3. Briggs, M.A. and J.C. Schultz. 1990. Oecologia 83:3237.
4. Chiquette, J., K.J. Cheng, L.M. Rode, L.P. Milligan. 1989.
Can. J. Animal Sci. 69:10311039.
5. Fales, S.L. 1984. Can. J. Plant Sci. 64:637642.
6. Kelman, W.M. and G.J. Tanner. 1990. Proc. New Zealand Grassl.
Assoc. 52:5154.
7. Lowther, W.L., T.R. Manley and T.N. Barry.1987. New Zealand
J. Agric. Res. 30:2325.
8. Miller, P.R. 1992. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Minnesota.
9. Waghorn, G.C., M.J. Ulyatt, A. John, and M.T. Fischer. 1987. Brit. J. Nutr.57:115126.
Figure 1: The effect
of high (32/24 C) and low (24/19 C) temperature environments on
the tannin concentrations (g kg') of the six genotypes averaged
over acid and greenhouse soil types 107 days after initiation
Figure 2: Tannin concentrations
during growth period 2 for: low temperatureacid soil (LTAC),low
temperaturegreenhouse soil mix (LTGH), high temperatureacid
soil (HTAC), and high temperaturegreenhouse soil mix
(HTGH), with tannin concentrations averaged over the six
genotypes. Growth period 2 started 77 days after initiation of
the experiment.
A NOTE FROM:
DR. R. PHILLIP UPCHURCH
Professor and Director of Arboretum Affairs
Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum
The University of Arizona
P.O. Box 3607
Tucson AZ 85722
We... add(ed) two new Lotus species to our collection in
1993, and we have continued a project of seed increase in the
greenhouse for some Lotus species on which we have a low
supply of seed. We consider the Lotus genus to be an important
segment of our desert legume seed collection and want to increase
the number of Lotus species in the collection over time. We hope
to increase our seed supply of individual species so we can exchange
seed supplies with other investigators.
We will be happy to interact with others who are interested. Our
purpose is to have seed of as many desert legumes in our collection
as possible and to learn more about these species and to exchange
seed and/or knowledge with others.
RECENT ARTICLES FROM LITERATURE SEARCHES:
NONHARVESTED FORAGE LEGUMES: NITROGEN AND DRY
MATTER YIELDS AND EFFECTS ON A SUBSEQUENT CORN CROP. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: SHEAFFER, C.C. (UNIV. OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MN); RUSSELLE,
M.P.; HEICHEL, G.H.; HALL, M.H.; THICKE, F.E.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE. 1991. V. 4 (4) : P.
520-525.
KEYWORDS: ZEA MAYS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; SILT LOAM SOILS; FODDER LEGUMES; DRY MATTER; DRY
MATTER ACCUMULATION; HERBAGE; ROOTS; CROWN; CROP YIELD; GRAIN;
STOVER; SOIL FERTILITY; NITRATE NITROGEN; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER;
NUTRIENT UPTAKE; PLOWING; INCORPORATION; AUTUMN; HARVESTING; MINNESOTA,
ROOT DRY MATTER, PLOWDOWN, HERBAGE DRY MATTER, STOVER DRYMATTER,
GRAIN DRY MATTER
****************************
SYNTHESIS OF BETA(1-2)GLUCAN IN RHIZOBIUM LOTI.
EXPRESSION OF AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS CHVB VIRULENCE REGION.
(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: LEPEK, V. (CONICET, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA); NAVARRO,
V.N. DE; UGALDE, R.A.
SOURCE: ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY. V 155 (1) P.35-41. 1990.
KEYWORDS: RHIZOBIUM; BETA-GLUCAN; BIOSYNTHESIS; GENES; GENE EXPRESSION;
VIRULENCE; AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS; STRAINS; LOTUS TENUIS; NODULATION
FAST GROWING STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM LOTI ISOLATED FROM
NODULES OF LOTUS TENUIS OF THE FLOODING PAMPAS OF ARGENTINA PRODUCED
CELLULAR BETA(1-2)GLUCANS HAVING A HIGHER DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION
AND MORE ANIONIC SUBSTITUENTS THAN BETA(1-2)GLUCANS ACCUMULATED
BY AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS CELLS. INNER MEMBRANES OF R. LOTI
CONTAINED A 235 KDA BETA(1-2) GLUCAN INTERMEDIATE PROTEIN INDISTINGUISHABLE
BY POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS FROM THE INTERMEDIATE PROTEIN
PRESENT IN A. TUMEFACIENS INNER MEMBRANES. INCUBATION OF INNER
MEMBRANES OF R. LOTI WITH UDP-GLC LED TO THE FORMATION OF NEUTRAL
BETA(1-2)GLUCANS WITH A HIGHER DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION THAN GLUCANS
FORMED BY A. TUMEFACIENS INNER MEMBRANES. INTRODUCTION INR. LOTI
STRAINS OF PLASMID PCD523 CONTAINING A. TUMEFACIENS CHVA AND CHVB
VIRULENCE REGIONS YIELDED STRAINS THAT ACCUMULATED 4 TIMES MORE
CELLULAR BETA(1-2)GLUCANS THAN WILD TYPE CELLS. THIS GLUCAN WAS,
REGARDING ANIONIC SUBSTITUTION AND DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION, INDISTINGUISHABLE
FROM A. TUMEFACIENS BETA(1-2)GLUCANS. FURTHERMORE INNER MEMBRANES
OF THESE R. LOTI EXOCONJUGANT CELLS CONTAINED HIGHER LEVELS OF
THE 235 KDA BETA(1-2)GLUCAN INTERMEDIATE PROTEIN AND FORMED IN
VITRO 8 TIMES MORE NEUTRAL BETA(1-2)GLUCAN WITH A DEGREE OF POLYMERIZATION
CORRESPONDING TO A. TUMEFACIENS BETA(1-2)GLUCAN THAN INNER MEMBRANES
ISOLATED FROM WILD TYPE CELLS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT A. TUMEFACIENS
CHVB GENE IS EXPRESSED IN R. LOTI AND DETERMINED THE DEGREE OF
POLYMERIZATION OF BETA(1-2) GLUCAN.
****************************
REGISTER OF AUSTRALIAN HERBAGE PLANT CULTIVARS.
B. LEGUMES. 22. LOTUS (A) LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CAV. (GREATER LOTUS)
CV. SHARNAE. (ENG)
AUTHOR: WILSON, G.P.M. (NSW AGRICULTURE, GRAFTON, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA);
ORAM, R.N.
SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE. V. 32
(6) P. 794-795, 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; CULTIVARS; AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS;
PLANT MORPHOLOGY
****************************
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF LEGHEMOGLOBIN IN ROOT
NODULES OF LEGUMINOUS PLANTS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BECANA, M.;KLUCAS, R. V. (ESTACION EXPERIMENTAL DE AULA-DEI,
50080 ZARAGOZA, SPAIN.)
SOURCE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY :98: 4, P. 1217-1221, 1992.
KEYWORDS: LEGUMES; NODULES; METABOLISM; LEGHAEMOGLOBIN; SOYABEANS;
PEAS; LUPINUS; MELILOTUS; LOTUS; PROTEINS; ROOT NODULES
REACTIONS INVOLVING CHANGES WHICH AFFECT THE FUNCTION
OF LEGHAEMOGLOBIN (LB) IN ROOT NODULES ARE REVIEWED. THE OXYGENATION
OF LB IN VIVO, THE INACTIVATION OF LB BY OXIDATION, THE REDUCTION
OF FERRIC LB IN VIVO AND THE RESTORATION OF THE FUNCTIONAL STATE
OF LB BY ENZYMES AND BY SMALL MOLECULES IN VARIOUS LEGUMES INCLUDING
SOYABEANS, PEAS, SWEET CLOVER (MELILOTUS SPP.), LOTUS SPP. AND
LUPINUS SPP. ARE DISCUSSED.
****************************
SYMBIOTIC AND NONSYMBIOTIC FIXATION OF NITROGEN
IN FLOOD PLAIN MEADOWS IN THE UPPER REACHES OF THE RIVER LUZNICE.
AUTHOR: BIEDERMANNOVA, E. (AGRONOMICKA
FAKULTA, VYSOKA SKOLA ZEMEDELSKA, 370 05 CESKE BUDEJOVICE, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.)
SOURCE: SBORNIK-VYSOKA SKOLA ZEMEDELSKA V PRAZE AGRONDMIKA FAKULTA
CESKYCH BUDEUOVICICH, FYTOTECHNICKA RADA: 7: 2, P27-37, 1990.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; NITROGEN FIXATION; TRIFOLIUM REPENS;
VICIA SEPIUM; COMPARISONS; FLOODING TOLERANCE
N FIXATION WAS MEASURED IN 1986-89 IN LOTUS ULIGINOSUS, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND VICIA SEPIUM GROWING IN 3 SITES NEAR THE RIVER LUZNICE AND NON-SYMBIOTIC N FIXATION WAS ALSO MEASURED. DATA ARE GIVEN FOR SAMPLES TAKEN ON 4 DATES OURING THE GROWING SEASON IN 1986 AND 6 DATES IN 1987-89. ON FLOOD MEADOW SITES WITH LOW PH, T. REPENS AND V. SEPIUM WERE NOT ABUNDANT AND WERE INTOLERANT OF FLOODS AND CUTTING AND L. ULIGINOSUS WAS THE BEST ADAPTED SPECIES.
****************************
OPTIMIZATION OF NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF LEGUME-GRASS
MIXTURES IN A CROP ROTATION.
AUTHOR: BENEDYCKI, S. M. (KATEORA UPRAWY
ROLI I UZTYKOW ZIELONYCH, ART, OLSZTYN, POLAND.)
SOURCE: ACTA ACAOEMIAE AGRICULTURAE AC TECHNICAE OLSTENENSIS,
AGRICULTURA:NO. 52 SUPPLEMENTUM 58 PP, 1991.
KEYWORDS: FESTUCA PRATENSIS; MIXTURES; LEGUMES; PHLEUM PRATENSE;
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GRASSES; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE;
FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM; POPULATION DYNAMICS;
HAY; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; GRASSLANDS; SOWN GRASSLANDS; APPLICATION;
MINERAL UPTAKE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CARBOHYORATES; CRUDE PROTEIN;
CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; IRON; MANGANESE; COPPER
IN A TRIAL LAID DOWN IN MAY 1986 IN THE MAZURIAN
LAKELAND REGION OF POLAND, MIXTURES CONTAINING 50, FESTUCA PRATENSIS
+ 50, LOTUS CORNICULATUS OR TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, OR 30, F. PRATENSIS,
15, PHLEUM PRATENSE, 5, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND 50, L. CORNICULATUS
OR T. PRATENSE WERE UNDERSOWN IN SPRING BARLEY. THE MIXTURES WERE
GIVEN NO FERTILIZER, OR PK ALONE OR WITH 60 KG N/HA AT EACH CUT,
STARTING AT SUCCESSIVE CJTS FROM THE 15T CUT IN 1987 TO THE 15T
IN 1989, GIVING TOTALS RANGING FROM 360 T6 APPLICATIONS) TO 120
(2 APPLICATIONS) KG N/HA OVER 3 YEARS DATA ARE GIVEN ON THE BOTANICAL
COMPOSITION OF EACH MIXTURE IN 1986-89, DM YIELDS IN RELAT:ON
TO N RATES AND SPECIES COMPOSITION, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HAY
(CARBOHYDRATE:PROTEIN, K: (CA + MG), CA:P AND FE:MN RATIOS AND
CU CONTENT), N UPTAKE AND SOIL OM AND N CONTENT AND PH AFTER 3
YEARS GROWTH OF THE GRASS/LEGUME MIXTURES. EFFECTS ON SOIL FERTILITY
WERE ALSO ASSESSED BY THE DM YIELD AND N UPTAKE OF A SUBSEQUENT
RAPE CROP. THE BEST MIXTURE WAS THE ONE CONTAINING THE 3 GRASS
SPECIES AND L. CORNICULATUS. LIMITED N APPLICATION (0-120 KG/HA
IN THE 3RD YEAR) GAVE THE BEST RESULTS. COMPARED WITH FALLOW PLOTS
THE GRASS/LEGUME MIXTURES GAVE A 2-FOLO INCREASE IN SOIL FERTILITY
AS MEASURED BY RAPE DM YIELDS.
****************************
SELECTION OF FORAGE LEGUMES TOLERANT TO ALUMINUM
AND EFFICIENT AT PHOSPHORUS UTILIZATION. II. EXOTIC LEGUMES.
(SELECAO OE LEGUMINOSAS FORRAGEIRAS TOLERANTES A ALUMINIO E EFICIENTES
NA UTILIZACAO OE FOSFORO. II. LEGUMINOSAS EXOTICAS.) (LANG:PT,
EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: MILAN, P. A.; RITTER, W.; DALL'AGNOL, M. (CAP-IPIRANGA
SERRANA FERTILIZANTES S.A., 96200 RIO GRANDE, RS, BRAZIL.)
SOURCE: PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA BRASILEIRA:25: 12, P1739-1746, 1990.
KEYWORDS: PLANT NUTRITION; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; SOIL AMENDMENTS;
LIME; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS; ORNITHOPUS PINNATUS; ORNITHOPUS SATIVUS;
ORNITHOPUS PERPUSILLUS; ORNITHOPUS ISTHMOCARPUS; FERTILIZERS;
PHOSPHORUS; TRIFOLIUM; SOIL PH; MINERAL NUTRITION
IN POT TRIALS ON A 'VACARIA' SOIL (DISTROPHIC BROWN
LATOSSOL) WITH PH 4.9 AND P CONCENTRATION OF 1 P.P.M., TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE CV. KENLAND, T. REPENS CV. BAYUCUA, LOTUS ULIGINOSUS
CV. MAKU, L. CORNICULATUS CV. S. GABRIEL, T. RIOGRANDENSE, 8 ORNITHOPUS
COMPRESSUS ACCESSIONS, AND 1 ACCESSION EACH OF O. PINNATUS, O.
SATIVUS, O. PERPUSILLUS AND O. ISTHMOCARPUS WERE GIVEN LIME EQUIVALENT
TO 3.5 OR 10.5 T/HA AND 66 OR 198 MG P/POT CONTAINING 2.2 KG SOIL.
OM YIELD INCREASED WITH INCREASING P RATE IN ALL SPECIES AND INCREASED
WITH INCREASED LIMING IN T. PRATENSE, T. REPENS, O. COMPRESSUS
ACCESSION 4301 AND O. PERPUSILLUS. INDICES OF TOLERANCE TO LOW
SOIL PH AND P WERE CALCULATEO: T. RIOGRANDENSE, O. COMPRESSUS
4414, O. SATIVUS AND O. PERPUSILLUS WERE MOST TOLERANT OF LOW
PH. T. PRATENSE, T. RIOGRANDENSE, O. COMPRESSUS 4414 AND
O. SATIVUS WERE THE MOST TOLERANT OF LOW P. DM PRODUCTION AS A
FUNCTION OF P UPTAKE WAS MOST EFFICIENT IN T. PRATENSE AND L.
ULIGINOSUS OF THE PERENNIAL SPECIES AND IN O. COMPRESSUS AND O.
ISTHMOCARPUS OF THE ANNUAL SPECIES.
****************************
SEED PROTEIN VARIATICN IN RELATION TO CYTOLOGICAL
FEATURES OF S0ME SPECIES IN GENUS LOTUS L.(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: SAMMOUR, R. H.; HAMOUD, M. A.; HAIDAR, A. S. (DEPARTMENT
OF BOTANY, FAWLTY OF SCIENCE, TANTA UNIVERSITY, TANTA, EGYPT.)
SOURCE: CYTOLOGIA: 56: 2, P289-291; 1991
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS CRETICUS; LOTUS PEREGRINUS;
LOTUS POLYPHYLLOSE; LOTUS HALOPHILUS;MAPS; LOTUS; PROTEINS;
ACCESSORY CHROMOSOMES; CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY
DATA ARE TABULATED ON SOMATIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER,
BASIC NUMBER, CONTENT OF BUFFER- AND WATER-EXTRACTED PROTEINS,
MEAN CHROMOSOME LENGTH AND MEAN CHROMOSOME ARM RATIO IN 18 SAMPLES
FROM 5 LOTUS SPECIES. VARIATION IN WATER- AND BUFFER-EXTRACTED
PROTEINS WAS CONTINUOUS, SUGGESTING THAT MANY GENES ARE INVOLVED
IN THE CONTROL OF THESE TRAITS. THE PRESENCE OF SUPERNUMERARY
CHROMOSOMES WAS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER QUANTITIES OF STORAGE PROTEINS
IN SOME TAXA.
****************************
INTRAPOPULATIONAL VARIATION IN PARTICULAR MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. S. L. (LEGUMINOSAE) IN THE
EUROPEAN PART OF THE USSR. (LANG:RU, EN(SUMM)
AUTHOR: KRAMINA, T. E.; TIKHOMIROV, V. N. (MOSKOVSKII GOSUDARSTVENNYI
UNIVERSITET, MOSCOW, RUSSIA.)
SOURCE: BYULLETEN' MOSKOVSKOGO OBSHCHESTVA ISPYTATELEI PRIROOY,
BIOLOGICHESKII: 96: 6, P117-126, 25 1991.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MORPHOLOGY; GEOGRAPHICAL RACES
ON THE BASIS OF A STUDY OF VARIATION IN 18 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS
IN 22 POPULATIONS, CONCLUSIONS ARE DRAWN ABOUT THE RACIAL COMPOSITION
OF THE POPULATIONS. EACH TRAIT SHOWED OVERLAPPING VARIABILITY
WITHIN ADJACENT POPULATIONS. NO CONFIRMATION WAS OBTAINED OF THE
MORPHOLOGICAL DISTINCTNESS OF THE 6 RACES IN RESPECT OF PARTICULAR
TRAITS.
****************************
ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF WEED EXTRACTS ON GERMINATION
OF CROP SEEDS. (ALELOPATSKI EFEKTI EKSTRAKTA
NEKIH KOROVA NA KLIUAVOST SUEMENA USUEVA.) (LANG:SH, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: MUMINOVIC, S. (UPI INSTITUT, 71210 SARAJEVO-ILLIDZA, YUGOSLAVIA.)
SOURCE: FRAGMENTA HERBOLOGICA JUGOSLAVICA: L9: 2, P93-102, 21
1990.
KEYWORDS: SUNFLOWERS; RUMEX CRISPUS; ALLELOPATHY; SORGHUM HALEPENSE;
HEMP; SORGHUM; BARLEY; OATS; CARROTS; SOYABEANS; LUCERNE; WHEAT;
RYE; RAPE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PEAS; CHENOPODIUM ALBUM; AMARANTHUS
RETROFLEXUS; AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA; AVENA FATUA; LAMIUM PURPUREUM;
GERANIUM DISSECTUM; SUNFLOWERS; SEED GERMINATION; ALLELOPATHY;
CANNAEIS SATIVA; SORGHUM; BARLEY; OATS; SOYABEANS; WHEAT; RYE;
RAPE; PEAS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; GERMINATION;
ALLELOPATHINS; CARROTS; RAPE
RESULTS OF LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON THE ALLELOPATHIC
EFFECTS OF LEAF EXTRACTS OF RUMEX CRISPUS, WALNUTS, HELIANTHUS
TUBEROSUS (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKES), SORGHUM HALEPENSE, CHENOPODIUM
ALBUM, AMARANTHUS RETROFLEXUS, AMBROSIA ARTEMISIIFOLIA, AVENA
FATUA, LAMIUM PURPUREUM AND GERANIUM DISSECTUM ON THE SEED GERMINATION
OF SUNFLOWERS, HEMP, SORGHUM, BARLEY, OATS, CARROTS, SOYABEANS,
LUCERNE, WHEAT, RYE, RAPE, BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS)
AND PEAS ARE PRESENTED. GERMINATION WAS INHIBITED FROM 94.1-98.1,
(C. ALBUM ON BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL AND LUCERNE, AND A. FATUA ON
BIRD'S FOOT TREFOIL) TO 5, (R. CRISPUS ON WHEAT AND RYE, H. TUBEROSU5,
C. ALBUM AND A. ARTEMISIIFOLIA ON MAI~E, AND S. HALEPENSE ON BARLEY)
BY 24 H AFTER SOAKING IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS. EXTRACTS OF A. RETROFLEXUS
AND L. PURPUREUM ON SUNFLOWER SEEDS AND OF G. DISSECTUM ON HEMP
SEEDS WERE STIMULATORY TO GERMINATION BY 7.9-12.6.
****************************
THE EFFECT OF MOWING-FREQUENCY, N-QUANTITY AND
WATERING ON IRRIGATED STANDS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BANSZKI, T. (UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DEBRECEN
4015, HUNGARY.)
SOURCE: ACTA AGRONOMICA HUNGARICA:40: 3-4, P397-407, 1991.
KEYWORDS: PLANT COMPOSITION; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; CUTTING FREQUENCY;
POA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; BROMUS INERMIS;
TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; IRRIGATION;
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM; CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM;
COPPER; ZINC
IN FIELD TRIALS IN 1987-89 ON A SOWN FESTUCA PRATENSIS, POA PRATENSIS,
F. RUBRA, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, BROMUS INERMIS, TRIFOLIUM REPENS
AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS SWARD
ESTABLISHED IN 1985, THE EFFECTS OF CUTTING 3 OR
6 TIMES/YEAR AT 150 OR 300 KG N + 50 KG P205 + 100 KG K2 O/HA
WERE INVESTIGATED. PLOTS WERE UNIRRIGATED OR GIVEN 9 DOSES OF
40 MM WATER. WITHOUT IRRIGATION AND WITH 150 KG N YIELDS WERE
12.8 T DM/HA WITH 3 CUTS AND 6.94 T WITH 6 CUTS AND AT 300 KGN,
14.10 AND 8.60 T/HA RESPECTIVELY. YIELDS WITH IRRIGATION WERE
35-60, HIGHER. FERTILIZER USE EFFICIENCY WAS HIGHER AT 150 THAN
AT 300 KG N + PK. IRRIGATION INCREASED YIELDS IN JULY/AUG. BY
71-436, AND GAVE A MORE UNIFORM YIELD DISTRIBUTION. INCREASED
CUTTING FREQUENCY INCREASED HERBAGE N, P, K AND CA CONTENTS. IRRIGATION
DECREASED N, CA, MG AND CU AND INCREASED P, K AND ZN IN HERBAGE.
N, K, MG, ZN AND CU CONTENTS WERE HIGHER AT 300 THAN AT 150 KG
N. WITH 3 CUTS/YEAR, P. PRATENSIS AND F. PRATENSIS DECREASED IN
ALL STANDS, D. GLOMERATA DECREASED WITH IRRIGATION AND B. INERMIS
INCREASED WITHOUT IRRIGATION.
****************************
CONTENT AND DEPOSITION RATES OF CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE,
AND LIGNIN DURING REGROWTH OF FORAGE GRASSES AND LEGUMES. (LANG:EN,
FR(SUMM))
AUTHOR: BIDLACK, O. E.; BUXTON. D. R. (BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY
OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA, EDMOND, OK 73034, USA.)
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE: 72: 3, P809-818, 1992.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; CELL WALLS; COMPOSITION; LIGNIN; SEASONAL
VARIATION; POLYSACCHARIDES; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE;
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; BROMUS INERMIS; PANICUM VIRGATUM; REGROWTH;
GROWTH; GRASSES; LEGUMES
DIFFERENCES IN CELL WALL (CW) AND CW COMPONENT DEPOSITION
WERE INVESTIGATED IN GREENHOUSE-GROWN MEDICAGO SATIVA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS,
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, BROMUS INERMIS, AND PANICUM
VIRGATUM. PLANT MATERIAL WAS SAMPLED FROM THE BASAL 10 CM OF FORAGE
AFTER HARVESTING AT 8-5 CM ABOVE THE SOIL LEVEL. SAMPLES ANALYSED
INCLUDED SHEATHS FROM D. GLOMERATA, SHEATHS AND STEMS FROM B.
INERMIS AND P. VIRGATUM, AND STEMS FROM ALL LEGUMES. AFTER ESTABLISHMENT
AND HERBAGE REMOVAL, SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED AT 14-D INTERVALS
BETWEEN 2 AND 10 WEEKS OF REGROWTH. EXCEPT IN D. GLOMERATA, MAXIMUM
RATES OF CW AND CW COMPONENT DEPOSITION USUALLY OCCURRED EARLIER
IN LEGUMES THAN IN GRASSES. MAXIMUM CW DEPOSITION FOR ALL SPECIES
OCCURRED WITHIN 1-3 D OF MAXIMUM DW DEPOSITION. AMONG CW COMPONENTS
IN GRASSES AND LEGUMES, MAXIMUM DEPOSITION OF HEMICELLULOSE OCCURRED
FIRST, FOLLOWED BY THAT OF CELLULOSE (1-6 D LATER) AND THEN LIGNIN
(UP TO 14 D AFTER MAXIMUM HEMICELLULDSE DEPOSITION). MAXIMUM CELLULOSE
DEPOSITION IN ALL SPECIES OCCURRED AT THE SAME TIME AS MAXIMUM
CW DEPOSITION.
****************************
UTILIZATION OF GRASSLANDS IN WARM DRY AREAS OF
SLOVAKIA. (MOZNDSTI VYUZIVANIA TRAVNYCH
PORASTOV V TEPLEJ SUCHEJ OBLASTI SLOVENSKA.) (LANG SK, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: TOMASIK, U.; VOLOSIN, J.; SMAJSTRLA, V.; SMAJSTRLOVA,
S.; HORVATH, C.; PROKSOVA, E. (VYSKUMNY USTAV LUK A PASIENKOV,
974 21 BANSKA BYSTRICA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.)
SOURCE: RECENT ADVANCES IN GRASSLAND PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
(EDITED BY N. GABORCIK AND M. ZIMKOVA). BANSKA BYSTRICA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA;
VYSKUMNY USTAV LUK A PASIENKOV P29-37, 1992.
KEYWORDS: CONFERENCES; RECENT ADVANCES IN GRASSLAND PRODUCTION
AND MANAGEMENT; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; COMPARISONS; MEDICAGO SATIVA;
ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS; POA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; LOLIUM PERENNE;
PHLEUM SUBULATUM; POA COMPRESSA; GRASSLANDS; FERTILIZERS; NPK
FERTILIZERS; SEED PRODUCTION; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; BROMUS SITCHENSIS;
TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CONFERENCES;
RECENT ADVANCES IN GRASSLAND PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT;
ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS; SEED PRODUCTION; ENVIRONMENT; FESTUCA RUBRA;
FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; BROMUS SITCHENSIS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS
TRIALS NEAR NITRA AND TRNAVA ON SITES SUBJECT T0 WIND OR WATER
EROSION WITH HIGH SOLAR RADIATION BUT LOW PRECIPITATION ARE DESCRIBED.
IN FERTILIZER TRIALS, HERBAGE DM YIELDS RANGED FROM 2.0-2.2 T/HA
WITH NO FERTILIZERS TO 7.0-9.6 T WITH 480 KG N + PK ON SEMINATURAL
GRASSLANDS CUT 4 TIMES/YEAR. IN SINGLE SPECIES RESOWN STANDS,
HIGHEST YIELDS WERE GIVEN BY TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE (12_78 T DM/HA),
MEDICAGO SATIVA (11.52 T), ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS (18.33 T) AND
3 INTERGENERIC HYBRIDS (15.70 T). NEW CULTIVARS AND SPECIES RECOMMENDED
FOR AMENITY GRASSLANDS IN HOT DRY AREAS INCLUDED POA PRATENSIS,
FESTUCA RUBRA, LOLIUM PERENNE, PHLEUM BULLOSUM (BULBOSUM = P.
SUBULATUM) AND POA COMPRESSA. IN SEED PRODUCTION TRIALS, YIELDS
WERE 0.1 T/HA FOR A. ELATIUS, 0.3-0.8 T FOR F. RUBRA, 0.8-1.0
T FOR F. ARUNDINACEA, 0.8-1.5 T FOR BROMUS SITCHENSIS, 0.4-0.6
T FOR T. REPENS AND 0.15-0.20 T FOR LOTUS CORNICULATUS.
****************************
ROTATION OF ALTERNATING PASTURE AND CEREAL CROPS
ON SALINE SOIL. (WECHSELNUTZUNG VON WEIDENUND
GETREIDEANBAU AUF SALZHALTIGEN BODEN.) (LANG: DE)
AUTHOR: LAZAR, L.; KOVACS, G.; SZATMARI, M.; ADAM, J. (AGRICULTURAL
INSTITUTE FOR QUALITY EVALUATION, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY )
SOURCE: INTERNATIONALE AGRARINDUSTRIE ZEITSCHRIFT: NO. 1, P24-27,
1990.
KEYWORDS: POA PRATENSIS; ROTATIONS; COMPARISONS; MEDICAGO SATIVA;
BROMUS INERMIS; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; ELYMUS REPENS;
TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MIXTURES; GRASSES; LEGUMES
THE CHOICE OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES FOR GROWING IN
ROTATION WITH CEREALS IN HUNGARY IS DISCUSSED. THE ADVANTAGES
OF MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. SZENTESI RONA ARE NOTED. IN A COMPARISON
OF VARIOUS GRASSES, LEGUMES AND THEIR MIXTURES, M. SATIVA CV.
SZENTESI RONA + BROMUS INERMIS YIELDED 6, MORE THAN SZENTESI RONA
ALONE. YIELDS OF OTHER SPECIES AND MIXTURES WERE EXPRESSED AS
PERCENTAGES OF THE YIELD OF SZENTESI RONA; THE HIGHEST YIELDS
WERE FROM SZENTESI RONA + FESTUCA PRATENSIS (87, ) AND A MIXTURE
OF B. INERMIS, F. PRATENSIS, F. RUBRA, ELYMUS REPENS, TRIFOLIUM
REPENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS (67, ). DATA ARE GIVEN ON THE CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF M. SATIVA CV. SZENTESI RONA, T. REPENS, L. CORNICULATUS,
B. INERMIS, F. PRATENSIS AND THEIR MIXTURES, AND ON YIELDS OF
3 M. SATIVA CULTIVARS IN PURE STANDS AND OF MIXTURES OF THESE
CULTIVARS WITH F. PRATENSIS, F. RUBRA, POA PRATENSIS AND B. INERMIS
IN 1983-88. THE MIXTURE OF M. SATIVA AND B. INERMIS WAS RECOMMENDED
FOR GROWING IN ROTATION WITH CEREALS.
****************************
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE CARYOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF
THE TRIBE LOTEAE (FABACEAE). (APORTACIONECCONOCIMIENTO
CARIOLOGICO DE LA TRIBU LOTEAE (FABACEAE).) (LANG:ES, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: VIOQUE, J.; PASTOR, J. (DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA VEGETAL,
FACULTAD DE BIOLOGIA, SEVILLE, AIN.)
SOURCE: LAZAROA:12: P9-19, 1991.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS; TAXONOMY; TETRAGONOLOBUS; ANTHYLLIS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS;
CHROMOSOME NUMBER; LOTUS PARVIFLORUS; LOTUS SUBBIFLORUS; LOTUS
ANGUSTISSIMUS; LOTUS CONIMBRICENSIS; LOTUS CRETICUS; LOTUS ORNITHOPODIOIDES;
LOTUS ARENARIUS; TETRAGONOLOBUS CONJUGATUS; TETRAGONOLOBUS PURPUREUS;
ANTHYLLIS CYTOSOIDES; ANTHYLLIS GERARDII; ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA;
ANTHYLLIS LOTOIDES; ANTHYLLIS HAMOSA; ANTHYLLIS TETRAPHYLLA; ANTHYLLIS
POLYCEPHALA
THE CARYOLOGY OF 21 TAXA OF THE TRIBE LOTEAE SAMPLED
FROM 40 ANDALUCIAN POPULATIONS WAS STUDIED. THE FOLLOWING SPECIES
WERE INCLUDED: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS (2N = 12); L. PARVIFLORUS (2N
=12); L. SUBBIFLORUS SUBSP. SUBBIFLORUS (2N = 24); L. SUBBIFLORUS
SUBSP. CASTELLANUS (N = 6); L. ANGUSTISSIMUS (2N = 12); L. CONIMBRICENSIS
(2N = 12); L. CRETICUS (2N = 28); L. ORNITHOPODIOIDES (2N = 14);
L. ARENARIUS (2N = 14); TETRAGONOLOBUS CONUUGATUS SUBSP. REQUIENII
(2N =14); ANTHYLLIS CYTISOIDES (2N = 14); A. GERARDII (2N = 12);
A. VULNERARIA (2N = 12); A. LOTOIDES (N = 7); A. HAMOSA (N = 6);
A. TETRAPHYLLA (2N = 16); A. POLYCEPHALA (2N = 14); AND T. PURPUREUS
(2N = 14).
****************************
A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR IDENTIFYING, QUANTIFYING,
AND UTILIZING PLANT GERMPLASM RESOURCES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BEUSELINCK, P.R.; STEINER, J.J. (USDA-ARS, PLANT GENETICS
RESEARCH UNIT, COLUMBIA, MO 65211, USA.)
SOURCE: FIELD CROPS RESEARCH: 29: 1, P261-272, 1992.
KEYWORDS: GRAIN LEGUMES; FODDER LEGUMES; CLOVERS; TRIFOLIUM; GENETIC
RESOURCES; REVIEWS; LOTUS; VICIA; LESPEDEZA; COLLECTIONS; EVALUATION;
UTILIZATION
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF THE GENETIC POTENTIAL HELD IN GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS REQUIRES DETAILED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE ACCESSIONS. INFORMATION ON AVAILABLE ACCESSIONS MAY BE SO SCANT THAT THE ACCESSIONS ARE OF LITTLE INTEREST TO POTENTIAL USERS. USERS OF GERMPLASM ARE INCONSISTENT IN THEIR USES AND EVALUATIONS OF GERMPLASM RESOURCES AND DATA COLLECTION. THE LARGE SIZE AND HETEROGENEOUS STRUCTURE OF SOME COLLECTIONS HINDER EFFORTS TO INCREASE THE USE OF GERMPLASM RESOURCES IN CROP IMPROVEMENT. OBTAINING MORE THAN RUDIMENTARY INFORMATION WILL NOT BE ACCOMPLISHED UNLESS EFFORTS AND DIALOGUE BETWEEN CURATORS AND USERS ARE COORDINATED. THIS REVIEW PROPOSES A PRACTICAL FRAMEWORK TO AID THE EVALUATION AND UTILIZATION OF GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS. THE AUTHORS HAVE CHOSEN TO EXEMPLIFY GERMPLASM OF CLOVERS (TRIFOLIUM SPP.) AND SPECIAL PURPOSE LEGUMES (LOTUS, VICIA, LESPEDEZA, AND OTHERS) BECAUSE OF THEIR FAMILIARITY WITH THE SPECIES THAT COMPRISE THIS GROUP. A SPECIFIED, WELL-DESCRIBED SELECTION OF ACCESSIONS FROM A LARGE GERMPLASM COLLECTION CAN SERVE BOTH PRESERVATION AND UTILIZATION PURPOSES. IN THIS PROPOSED FRAMEWORK, A STANDARD RANGE COLLECTION IS ONE THAT WILL BE DEFINED BY HIGH-PRIORITY DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS, SERVE AS A GENETIC STANDARD, AND REPRESENT THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF ACCESSIONS WITHIN THE LARGER GERMPLASM COLLECTION.
****************************
EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF POPULATIONS OF
LOTUS CORNICULATUS S.L. (FABACEAE) FROM THE SOUTHERN FRENCH ALPS
(MASSIF OU VENTOUX AND MONTAGNE DE LURE).
(LANG:EN, FR(SUMM))
AUTHOR: REYNAUD, J.; JAY, M.; BLAISE, S. (LABORATOIRE DE BOTANIQUE
ET BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE, INSTITUTOES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES ET
BIOLOGIQUES, UNIVERSITE LYON I, 8 AVENUE ROCKEFELLER, 69373 LYON
08, FRANCE.)
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY: 69: 10, P2286-229O, 1991.
KEYWORDS: PASTURE PLANTS; FODDER LEGUMES; PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS;
LOTUS CORNICULATUS; POLYPLOIDY; EVOLUTION; FRANCE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
ECOTYPES- PLOIDY
A CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POLYPHENOLIC PATTERNS
OF DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID POPULATIONS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS S.L.
(FABACEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) GROWING IN THE SOUTHERN FRENCH ALPS SHOWED
THAT DIPLOIDS FROM MONT VENTOUX AND FROM MONTAGNE DE LURE BELONG
TO THE SAME CHEMOTYPE, WHEREAS TETRAPLOIDS SHOWED TWO DIFFERENT
CHEMOTYPES. THIS PAPER SUGGESTS THE FOLLOWING HYPOTHESIS ABOUT
THE EVOLUTION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS IN THIS AREA SINCE THE LAST
GLACIATION: DIPLOIDS COULD BE DERIVED FROM A RELIC DIPLOID POPULATION
SCATTERED BY GLACIATION AND RESTRICTED WITHIN VERY NARROW AREAS,
WHEREAS THE TETRAPLOIDS ORIGINATING FROM THE DIPLOIDS WERE MORE
COMPETITIVE AND RADIATED INTO LARGER AREAS CLEARED FROM ICE.
****************************
RELATION OF SPODOPTERA ERIDANIA CHOICE TO TANNINS
AND PROTEIN OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: BRIGGS, M.A. CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, NY
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY.. V. 16 (5): P. 1557-1564.
1990.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PLANT COMPOSITION; TANNINS; PLANT
PROTEIN; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; SPODOPTERA ERIDANIA; INTERACTIONS;
INSECT CONTROL; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
PLANT SECONDARY COMPOUNDS SUCH AS TANNINS MAY INFLUENCE
HERBIVORE CHOICE. TO DETERMINE IF HERBIVORY WAS INFLUENCED BY
TANNIN CONCENTRATION, SPODOPTERA ERIDANIA LARVAE WERE GIVEN A
CHOICE OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS PLANTS WHOSE CHEMICAL PROFILES WERE
ALTERED BY FERTILIZATION. HERBIVORES CHOSE PLANTS THAT HAVE BEEN
GROWN WITH SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION AS THEIR ONLY NITROGEN
SOURCE MORE OFTEN THAN FERTILIZED PLANTS. CHOICE WAS RELATED TO
PROTEIN CONCENTRATION, BUT NOT TO TANNIN CONCENTRATION.
****************************
REGULATION OF NODULE SPECIFIC GENES. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: LAURIDSEN, P. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, DENMARK; SANDAL, N.;
KUHLE, A.; MARCKER, K.; STOUGAARD.
SOURCE: NATO ASI SERIES : SERIES A : LIFE SCIENCES. V. 212 : P.
131-137. 1991.
KEYWORDS: GLYCINE MAX; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; GENE
EXPRESSION; GENETIC REGULATION; LEGHEMOGLOBIN; NODULINS; RHIZOBIUM;
RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII; ROOT NODULES
****************************
NUTRIENT EFFICIENCY AND CELLULAR CONTENTS OF PHOSPHORUS
AND NITROGEN IN TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND A DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID
LOTUS ULIGINOSUS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HART, A. L.; COLLIER, W. A. (AGRESEARCH GRASSLANDS, PALMERSTON
NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE: 47: 4, P375-381 1992.
KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM REPENS; COMPARISONS; ANATOMY; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS;
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; MINERAL NUTRITION
T. REPENS CV. LADINO AND KENT WILD WHITE AND L. ULIGINOSUS
CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU AND G4703 WERE GROWN IN POTS GIVEN O.1, 0.2,
0.4 OR 0.8 MG P/G SOIL. N SUPPLY WAS BY FIXATION. CELL SIZE AND
N, P AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT PER CELL WERE ESTIMATED FROM SAMPLES
OF LEAF TISSUE. GRASSLANDS MAKU HAD LARGER CELLS AND HIGHER CELLULAR
CONTENT OF METABOLITES THAN T. REPENS. THESE MEASUREMENTS SUPPORTED
EARLIER SUGGESTIONS THAT, COMPARED WITH T. REPENS, THE HIGHER
P EFFICIENCY (DM PER UNIT OF INTERNAL P) OF MAKU MAY BE EXPLAINED
BY CYTOLOGICAL FACTORS WITHOUT RECOURSE TO EXPLANATIONS BASED
ON DIFFERENCES IN NUTRIENT METABOLISM. THE RELATIVELY LARGE CELLS
AND HIGH METABOLITE LEVELS/CELL WERE RELATED TO ITS STATUS AS
AN ARTIFICIAL TETRAPLOID.
****************************
HARVEST MANAGEMENT AND CULTIVAR EFFECTS ON DINITROGEN
FIXATION AND NITROGEN TRANSFER IN FORAGE LEGUME:GRASS MIXTURES.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: FARNHAM, D. E. (IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, AMES, IA 50011,
USA.)
SOURCE: DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL. B, SCIENCES AND
ENGINEERING: ABSTRACT OF THESIS, IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, USA, 1992,
251 PP., AVAILABLE FROM UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS, INC; ORDER NO:
DA9223925;1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MIXTURES; GRASSES; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE;
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; LEGUMES; NITROGEN FIXATION
FOUR LOTUS CORNICULATUS OR TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE CULTIVARS WERE SOWN IN SIMPLE MIXTURES WITH DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND MANAGED UNDER A 3- OR 6-CUT SYSTEM. N FIXATION AVERAGED (2-YEAR MEANS) 95.1 AND 97.2. BY L. CORNICULATUS AND T. PRATENSE, RESPECTIVELY. N FIXATION USUALLY DID NOT DIFFER AMONG CULTIVARS OF EITHER L. CORNICULATUS OR T. PRATENSE. N TRANSFER TO ASSOCIATED D. GLOMERATA AVERAGED 26.8, AND 57.1, FROM L. CORNICULATUS AND T. PRATENSE, RESPECTIVELY. N TRANSFER DID NOT DIFFER BETWEEN CULTIVARS IN EITHER LEGUME. N FIXATION BY L. CORNICULATUS AVERAGED 97.8 AND 95.5, UNDER THE 3- AND 6-CUT SYSTEMS, RESPECTIVELY, COMPARED WITH 93.3 AND 95.4, IN T. PRATENSE. CUTTING FREQUENCY HAD A SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON N FIXATION BY L. CORNICULATUS BUT NOT BY T. PRATENSE. N TRANSFER BY L. CORNICULATUS AVERAGED 43.4 AND 47.0, UNDER THE 3- AND 6-CUT SYSTEMS, RESPECTIVELY; CORRESPONDING FIGURES WERE 41.5 AND 43.2, IN T. PRATENSE. CUTTING RATE GENERALLY DID NOT AFFECT N TRANSFER FROM EITHER OF THE LEGUMES TO D. GLOMERATA.
****************************
NONHARVESTED FORAGE LEGUMES: NITROGEN AND DRY
MATTER YIELDS AND EFFECTS ON A SUBSEQUENT CORN CROP. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: SHEAFFER, C. C.; RUSSELLE, M. P., HEICHEL, G. H.; HALL,
M. H.; THICKE, F. E. (DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY AND PLANT GENETICS,
UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MN 55108, USA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE: 4: 4, P520-525, 1991.
KEYWORD: PLANT NUTRITION; NUTRIENT UPTAKE; MAIZE; GREEN MANURES;
MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; MINERAL
UPTAKE; NITROGEN
IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN 1982-85 AT ROSEMOUNT, MINNESOTA,
MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. ANSWER, LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. LEO AND TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE CV. FLOREX WERE GROWN FOR 1, 2 OR 3 YEARS AND CUT (3/YEAR)
OR NOT CUT. IN UNCUT TREATMENTS HERBAGE ACCUMULATED AND WAS PLOUGHED
IN BEFORE MAIZE WAS SOWN. ON AVERAGE, IN THE UNCUT OR CUT TREATMENTS
3.3-4.4 AND 1.0-1.9 T DM/HA OF HERBAGE RESIDUES (INCLUDING ROOTS
FRACTION) WAS ACCUMULATED, RESPECTIVELY AND 174-209 AND 48-99
LB N/ACRE. ROOT + CROWN DM AND N YIELDS WERE SIMILAR FOR THE 2
CUTTING REGIMES. AVERAGE SPRING SOIL N03- IN THE TOP L FT OF SOIL
WAS 34, GREATER IN UNCUT TREATMENTS PLOUGHED IN AFTER 1 YEAR'S
GROWTH THAN IN CUT TREATMENTS. HOWEVER, SOIL N03- IN SPRING DID
NOT CORRELATE WITH LEGUME N PLOUGHED IN THE PREVIOUS AUTUMN. MAIZE
GRAIN YIELDS FOLLOWING 3 YEARS OF UNCUT LEGUMES WAS 3.2 T/ACRE
COMPARED WITH 2.5 T FROM THE CUT REGIME. TOTAL N UPTAKE IN MAIZE
WAS 18, 35 AND 51, GREATER RESPECTIVELY, FOLLOWING 1, 2 OR 3 YEARS
UNCUT THAT IN THE CUT REGIME. N UPTAKE IN THE 1ST YEAR AFTER LEGUMES
WERE PLOUGHED IN WAS LARGELY RELATED TO THE AMOUNT OF HERBAGE
N INCORPORATED, AND LESS TO SPECIES OF LEGUME.
****************************
EFFECT OF THE DATE OF SOD SOWING ON YIELD OF A
MEADOW ON PEAT-MUCK SOIL.
AUTHOR: DOBROMILSKI, M.; LYOUCH, L. (KATEDRA
LAKARSTWA I POLOWEJ PRODUKCJI PASZ, AR, 71-434 SZCZECI N, POLAND.)
SOURCE: ZESZYTY NAUKOWE AKADEMII ROLNICZEJ W SZCZECINIE, ROLNICTWO:
NO. 48, P99-105, 1990.
KEYWORDS: DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; MIXTURES; LEGUMES; PHLEUM PRATENSE;
FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; AGROSTIS ALBA; LOLIUM
PERENNE; LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM X FESTUCA PRATENSIS; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM;
GRASSES; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ESTABLISHMENT; DIRECT SOWING; SOWING
DATE; GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT
IN 1985 AN OLD LOW-YIELDING MEADOW WAS DIRECT SOWN
WITH DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, PHLEUM PRATENSE FESTUCA PRATENSIS, F.
ARUNDINACEA, AGROSTIS ALBA, LOLIUM PERENNE OR F. PRATENSIS X L.
MULTIFLORUM, OR WITH A MIXTURE OF THESE GRASSES AND TRIFOLIUM
HYBRIDUM AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS. DIRECT SOWING WAS CARRIED OUT
IN EARLY SPRING OR AFTER THE 1ST OR 2ND CUT. IN THE SAME YEAR,
DIRECT SOWING AT THE FIRST 2 DATES INCREASED FRESH FORAGE YIELDS
BY 22-40, . IN 1986-87 PLOTS DIRECT SOWN IN SPRING GAVE THE HIGHEST
YIELDS. YIELD DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIES WERE SMALL BUT F. PRATENSIS,
F. ARUNDINACEA, D. GLOMERATA, L. PERENNE AND F. PRATENSIS X L.
MULTIFLORM WERE CONSIDERED MOST SUITABLE FOR DIRECT SOWING.
****************************
SUITABILITY OF SOME GRASS SPECIES FOR SOD SOWING
MEADOWS ON PEAT-MUCK SOIL.
AUTHOR: DOBROMILSKI, M.; LYOUCH, L.; JURGA,
J. (KATEDRA LAKARSTWA I POLOWEJ PRODUKCJI PASZ, AR, 71-4 34 SZCZECIN,
POLAND.)
SOURCE: ZESZYTY NAUKOWE AKADEMII ROLNICZEJ W SZCZECINIE, ROLNICTWO:
NO. 48, P107-114, 1990.
KEYWORDS: DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; ESTABLISHMENT; DIRECT SOWING; PHLEUM
PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; AGROSTIS ALBA;
TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SOWING DATE; PERSISTENCE;
MIXTURES; GRASSES; LEGUMES; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; GERMINATION; SOWING
DATE; PHLEUM PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA;
AGROSTIS ALBA; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS
IN 1984 A SPECIAL DRILL (ILLUSTRATED) WAS USED FOR
DIRECT SOWING DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, PHLEUM PRATENSE, FESTUCA PRATENSIS,
F. ARUNDINACEA OR AGROSTIS ALBA, OR A MIXTURE OF THESE SPECIES
WITH TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS, INTO A DEGRADED
MEADOW. DIRECT SOWING WAS CARRIED OUT IN EARLY SPRING OR AFTER
THE 1ST OR 2ND CUT. GERMINATION OF ALL SPECIES WAS BEST FROM THE
EARLIEST SOWING. IN 1984 NONE OF THE TREATMENTS OUTYIELDED THE
UNTREATED CONTROL. IN 1985, ALL PLOTS DIRECT SOWN IN EARLY SPRING
1984 YIELDED MORE THAN THE CONTROL, WITH THE HIGHEST YIELDS FROM
F. PRATENSIS, F. ARUNDINACEA AND D. GLOMERATA; THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SPECIES WHEN DIRECT SOWING HAD BEEN CARRIED
OUT LATER. IN 1986, THE AVERAGE YIELD OF PLOTS DIRECT SOWN WITH
F. ARUNDINACEA WAS 43.9 T/HA, COMPARED WITH 41.6 T IN THE CONTROL;
OTHER TREATMENTS YIELDED THE SAME AS OR LESS THAN THE CONTROL.
THE LEGUMES DID NOT SURVIVE THE 2ND YEAR.
****************************
LOCALIZED CHANGES IN FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS IN
ROOTS OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS AFTER INFECTION BY
RHIZOBIUM LOTI. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: COOPER, J. E.; RAO, J. R. (DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL
MICROBIOLOGY, QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, BELFAST BT9 5PX, UK.)
SOURCE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY:100: 1, P444-450, 30 1992.
KEYWORDS: PLANT COMPOSITION; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; ROOTS; METABOLISM;
FLAVONOIDS; COMPOSITION; ROOT INOCULATION; RHIZOBIUM LOTI; SYMBIOSIS;
RHIZOBIUM
TWO-DIMENSIONAL PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY IN 4 SOLVENT SYSTEMS, HIGH-SENSITIVITY SPRAY REAGENTS AND UV ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY WERE USED TO SEPARATE AND CHARACTERIZE FLAVONOIDS AND ISOFLAVONOIDS IN ROOTS AND ROOT NODULES OF 20-D-OLD L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) SEEDLINGS WHICH WERE GROWN EITHER UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS OR AFTER INOCULATION WITH FIX+ OR FIX- STRAINS OF R. LOTI. FLAVONOIDS RATHER THAN ISOFLAVONOIDS PREDOMINATED IN ALL TISSUES. FLAVONOID PROFILES IN STERILE AND DENODULATED ROOT TISSUES WERE REMARKABLY SIMILAR, BOTH QUALITATIVELY AND QUANTITATIVELY. AT LEAST 14 PARTIALLY PURIFIED FLAVONOID AGLYCONES AND CONJUGATES WERE FOUND IN ROOT EXTRACTS; DENODULATED ROOT TISSUES CONTAINED NO COMPOUNDS THAT WERE NOT ALSO PRESENT IN STERILE ROOTS. FIX+ RHIZOBIA WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR MAJOR POSTINFECTION SHIFTS IN PLANT FLAVONOID BIOSYNTHESIS AT THE SITES OF NODULE MORPHOGENESIS. POLYMERIC FLAVOLANS WERE ABSENT FROM FIX+ NODULES BUT PRESENT IN ALL ROOT TISSUES AND IN FIX- NODULES. CATECHIN WAS DETECTED ONLY IN FIX+ NODULES.
****************************
GENETICS OF SECONDARY PLANT PRODUCTS AND BREEDING
FOR THEIR IMPROVED CONTENT AND MODIFIED QUALITY. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: KHANNA, K. R.; SUDHIR SHUKLA (NATIONAL BOTANICAL RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, LUCKNOW, INDIA.)
SOURCE: BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF CROP IMPROVEMENT (EDITED BY KHANNA,
K. R.). BOCA RATON, USA; CRC PRESS:P283-323, 1991.
KEYWORDS: MENTHA; COTTON; CLOVERS; LUPINS; TOBACCO; POLYPLOIDY;
SENTIAL OIL PLANTS; MEDICINAL PLANTS; INDUSTRIAL CROPS; PLANT
COMPOSITION; REVIEWS; FODDER LEGUMES; GRAIN LEGUMES; SORGHUM;
TANNINS; LUPINUS; NICOTIANA; PAPAVER; ALKALOIDS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS;
LOTUS; CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES; GOSSYPIUM; GOSSYPOL; DISCOREA SOLANUM;
STEROIDS; MENTHA; PERILLA; TANACETUM; OCIMUM; ESSENTIAL OILS;
BOOKS; BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF CROP IMPROVEMENT
THIS EXTENSIVE REVIEW COVERS NOT ONLY THE SYNTHESIS
OF SECONDARY METABOLITES AND THE EFFECT ON IT OF ENVIRONMENTAL
AND OTHER FACTORS VS. THE GENETIC COMPONENT OF VARIATION, BUT
ALSO THE ROLE OF POLYPLOIDY IN ENHANCING THE CONTENT OF SECONDARY
METABOLITES AND THE GENETICS AND IMPROVEMENT OF PARTICULAR METABOLITES
IN PARTICULAR PLANTS, VIZ. ESSENTIAL OILS IN MENTHA, PERILLA,
TANACETUM, OCIMUM AND OTHER GENERA; CAROTENOIDS; STEROIDS IN DIOSCOREA,
SOLANUM AND OTHER GENERA; POLYISOPRENES; TANNINS IN THE SEEDS
AND FORAGE OF LEGUMES AND IN SORGHUM; GOSSYPOL; ANTHOCYANINS AND
OTHER PHENOLIC PIGMENTS; BETALAINS; CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES IN SORGHUM,
TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS SPECIES; GLUCOSINDLATES; AND ALKALOIDS
IN LUPINUS, NICOTIANA, PAPAVER AND OTHER GENERA.
****************************
AEROBIC DETERIORATION OF LUCERNE (MEDICAGO SATIVA)
AND MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) SILAGES - EFFECTS OF YEASTS (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: O'KIELY, P.; MUCK, R. E. (US DAIRY FORAGE RESEARCH CENTER,
USDA-ARS, MADISON, WI 53706, USA)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE: 59: 2,
P139-144, 1992.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; SILAGE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ZEA MAYS;
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; AERATION; STORAGE; LOSSES; SILAGE ADDITIVES;
GLUCOSE: LUCERNE SILAGE; SILAGE QUALITY; MAIZE SILAGE; LUCERNE;
SILAGE; MAIZE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; SILAGE
ADDITIVES; GLUCOSE; AERATION; SILAGE MAKING; LOSSES
LUCERNE (M. SATIVA) SILAGES MADE IN TEST TUBE SILO
AT VARIOUS DM LEVELS (290-537 G/KG) WITH AND WITHOUT ADDITION
OF GLUCOSE (20 G/KG HERBAGE) AT ENSILING WERE STABLE DURING 7
D OF AEROBIC EXPOSURE. LUCERNE SILAGES TAKEN FROM 7 FARM SILOS
WERE SIMILARLY STABLE WHILE 3 OTHERS WERE UNSTABLE (AVERAGE DM
LOSS OF 62 G/KG DM AND PH INCREASE FROM 4.35 TO 7.58 IN 7 D).
UNDER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES, MAIZE SILAGE HAD A HIGH DM LOSS (164
G/KG DM) AND AN INCREASE IN PH FROM 3.94 TO 8.13. SILAGES WERE
INOCULATED WITH YEAST (1 X 106 CFU/G SILAGE) ISOLATED FROM AEROBICALLY
DETERIORATING FARM-SCALE LUCERNE AND MAIZE SILAGES. THE STABLE
LUCERNE SILAGES WERE NOT DESTABILIZED BY INOCULATION, BUT THE
INSTABILITY OF UNSTABLE LUCERNE SILAGES WAS INCREASED. AEROBICALLY
UNSTABLE MAIZE SILAGE AND STABLE LUCERNE SILAGE WERE INOCULATED
AND STUDIED SEPARATELY OR AS A 50:50 MIXTURE. THERE WAS A DISTINCT
LAG IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC INSTABILITY IN THE MIXTURE COMPARED
WITH MAIZE SILAGE ALONE. IN ANOTHER EXPERIMENT, THE GROWTH OF
THE INOCULUM IN MALT AGAR (PH 3.5) AS AFFECTED BY THE PRESENCE
OF FRESH AND ENSILED LUCERNE (6 CULTIVARS), LOTUS CORNICULATUS
AND TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE WAS STUDIED. THE LEGUME HERBAGES DID NOT
INHIBIT YEAST GROWTH WHEREAS THE CORRESPONDING SILAGES DID. FIVE
AEROBICALLY STABLE LUCERNE SILAGES INHIBITED YEAST DEVELOPMENT
IN THE MEDIA WHEREAS UNSTABLE MAIZE SILAGE DID NOT. IT IS CONCLUDED
THAT AEROBIC STABILITY WAS NOT RELATED TO SILAGE DM, PH, YEAST
NUMBERS OR GLUCOSE ADDITION AT ENSILING. STABILITY APPEARED TO
BE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF AN INHIBITOR (OR INHIBITORS) PRODUCED
DURING ENSILAGE.
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EFFECT OF SOME UNDERSOWN LEGUMES ON INTERCROPS.
(MEDZIPLODINOVY UCINOK PODSEVU VYBRANYCH D'ATELINOVIN.) (LANG:SK,
EN(SUMM)
AUTHOR: JAMRISKA, P. (VYSKUMNY USTAV RASTLINNEJ VYROBY, 921 68
PIEST'ANY, SLOVAKIA.)
SOURCE: ROSTLINNA VYROBA: 38: 11, P943-950, 1992.
KEYWORDS: BARLEY; COVER CROPS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA;
ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; OATS;
GREEN MANURES
IN TRIALS IN 1986-89 ON SLIGHTLY ACID CHERNOZEM SOIL
AT 170 M ALT., SPRING BARLEY CV. SPARTAN WAS SOWN AT 3.5 MILLION
GERMINABLE SEEDS/HA IN ROWS 125 MM APART EITHER ALONE OR UNDERSOWN
WITH 1 OF 8 LEGUMES. GRAIN YIELDS WERE 5.41-8.12 T/HA WHEN BARLEY
WAS GROWN ALONE, AVERAGED 5.35-7.36 T WITH A COMPANION CROP AND
WERE HIGHER WITH TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE, ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA AND
MEDICAGO SATIVA THAN WITH OTHER LEGUMES. WHEN GRAIN QUALITY WAS
CONSIDERED, 1000-GRAIN WEIGHT WAS HIGHER WITH LOTUS CORNICULATUS
AND ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA AND PROTEIN CONTENT WAS HIGHEST WITH
A. VULNERARIA THAN IN THE OTHER TREATMENTS. THE LEGUMES WERE PLOUGHED
IN 79 D AFTER BARLEY HARVEST AND A CROP OF OATS AND WAS SOWN.
OAT YIELDS WERE 4.53 T GRAIN/HA WITHOUT LEGUMES AND 4.96-5.32
T AFTER LEGUMES AND HIGHEST AFTER O. VICIIFOLIA.
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INFLUENCE OF A PLANT GROWTH-PROMOTING PSEUDOMONAD
AND VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS ON ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL GROWTH AND NODULATION. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: STALEY, T.E. USDA, ARS, NAA, APPALACHIAN SOIL AND WATER
CONSERVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY, BECKLEY, WV; LAWRENCE, E.G.;
NANCE, E.L.
SOURCE: BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS. V. 14 (3) : P. 175-180
1992.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH;
NODULATION; SOIL INOCULATION; PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA; GLOMUS INTRARADICES;
SYNERGISM; SYMBIDSIS; VESICULAR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS; ACID SOILS;
RHIZOBIUM; RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI, RHIZOBIUM LOTI INCLUDES REFERENCES.
****************************
AMYLASE ACTIVITY IN TAPROOTS OF MEDICAGO SATIVA
L. AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. FOLLOWING DEFOLIATION. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BOYCE, P. J.; PENALOZA, E.; VOLENEC, U. V. (DEPARTMENT
OF AGRONOMY, PURDUE UNIVERSITY, WEST LAFAYETTE, IN 47907, USA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY: 43: 253, P1053-1059, 1992.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; DEFOLIATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOTS;
ENZYMES; METABOLISM; AMYLASES; CARBOHYDRATES
AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITIES AND STARCH CONCENTRATIONS IN
TAPROOTS OF DEFOLIATED AND UNDEFOLIATED M. SATIVA AND L. CORNICULATUS
WERE COMPARED AT 0, 3, 7, 10 AND 14 D AFTER DEFOLIATION. TAPROOT
STARCH CONCENTRATIONS DECLINED IN DEFOLIATED PLANTS, BUT INCREASED
IN UNDEFOLIATED PLANTS. EXOAMYLASE ACTIVITIES IN TAPROOTS OF DEFOLIATED
PLANTS DID NOT CHANGE WITH DEFOLIATION, WHILE ENDOAMYLASE ACTIVITIES
INCREASED 2-FOLD IN DEFOLIATED M. SATIVA AND 50, IN DEFOLIATED
L. CORNICULATUS PLANTS COMPARED WITH UNDEFOLIATED PLANTS. ACTIVITY
AND ISOFORM COMPLEMENT OF AMYLASES WERE MONITORED DURING SEEDLING
DEVELOPMENT IN A SECOND EXPERIMENT. HIGH ENDOAMYLASE ACTIVITY
WAS FOUND IN TAPROOTS OF BOTH SPECIES AT ALL SAMPLINGS. IN CONTRAST,
EXOAMYLASE ACCUMULATED IN TAPROOTS OF M. SATIVA, BUT NOT L. CORNICULATUS,
IN A PATTERN SIMILAR TO STARCH ACCUMULATION. DEFOLIATION INCREASED
ENDOAMYLASE, BUT NOT EXOAMYLASE ACTIVITY IN TAPROOTS OF BOTH SPECIES.
TAPROOTS OF BOTH SPECIES CONTAINED ONE MAJOR AND TWO MINOR ENDOAMYLASE
ISOFORMS, BUT THE ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY OF THESE ISOFORMS DIFFERED
BETWEEN SPECIES. ACTIVITIES OF ALL ISOFORMS, AS INDICATED ON STARCH-GEL
BLOTS, INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO DEFOLIATION. THESE RESULTS INDICATE
THAT DEFOLIATION INCREASES ACTIVITY OF TAPROOT ENDOAMYLASES, WHOSE
ACTIVITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH TAPROOT STARCH DEGRADATION.
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PERSISTENCE OF HERBAGE TREATMENT EFFECTS IN BARLEY
AND CONSEQUENCES FOR SUBSEQUENT CROP EXPERIMENTATION. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: FAIREY, N. A.; LEFKOVITCH, L. P. (AGRICULTURE CANADA RESEARCH
STATION, BEAVERLODGE, ALTA. TOH OCO, CANADA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE:1 20: 1, P25-32, 1993.
KEYWORDS: FIELD EXPERIMENTATION; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; BARLEY;
FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; RESIDUAL EFFECTS; ROTATIONS; GRASSES; MEDICAGO
SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SEED PRODUCTION;
YIELD COMPONENTS; COMPOSITION
BARLEY CV. HEARTLAND WAS GROWN IN 1989-90 IN THE
PEACE REGION OF ALBERTA ON A SITE USED IN 1986-88 FOR HERBAGE
TRIALS INCLUDING COMPARISONS OF GRASS SPECIES, GRASS-LEGUME MIXTURES,
N RATES AND CUTTING TREATMENTS. IN 1989, BARLEY WAS GROWN WITH
NO FERTILIZERS FOLLOWING PLOUGHING, WHILE IN 1990, BARLEY WAS
GROWN IN THE ORIGINAL HERBAGE PLOTS AND GIVEN 0, 50 OR 100 KG
N/HA. BARLEY, IN 1989, HAD HIGHER YIELDS FOLLOWING MIXTURES OF
GRASS WITH MEDICAGO SATIVA THAN WITH TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM OR LOTUS
CORNICULATUS. GRAIN YIELDS FOLLOWING HERBAGE TREATMENTS THAT HAD
RECEIVED N FERTILIZER WERE GENERALLY 2- TO 4-FOLD HIGHER THAN
FOLLOWING SIMILAR STANDS THAT HAD NOT RECEIVED N. BARLEY YIELDS
WERE POSITIVELY CORRELATED WITH 1986-88 HERBAGE DM PRODUCTION.
BARLEY YIELDS IN 1990 WERE STILL SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY THE
PREVIOUS HERBAGE TREATMENTS. 1990 GRAIN DM AND N YIELDS AND GRAIN
N CONCENTRATION WERE POSITIVELY, AND 1000-GRAIN WEIGHT NEGATIVELY,
CORRELATED WITH 1989 GRAIN YIELD. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT CROP MANAGEMENT
TREATMENTS BENEFICIAL FOR HERBAGE PRODUCTION ALSO BENEFITED SUBSEQUENT
CEREAL CROPS, AND THAT, UNLESS FIELD EXPERIMENTS USED DESIGNS
ORTHOGONAL TO THOSE PREVIOUSLY USED ON THE SAME SITE, COVARIANCE
ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURES SHOULD BE USED TO MINIMIZE RESIDUAL EFFECTS.
****************************
CHROMOSOMAL EVOLUTION AND ANEUPLOIDY IN LOTUS.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: GRANT, W. F. (DEPARTMENT OF PLANT SCIENCE, MACDONALD COLLEGE
OF MCGILL UNIVERSITY, PO BOX 4000, STE. ANNE DE BELLEVUE, QUEBEC
H9X 1CO, CANADA.)
SOURCE: CHROMOSOME ENGINEERING IN PLANTS: GENETICS, BREEDING,
EVOLUTION. PART B (EDITED BY TSUCHIYA, T.; GUPTA. P. K.). AMSTERDAM,
NETHERLANDS; ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS:P429-447, DEVELOPMENTS
IN PLANT GENETICS AND BREEDING, 28; 1991.
KEYWORDS: FODDER LEGUMES; BOOKS; LOTUS; ANEUPLOIDY; EVOLUTION;
CYTOLOGY; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
INFORMATION IN THIS PAPER WHICH SHOWS THAT EVOLUTION
HAS PROCEEDED IN THE GENUS (BASIC NUMBERS OF X = 5, 6 AND 7) BY
MEANS OF DESCENDING ANEUPLOID SERIES FROM AN 8-CHROMOSOME ANCESTOR
15 DISCUSSED UNDER THE FOLLOWING MAIN HEADINGS: (1) SYSTEMATICS;
(2) CHROMOSOME NUMBERS, INCLUDING BASE NUMBERS AND THEIR ORIGIN,
POLYPLOIDY AND B-CHROMOSOMES; (4) THE LOTUS CORNICULATUS GROUP,
WHICH INCLUDES KARYOTYPES, CYTOGENETICS AND INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION;
(5) HYBRIDS OUTSIDE THE L. CORNICULATUS GROUP; (6) ANEUPLOIDY;
AND (7) NUCLEAR DNA CONTENT.
****************************
MULTIPLE FUNCTIONS OF PROMOTER SEQUENCES INVOLVED
IN ORGAN-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION AND AMMONIA REGULATION OF A CYTOSOLIC
SOYBEAN GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE GENE IN TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS.(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: MARSOLIER, M.C. INRA, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; CARRAYOL, E.;
HIREL, B.
SOURCE: THE PLANT JOURNAL. V. 3 (3) : P. 405-414. 1993.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GLYCINE MAX; GENES; PROMOTERS; GENE
EXPRESSION; GENE TRANSFER; TRANSGENICS; GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE;
ENZYME ACTIVITY; REGULATION; AMMONIA; HISTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT MORPHOLOGY;
PLANT ANATOMY, GS15 GENES
****************************
INTERNATIONAL TEAM COLLECTS A RICH TROVE OF WILD
SPECIES IN MOROCCO. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: PRENDERGAST, H. D. V.; BIROUK, A.;TAZI, M. (ROYAL BOTANIC
GARDENS, WAKEHURST PLACE, ARDINGLY, HAYWARDS HEATH, WEST SUSSEX
RH17 6TN, UK.)
SOURCE: DIVERSITY: 8: 3, P16-19, 1992.
KEYWORDS: ARGANIA SPINOSA; HIPPOCREPIS MULTISILIQOSA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
SCORPIURUS MURICATUS; CENCHRUS CILIARIS; ORYZOPSIS MILIACEA; RETAMA
MONOSPERMA; CALICOTOME VILLOSA; PANICUM TURGIDUM; NITRARIA RETUSA;
CALOTROPIS PROCERA; ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA; CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS;
MAPS; FODDER PLANTS; GENETIC RESOURCES; COLLECTING MISSIONS; MOROCCO;
FLORA; MOROCCO; HIPPOCREPIS MULTISILIQOSA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
SCORPIURUS MURICATUS; CENCHRUS CILIARIS; ORYZOPSIS MILIACEA; RETAMA
MONOSPERMA; CALICOTOME VILLOSA; PANICUM TURGIOUM; CALOTROPIS PROCERA;
ARTEMISIA HERBA-ALBA
AN ACCOUNT IS GIVEN OF 2 COLLECTING MISSIONS TO MOROCCO
IN 1990. A TOTAL OF 76 COLLECTIONS WERE MADE FROM 21 FAMILIES,
PRIMARILY SEED OF BROWSE AND FORAGE PLANTS, AND DEPOSITED IN THE
KEW SEED BANK. THESE INCLUDED THE TREE ARGANIA SPINOSA, THE ANNUAL
LEGUMES HIPPOCREPIS MULTISILIQOSA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND SCORPIURUS
MURICATUS, THE GRASSES CENCHRUS CILIARIS AND ORYZOPSIS MILIACEA
AND THE LEGUMINOUS SHRUBS RETAMA MONOSPERMA AND CALICOTOME VILLOSA
IN THE JUNE EXPEDITION FROM THE COAST INTO THE ANTI-ATLAS MOUNTAINS,
WHILE COLLECTIONS IN THE DECEMBER EXPEDITION TO THE SOUTHERN PART
OF THE COUNTRY INCLUDED PANICUM TURGIDUM, NITRARIA RETUSA, COLOCYNTHIS
VULGARIS (CITRULLUS COLOCYNTHIS), CALOTROPIS PROCERA AND ARTEMISIA
HERBA-ALBA.
****************************
REGULATION OF NODULE-EXPRESSED SOYBEAN GENES.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: JENSEN, E. O. (GENE EXPRESSION LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT
OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF
AARHUS, 8000 AARHUS C, DENMARK.)
SOURCE: ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS.
VOLUME I. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, INTERLAKEN,
SWITZERLAND, 9-14 SEPTEMBER 1990 (EDITED BY HENNECK E, H.; VERMA,
D. P. S.). DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS; KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS:
P310-316, VOLUME 10; 1991.
KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; SOYABEANS; CONFERENCES; ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR
GENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS, VOLUME ONE; GLYCINE MAX;
GENETIC ENGINEERING; LEGHAEMOGLOBIN; NODULATION; GENE EXPRESSION;
LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; CONFERENCES; ADVANCES
IN MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS; GENETICS;
GENE EXPRESSION; LEGHAEMOGLOBIN; NODULATION
THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF
4 CIS-ACTING DNA ELEMENTS CONTROLLING THE ROOT NODULE SPECIFIC
SOYABEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN GENE LBC9 WERE ANALYZED IN TRANSGENIC
LOTUS CORNICULATUS. IT WAS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE STRONG POSITIVE
ELEMENT RESPONSIBLE FOR HIGH LEVEL EXPRESSION WAS ORGAN RELATED.
DELETION OF THE DOWNSTREAM QUALITATIVE ORGAN SPECIFIC ELEMENT
RESULTED IN A LOW EXPRESSION LEVEL. REGULATORY ELEMENTS WERE ALSO
DEFINED IN THE NODULIN N23 LBA AND ENOD2 PROMOTER REGIONS. THREE
ORGAN SPECIFIC NUCLEAR PROTEINS RECOGNIZING AT-RICH DNA SEQUENCES
(NAT2, LAT1 AND NAT1) WERE IDENTIFIED. NAT2, WHICH PRESENT IN
MATURE NODULES, RECOGNIZES A WEAK POSITIVE ELEMENT IN THE LBC3
PROMOTER.
****************************
GENETIC EFFECTS OF SEED MULTIPLICATION IN DIFFERENT
ENVIRONMENTS ON NATURAL POPULATIONS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. AND
L. TENUIS WALD. & KIT. (EFFETTI
GENETICI DELLA MOLTIPLICAZIONE DELSEME IN AMBIENTI DIFFERENTI
SU POPOLAZIONI NATURALI DI LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. E LOTUS TENUIS
WALD. E KIT.) (LANG:IT, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: GRILLO, A.; NEGRI, V.; SMITH, R. R.; VERONESI, F. (ISTITUTO
DI MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO VEGETAL C, UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI, PERUGIA,
ITALY.)
SOURCE: SEMENTI ELETTE: 37: 5, P3-6, 7 1991.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS TENUIS; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION;
GENETIC RESOURCES GENETIC SHIFTS IN NATURAL ITALIAN POPULATIONS
WERE STUDIED AFTER
MULTIPLICATION IN CONTRASTING ENVIRONMENTS (CENTRAL
ITALY AND WISCONSIN, USA) UNDER CONDITIONS OF CONTROLLED AND OPEN
POLLINATION. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT SHIFTS IN MEAN PERFORMANCE
AND VARIATION FOR THE TRAITS EXAMINED (DATE OF FIRST FLOWER, GROWTH
HABIT, LEAF NUMBER, MEAN STEM LENGTH AND DRY MATTER YIELD). ALTHOUGH
IT APPEARED IMPOSSIBLE TO MAINTAIN ALL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ORIGINAL
POPULATION EVEN WITH ONLY ONE MULTIPLICATION CYCLE, THE EFFECTS
NOTED WERE NOT THOUGHT ENOUGH TO THREATEN THE EFFICIENCY OF GERMPLASM
CONSERVATION.
****************************
THE EFFECT OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL ON SEEDLING
GROWTH OF SOME BRITISH PLANTS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: EVANS, C.E. ROYAL SOCIETY FOR THE PROTECTION OF BIRDS,
BEDFORDSHIRE; ETHERINGTON, J.R.
SOURCE: THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST. V. 118 (4) : P. 571-579. 1991.
KEYWORDS: BRACHYPODIUM PINNATUM; BRACHYPODIUM SYLVATICUM; DIGITALIS
PURPUREA; GALIUM VERUM; HYPERICUM ANDROSAEMUM; JUNCUS ARTICULATUS;
OUNCUS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; ORIGANUM VULGARE; PULICARIA; RESEDA
LUTEOLA; RUMEX CRISPUS; SCROPHULARIA NODOSA; TEUCRIUM; TYPHA LATIFOLIA;
SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; SOIL WATER POTENTIAL, JUNCUS ACUTUS, PULICARIA
DYSENTERICA, TEUCRUIM SCORODDNIA.
****************************
LOTUS JAPONICUS, AN AUTOGAMOUS, DIPLOID LEGUME
SPECIES FOR CLASSICAL AND MOLECULAR GENETICS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: HANDBERG, K. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK; STOUGAARD,
J.
SOURCE: THE PLANT JOURNAL. V. 2 (4) : P. 487-496. 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; TRANSGENICS; CHROMOSOMES;
GENE MAPPING; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION, IN VITRO CULTURE; NODULATION;
SUSCEPTIBILITY; AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS.
****************************
ROOT NODULE SPECIFIC GENE REGULATION: ANALYSIS
OF THE SOYBEAN NODULIN N23 GENE PROMOTER IN HETEROLOGOUS SYMBIOTIC
SYSTEMS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: JORGENSEN, J.E. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK;
STOUGAARO, U.; MARCKER, A.; MARCKER, K.A.
SOURCE: NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH. V. 16 1988
KEYWORDS: GLYCINE MAX; NODULINS; TRANSGENICS; GENETIC REGULATION;
GENE EXPRESSION; ROOT NODULES; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS
THE NODULIN N23 GENE PROMOTER WAS ANALYSED IN TRANSGENIC
PLANTS USING THE CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE (CAT) CODING
SEQUENCE AS A REPORTER. A 5' FLANKING REGION OF LESS THAN 1 KB
WAS SUFFICIENT FOR THE ORGAN-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION OF A CHIMERIC
N23-CAT-3'LBC3 GENE IN ROOT NODULES FORMED ON LOTUS CORNICULATUS
AND TRIFOLIUM REPENS AFTER INFECTION BY THEIR RESPECTIVE RHIZ0BIUM
SYMBIONTS. EXPRESSION WAS REGULATED AT THE LEVEL OF RNA IN BOTH
SPECIES OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS. PROMOTER DELETION ANALYSIS DEFINED
THE 5' REGION REQUIRED FOR HIGH LEVEL EXPRESSION AND DELIMITED
TWO PUTATIVE REGULATORY SEQUENCES INVOLVED IN POSITIVE CONTROL
OF THE N23 GENE IN L. CORNICULATUS.
****************************
DISPERSION PATTERNS AND OPTIMUM SAMPLE SIZE ANALYSES
FOR THREE PLANT BUG (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE) SPECIES ASSOCIATED
WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL IN WISCONSIN. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: WIPFLI, M.S. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, EAST LANSING,
MI; PETERSON, S.S.; HOGG, O.B.; WEDBERG, U.L.
SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY. V. 21 (6) : P. 1248-1252. 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS; LYGUS LINEOLARIS;
MIRIDAE; SURVEYS; DISPERSION; POPULATION DENSITY; WISCONSIN, PLAGIOGNATHUS
CHRYSANTHEMI
FOUR FIELDS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, LOTUS CORNICULATUS
L., WERE SWEEP SAMPLED MAY THROUGH AUGUST DURING 1984-1987 IN
NORTHERN WISCONSIN TO ASSESS THE DISPERSION PATTERNS OF THREE
PLANT BUG PESTS AND TO CALCULATE OPTIMUM SAMPLE SIZE FOR THESE
MIRIDS IN TREFOIL. COUNTS OF THE ALFALFA PLANT BUG, ADELPHOCORIS
LINEOLATUS (GOEZE), THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS
(PALISOT OE BEAUVOIS), AND PLAGIOGNATHUS CHRYSANTHEMI (WOLFF)
WERE AGGREGATED FOR NYMPHS AND ADULTS OF ALL THREE SPECIES. NYMPH-DOMINATED
POPULATIONS THAT OCCUR EARLY IN THE GROWING SEASON REQUIRED LARGER
SAMPLE SIZES TO ACHIEVE A GIVEN PRECISION LEVEL THAN DID ADULT-DOMINATED
POPULATIONS LATER IN THE SEASON. A SAMPLE SIZE OF 10 SETS OF 20
SWEEPS PROVIDED A 25% PRECISION LEVEL AT GREATER THAN OR EQUAL
TO 3 PLANT BUGS PER SWEEP AND A 10% PRECISION LEVEL AT GREATER
THAN OR EQUAL TO 20 BUGS PER SWEEP FOR ALL PLANT BUG SPECIES AND
STAGES COMBINED THROUGH THE ENTIRE SEASON (MAY THROUGH AUGUST).
****************************
CONSERVED REGULATION OF THE SOYBEAN EARLY NODULIN
GENE PROMOTER IN DETERMINATE AND INDETERMINATE TRANSGENIC ROOT
NODULES. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: LAURIDSEN, P. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK; FRANSSEN,
H.; STOUGAARD. U.; BISSELING, T.; MARCKER, K.A.
SOURCE: THE PLANT JOURNAL. V. 3 (3) : P. 483-492 1993.
KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GLYCINE MAX; ROOT
NODULES; GENETIC REGULATION; PROMOTERS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; ENZYME
ACTIVITY; GENES; HISTOCHEMISTRY; PLANT ANATOMY; TRANSGENICS ENOD2(B)
****************************
DROUGHT EFFECTS ON PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUME YIELD
AND QUALITY. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: PETERSON, P.R. UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL, MN;
SHEAFFER, C.C.; HALL, M. H.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY. V. 84 (5)
1992.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ASTRAGALUS CICER;
TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; FORAGE; CROPS; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; CROP YIELD;
CROP QUALITY; RESPONSES; SANDY SOILS; MINNESOTA
DROUGHT FREQUENTLY LIMITS ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA
L.) HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY DURING MID-SUMMER IN THE NORTH CENTRAL
USA, BUT THE PRODUCTIVITY OF OTHER LEGUMES DURING DROUGHT IS UNKNOWN.
WE DETERMINED THE EFFECT OF DROUGHT ON THE HERBAGE YIELD AND QUALITY
AND STAND PERSISTENCE OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS
L.), CICER MILKVETCH (AUSTRAGALUS CICER L.), RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE L.) AND ALFALFA. LEGUMES WERE ESTABLISHED ON A SANDY,
MIXED, UDORTHENTIC HAPLOBOROLLS SUBJECTED TO TWO SOIL WATER REGIMES
PROMOTING 'DROUGHTED' AND 'WELL-WATERED' (CONTROL) PLANT GROWTH.
MID-DAY STEM PRESSURE POTENTIALS FOR DROUGHTED AND CONTROL PLANTS
RANGED FROM -1.3 TO -3.8 MPA AND -0.1 TO -1.4 MPA, RESPECTIVELY.
WHEN DROUGHT OCCURRED THROUGHOUT GROWTH LEGUME HERBAGE YIELDS
OF DROUGHTED ALFALFA BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, CICER MILKVETCH, AND RED
CLOVER AVERAGED 33, 21, 19, AND 13% OF THEIR RESPECTIVE CONTROLS.
AVERAGE HERBAGE YIELD OF DROUGHTED ALFALFA WAS 120% GREATER THAN
YIELDS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL AND CICER MILKVETCH AND 165% GREATER
THAN RED CLOVER YIELD. AVERAGED FOR ALL HARVESTS AND SPECIES,
WHOLE HERBAGE ACID DETERGENT FIBER (ADF), NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER
(NDF), AND ACID DETERGENT LIGNIN (ADL) CONCENTRATIONS WERE REDUCED
BY 30 TO 48%, 26 TO 46%, AND O TO 49%, RESPECTIVELY, WHEN DROUGHT
OCCURRED THROUGHOUT GROWTH. EFFECTS OF DROUGHT ON LIGNIN IN NDF
AND CRUDE PROTEIN CONCENTRATION WERE NOT CONSISTENT. DROUGHTED
ALTERNATIVE PRODUCED HERBAGE WITH LOWER ADF, NDF, AND ADL CONCENTRATIONS
THAN ALFALFA. IMPROVED QUALITY IN DROUGHTED LEGUMES WAS RELATED
TO GREATER LEAF:STEM WEIGHT RATIO, DELAYED MATURITY, AND OFTEN
HIGHER QUALITY IN BOTH THE LEAF AND STEM FRACTIONS COMPARED TO
THE CONTROL TREATMENT. ALTHOUGH DROUGHT REDUCED THE HERBAGE YIELD
OF ALL LEGUMES, ALFALFA HAS THE GREATEST YIELD POTENTIAL IN DROUGHT.
****************************
ANALYSIS OF THE SOYBEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN LBC3 GENE:
REGULATORY ELEMENTS REQUIRED FOR PROMOTER ACTIVITY AND ORGAN SPECIFICITY.
(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: STOUGAARD, J. UNIVERSITY OF AARHUS, AARHUS, DENMARK; SANDAL.
N.N.; GRON, A.; KUHLE. A.; MARCKER, K.A.
SOURCE: THE EMBO JOURNAL - EUROPEAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ORGANIZATION.
V. 6 (12) : P. 3565-3569. 1987.
KEYWORDS: GLYCINE MAX; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PROMOTERS; LEGHEMOGLOBIN;
RECOMBINANT DNA; REPORTER GENES; CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE;
TRANSCRIPTION; GENE EXPRESSION; MOLECULAR MAPPING; ROOT NODULES;
TRANSGENIC PLANTS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; DELETIONS; NUCLEOTIDE
SEQUENCES
THE SOYBEAN LEGHAEMOGLOBIN LBC3 GENE PROMOTER WAS
ANALYSED IN TRANSGENIC LOTUS CORNICULATUS PLANTS. HYBRID-PROMOTER
CONSTRUCTIONS AND 5' DELETIONS WERE STUDIED USING CHIMERIC GENES
COMPOSED DF THE VARIOUS PROMOTERS, THE CHLORAMPHENICOL ACETYLTRANSFERASE
(CAT) CODING SEQUENCE AND THE LBC3 3' FLANKING REGION. A 5' BAL31
DELETION SERIES MAPPED A STRONG POSITIVE REGULATORY ELEMENT BETWEEN
-1100 AND -950. A WEAKER ELEMENT LOCATED BETWEEN -230 AND -170
DEFINED THE MINIMUM 5' REGION REQUIRED FOR DETECTABLE PROMOTER
ACTIVITY. REACTIVATION OF INACTIVE PROMOTERS WITH DELETION END-POINTS
BETWEEN -230 AND THE TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION SITE WAS OBTAINED
EMPLOYING THE CONSTITUTIVE CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC VIRUS (CAMV) 35S
ENHANCER. THE POSITION OF CIS REGULATORY ELEMENT(S) REQUIRED FOR
NODULE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION WAS DEFINED TO 37 BP BETWEEN -139 AND
-102. THIS REGION CONTAINS SEQUENCES CONSERVED IN OTHER LEGHAEMOGLOBIN
AND NODULIN GENES. NO INDISPENSABLE CONTROL ELEMENTS WERE FOUND
ON THE LBC3 3'FLANKING REGION.
****************************
FERTILIZING ALFALFA, SWEET CLOVER, ALSIKE CLOVER,
BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL, RED CLOVER, AND GRASS LEGUME. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: DAHNKE, W.C. NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, FARGO, ND;
FANNING, C.; CATTANACH, A. , SWENSON L.J.
SOURCE: NDSU EXTENSION SERVICE (PUBLICATION) - NORTH DAKOTA STATE
UNIVERSITY. 1992.
KEYWORDS: LEGUMINOSAE; NITROGEN FERTILIZERS; CROP YIELD; NUTRIENT
REQUIREMENTS; APPLICATION METHODS
****************************
PERENNIAL FORAGE LEGUME GROWTH IN ACIDIC SOILS
FROM THE MAJOR SERIES OF THE APPALACHIAN HILL-LANDS. (ENGLISH)AUTHOR:
STALEY, T.E. USDA, ARS, NAA, APPALACHIAN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
RESEARCH LABORATORY, BECKLEY, WV; WRIGHT, R.U.; BALIGAR, V.C.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION. V. 16 (4) : P. 573-587. 1993.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; TRIFOLIUM REPENS;
LOTUS CORNICULATUS; RHIZOBIUM; POPULATION DENSITY; ACID SOILS;
NODULATION; SOIL INOCULATION; SOIL ACIDITY; CALCIUM; ALUMINUM;
DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION; HILL LAND; NORTH CAROLINA; WEST VIRGINIA;
TENNESSEE; SOUTH CAROLINA;NORTH CAROLINA
THE LACK OF HIGHLY EFFECTIVE FORAGE LEGUME SYMBIOSES
IS THOUGHT TO BE A MAJOR CONSTRAINT TO THE RENOVATION OF ACIDIC
SOILS OF THE APPALACHIAN REGION FOR PASTURE USE. A GROWTH CHAMBER
EXPERIMENT WAS INITIATED WITH 14 FRESH SOILS, EACH OF A DIFFERENT
SERIES, FROM DIVERSE SITES WITHIN THE REGION TO DETERMINE THE
NEED FOR RHIZOBIAL INOCULATION, AND THE SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
LIMITING GROWTH, OF ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.), RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE L.), WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS L.), AND BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L). EFFECTIVE, NATURALIZED POPULATIONS
OF RHIZOBIA PRODUCING ACCEPTABLE (> 50% MAXIMUM) SHOOT
GROWTH WERE FOUND IN FEW OF THE SOILS. COMMERCIAL RHIZOBIAL MIXTURES
WERE EFFECTIVE IN PRODUCING SIMILARLY ACCEPTABLE GROWTH IN THREE
SOILS FOR ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER, BUT ONLY IN ONE SOIL FOR WHITE
CLOVER AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. SOIL RANKINGS BASED ON ASYMBIOTIC
SHOOT GROWTH WERE SIMILAR FOR ALL SPECIES, PARTICULARLY WHEN ONLY
THE BETTER SOILS WERE CONSIDERED, AND CHANGED LITTLE (R = 0.71)
COMPARED TO SYMBIOTICALLY-GROWN PLANTS. SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
TYPICALLY LIMITING GROWTH OF ALL SPECIES, PARTICULARLY ALFALFA,
WERE LOW PH, AND LOW CA AND HIGH AL CONCENTRATIONS. BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL WAS LEAST SENSITIVE TO THESE SOIL ACIDITY-RELATED FACTORS.
FOR PLANT SPECIES AND SOIL COMBINATIONS THAT ALLOWED ONLY INEFFECTIVE
SYMBIOSES, NO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION WAS FOUND BETWEEN DIFFERENCES
IN ASYMBIOTIC AND SYMBIOTIC SHOOT GROWTH AND ANY CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF THE SEVEN SOILS INVOLVED. OVERALL, THESE RESULTS DEMONSTRATE
THE NEED FOR IMPROVED RHIZOBIA FOR MANY OF A NUMBER OF THESE SOILS,
AND THE DIFFICULTY OF THIS TASK AS A RESULT OF THE MULTITUDE OF
INTERACTIONS OF SOIL, PLANT, AND BACTERIAL PROPERTIES THAT DETERMINE
RHIZOBIUM EFFECTIVENESS.
****************************
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND DNA CONCENTRATIONS IN
THE LEAF TISSUE OF SOME FORAGE SPECIES. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: HART, A.L. DSIR GRASSLANDS. PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND;
COLLIER, W.A.
SOURCE: GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE : THE JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH
GRASSLAND SOCIETY. V. 46 (2) : P. 167-171. 1991.
KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOLIUM PERENNE; CULTIVARS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS;
FODDER CROPS; PLANT COMPOSITION; PHOSPHORUS; DNA; PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZERS;
NUTRIENT UPTAKE; USE EFFICIENCY, PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY
****************************
TRANSFORMED PLANTS PRODUCING OPINES SPECIFICALLY
PROMOTE GROWTH OF OPINE-DEGRADING AGROBACTERIA.
(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: GUYON, P. FACULTE OF SCIENCES, ORSAY, FRANCE; PETIT, A.;
TEMPE, J.; DESSAUX, Y.
SOURCE: MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI. V. 6 (1)
: P. 92-98. 1993.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS; GENETIC
TRANSFORMATION; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES; GROWTH;
REGULATION; CATABOLISM; METABOLITES
****************************
A COMPARISON OF THE POTASSIUM REQUIREMENTS DURING
EARLY GROWTH OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS, MEDICAGO MUREX, M. POLYMORPHA,
M. TRUNCATULA, ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS, TRIFOLIUM BALANSAE, T. RESUPINATUM,
PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUM, AND PHALARIS AQUATICA. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: PINKERTON, A. CSIRO DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRY, CANBERRA,
A.C.T., AUSTRALIA; RANDALL, P.J.
SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE. V. 33
(1) : P. 31-39. 1993.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; MEDICAGO; MEDICAGO POLYMORPHA; MEDICAGO
TRUNCATULA; ORNITHOPUS COMPRESSUS TRIFOLIUM; TRIFOLIUM RESUPINATUM;
PENNISETUM CLANDESTINUM; PHALARIS AQUATICA; FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT
DETERMINATION; GREENHOUSE CULTURE; NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES; POTASSIUM
FERTILIZERS:CULTIVARS
****************************
SURVEY OF USE AND MANAGEMENT OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS
CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: HARRIS, C.A. NSW AGRICULTURE, BERRY, N.S.W., AUSTRALIA;
BLUMENTHAL, M.J.; SCOTT, U.M.
SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE. V. 33
(1) : P. 41-47. 1993.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT; LAND USE; PROBLEM
ANALYSIS; SOWING; BEEF CATTLE; DAIRY CATTLE; FARM SURVEYS; AUSTRALIA
****************************
EFFECT OF UTILIZATION REGIME ON THE PRODUCTIVITY
OF A PERENNIAL GRASS MIXTURE. (LANG:BG,
RU, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: DAMYANOVA, N. (INSTITUTE OF FODDER CROPS, PLEVEN, BULGARIA.)
SOURCE: RASTENIEV''ONI NAUKI: 28: 7-10, P46-51, 20 1991.
KEYWORDS: ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA; CUTTING DATE; GRAZING; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA RUBRA; GRASSES; PLANT
HEIGHT; LEGUMES
IN 1982-85, THE PERFORMANCE OF A SWARD CONSISTING
OF 30, ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA, 20, LOTUS CORNICULATUS), 25, DACTYLIS
GLOMERATA AND 25, FESTUCA RUBRA WAS COMPARED UNDER CUTTING REGIMES
AT THE START OF LEGUME FLOWER BUD FORMATION, THE START OF LEGUME
FLOWERING AND/OR GRAZING AT SWARD HEIGHTS OF 8-12 OR 16-20 CM.
COMBINED GRAZING&YUML;~&YUML;CUTTING IN THE 1ST YEAR INCREASED
PRODUCTIVITY WHEN CUTTING TOOK PLACE AT THE START OF LEGUME FLOWERING
AND WITH GRAZING AT 16-2O CM. UNDER THIS REGIME, YIELD AVERAGED
OVER 4 YEARS WAS 8.0 T OM/HA, COMPARED WITH 7.09 T WITH CUTTING
+ GRAZING IN THE 2ND-4TH YEARS ONLY. WITH CUTTING FOR HAY AT FLOWER
BUD FORMATION, AVERAGE ANNUAL YIELDS WERE 5.44 T/HA; FREQUENT
CUTTING EXHAUSTED THE STAND. THE HIGHER GRAZING HEIGHT WAS BETTER
SUITED TO THE TALL SPECIES IN THE MIXTURE.
****************************
SEED YIELDS OF CONSECUTIVE HARVESTS FROM FORAGE
LEGUME STANDS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: FAIREY, D. T.; LEFKOVITCH, L. P. (AGRICULTURE CANADA,
RESEARCH BRANCH, RESEARCH STATION, BEAVERLODGE, ALTA. TOH OCO,
CANADA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION:1 0: P25-30, 21 1992.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; SEED PROOUCTION; CANADA; ALBERTA; ONOBRYCHIS
VICIIFOLIA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS
IN TRIALS AT 2 SITES IN THE PEACE RIVER REGION IN
NW CANADA, STANDS OF MEDICAGO SATIVA WERE ESTABLISHED IN 1982-84,
STANDS OF ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA IN 1982-86, AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS
IN 1982-85. SEED CROPS WERE FIRST HARVESTED IN THE YEAR AFTER
ESTABLISHMENT; ON AVERAGE, 4 SEED CROPS WERE HARVESTED FROM M.
SATIVA AND 3 FROM O. VICIIFOLIA, WHILE L. CORNICULATUS DID NOT
SURVIVE BEYOND THE 1ST SEED HARVEST. IN M. SATIVA AND O. VICIIFOLIA
THE 1ST SEED CROPS PRODUCED THE HIGHEST YIELDS (MEAN 429 AND 195
KG/HA, RESPECTIVELY), WITH SEED YIELDS AND SHOOT NUMBERS DECREASING
WITH INCREASING STAND AGE. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT YIELD DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN THE 5 M. SATIVA AND 3 L. CORNICULATUS CULTIVARS USED,
BUT NOT BETWEEN THE 2 O. VICIIFOLIA CULTIVARS.
****************************
EFFECTS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON 'GRASSLANDS MAKU'
LOTUS (LOTUS ULIGINOSUS SCHK.) GROWN FOR SEED PRODUCTION.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: TABORA, R. S.; HILL, M. J. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO,
KABACAN, COTABATO, PHILIPPINE)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION: 10: P52-57, 19 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; SEED PRODUCTION; GROWTH REGULATORS;
YIELD COMPONENTS; PACLOBUTRAZOL
L. ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU GROWN AT MASSEY
UNIVERSITY, NEW ZEALAND IN 1988-89 WAS SPRAYED WITH 0, 0.5 OR
1.0 KG PACLOBUTRAZOL/HA DURING ACTIVE VEGETATIVE GROWTH (OCT.;
50-60 D BEFORE FLOWERING, WHEN FLORAL BUD PRIMORDIA APPEARED AT
SHOOT APICES (NOV.) OR AT THE ONSET OF FLOWERING (DEC.) SEED YIELD
IN FEB. 1989 WAS INCREASED BY AN AVERAGE OF 70, BY PACLOBUTRAZOL.
YIELD WAS LOWER FOLLOWING SPRAYING ON 1 DEC. THAN ON 7 OCT. OR
2 NOV. WHEN YIELDS WERE SIMILAR. THE SEED YIELD INCREASE WAS PREDOMINANTLY
A RESULT OF INCREASED FLOWER DENSITY THROUGH THE EFFECT OF THE
CHEMICAL IN CHANGING PLANT MORPHOLOGY, BUT PODS/UMBEL AND SEEDS/PODS
WERE ALSO INCREASED. PACLOBUTRAZOL HAD NO DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS
ON SEED QUALITY. THE IMPLICATIONS OF THESE FINDINGS ARE DISCUSSED.
****************************
INTER- AND CROSS-ROW CULTIVATION, ATRAZINE APPLICATION
AND BAND SPRAYING EFFECTS ON 'GRASSLANDS MAKU' LOTUS (LOTUS ULIGINOSUS
SCHK.) SEED PRODUCTION. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HARE, M. D. (DSIR GRASSLANDS, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION: 10: P78-83 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; SEED PROOUCTION; HERBICIDES; CULTIVATION;
INTERROW CULTIVATION; ATRAZINE; CHLORIMURON; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS;
HERBICIDES; SEED PRODUCTION; NEW ZEALAND; PHYSICAL CONTROL; CULTIVATION;
WEEDS; YIELDS; ATRAZINE; CONTROL; CHLORIMURON; CULTURAL CONTROL;
INTERROW CULTIVATION
THREE SEED PRODUCTION TRIALS WITH MATURE STANDS OF
L. ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLAND MAKU WERE CONDUCTED AT MANAWATU, NEW
ZEALAND, IN 1984-90. BROADCAST SPRAYING OF ATRAZINE (2.0 KG/HA
IN SPLIT APPLICATIONS, 1.5 AND 0.5 KG/HA 3 WEEKS APART) INCREASED
SEED YIELDS BY 119, ABOVE CONTROL TREATMENTS IN THE 15T TRIAL,
BUT IN THE 2ND TRIAL SIMILAR AND LOWER ATRAZINE APPLICATIONS,
WHICH WERE NOT SPLIT, DECREASED SEED YIELDS. CROSS-ROW CULTIVATION
IN SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER INCREASED SEED YIELDS BY 176, ABOVE
THAT OF UNCULTIVATED CONTROLS IN THE 3RD TRIAL. IN OTHER TRIALS
INTER-ROW CULTIVATION HAD NO EFFECT ON SEED YIELDS. WHEN PLOTS
HAD BOTH INTER-ROW AND CROSS-ROW CULTIVATION, SEED YIELDS FELL
BY 33, BELOW THAT OF CONTROL PLOTS. THE HERBICIDE CHLORIMURON
DESICCATED THE CROP IN THE SPRING, BUT AFTER STEMS REGREW IN EARLY
SUMMER AND A DRY PERIOD OCCURRED DURING THE SEED DEVELOPMENT PHASE
IN LATE SUMMER, SEED YIELDS OF 0.95 T/HA WERE PRODUCED. THE IMPLICATIONS
OF SITE SELECTION AND SPRING DESICCATION OF THE SEED CROP ARE
DISCUSSED.
****************************
GROWING LEGUMES WITH 'COASTAL' BERMUDAGRASS IN
THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BURTON, G. W.; DEVANE, E. H. COASTAL PLAIN EXPERIMENT
STATION, USDA-ARS, TIFTON, GA 31793, USA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE: 5: 2, P278-281, 1992.
KEYWORDS: CYNODON DACTYLON; MIXTURES; LEGUMES: FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN;
TRIFOLIUM REPENS; GRASSES; TRIFOLIUM INCARNATUM; TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM;
MELILOTUS ALBA; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF 7 LEGUMES GROWN WITH BERMUDAGRASS
CV COASTAL (CYNODON DACTYLON) GIVEN NPK AT 9 RATES FOR 3 YEARS
ON A LYNCHBURG SAND (FINE-LOAMY, SILICEOUS, THERMIC AERIC PALEAQUULTS)
IN THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN OF GEORGIA WAS ASSESSED. THE LEGUMES
GROWN WITHOUT N WERE OREGON COMMON LADINO CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS);
LOUISIANA COMMON WHITE CLOVER (T. REPENS); CRIMSON CLOVER CV.
DIXIE (T. INCARNATUM); SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (T. SUBTERRANEUM);
ANNUAL WHITE SWEETCLOVER (MELILOTUS ALBA); AND HAIRY AND SMOOTH
BIG TREFOIL (LOTUS ULIGINOSUS). THE COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS MONOCULTURE
RECEIVED THE SAME FERTILIZER TREATMENTS PLUS 100 LB/ACRE OF N
ON 6 MAY. EXCEPT FOR N, FERTILIZERS WERE APPLIED EACH AUTUMN.
EXCELLENT LEGUME STANDS WERE OBTAINED AND MAINTAINED WITH LATE-AUTUMN
SEEDINGS. CUTTING DATES WERE 6 MAY, 11 JUNE, 21 JULY, AND 22 SEP.
MIXTURES WITH LOUISIANA WHITE, DIXIE CRIMSON, SUBTERRANEAN, OR
ANNUAL SWEETCLOVER YIELDED NEARLY 50, OF THEIR TOTAL PRODUCTION
IN THE 6 MAY HARVEST. ONLY MIXTURES WITH SWEETCLOVER OR OREGON
LADINO CLOVER PRODUCED MORE DM THAN COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS ALONE
WITH ANNUAL APPLICATION OF 100 LB N/ACRE. OREGON LADINO CLOVER
PERSISTED AS A WEAK PERENNIAL. ADDING 25 KG N/ACRE TO THE AUTUMN
APPLICATION OF 0:50:50 NPK FAILED TO INCREASE AVERAGE YIELDS OF
THE LEGUMES BUT DID INCREASE YIELDS OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS. DOUBLING
THE P AND K APPLICATION FROM 50 TO 100 LB/ACRE INCREASED THE AVERAGE
LEGUME-PLUS-BERMUDAGRASS FORAGE YIELD BY 920 LB/ACRE BUT HAD NO
EFFECT ON YIELDS OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS GROWING ALONE. APPROPRIATELY
MANAGED LADINO CLOVER PRODUCED 430 LB/ACRE MORE CP THAN BERMUDAGRASS
WITH 100 LB N/ACRE.
****************************
PATTERNS OF SEED GERMINATION IN CALIFORNIAN SERPENTINE
GRASSLAND SPECIES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: GULMON, S. L. (DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES. STANFORD
UNIVERSITY, STANFORD, CA 94305, USA.)
SOURCE: OECOLOGIA: 89: 1, P27-31, 20 1992.
KEYWORDS: BROMUS HOROEACEUS; SEED GERMINATION; PRECIPITATION;
BURIED SEEDS; VULPIA MICROSTACHYS; STIPA PULCHRA; TRIFOLIUM ALBOPURPUREUM;
LOTUS SUBPINNATUS; GERMINATION; PLANTAGO ERECTA; LASTHENIA CALIFORNICA;
MICROSERIS DOUGLASII; AGOSERIS HETEROPHYLLA; CALYCADENIA MULTIGLANDULOSA
SEEDS OF BROMUS MOLLIS (B. HORDEACEUS), VULPIA MICROSTACHYS
VAR. PAUCIFLORA, STIPA PULCHRA, TRIFOLIUM ALBOPURPUREUM, LOTUS
SUBPINNATUS, PLANTAGO ERECTA, LASTHENIA CALIFORNICA, MICROSERIS
DOUGLASII, AGOSERIS HETEROPHYLLA AND CALYCADENIA MULTIGLANDULOSA,
COLLECTED FROM SERPENTINE GRASSLAND, WERE GERMINATED EITHER ON
THE SOIL SURFACE, OR UNDER LEACHED OR FRESH LITTER, OR UNDER 0.62
OR 1.24 CM TOPSOIL. THE SEEDS WERE COLLECTED IN SPRING AND SUMMER
1987 AND GERMINATION TESTS WERE CONDUCTED IN AUTUMN WITH WATERING
COMMENCING ON 17 SEP., 12 OR 23 OCT., 16 NOV. OR 15 DEC. LEACHED
LITTER INCREASED GERMINATION IN T. ALBOPURPUREUM BUT LITTER HAD
NO EFFECTS IN OTHER SPECIES. TOPSOIL INCREASED GERMINATION IN
V. MICROSTACHYS VAR. PAUCIFLORA AND T. ALBOPURPUREUM BUT DECREASED
GERMINATION IN P. ERECTA, L. CALIFORNICA AND A. HETEROPHYLLA.
BOTH THE INITIAL GERMINATION RATE AND FINAL PERCENTAGE GERMINATION
WERE AFFECTED BY THE TIMING OF RAINFALL, BUT THE PATTERN OF VARIATION
DIFFERED BETWEEN SPECIES. GERMINATION OCCURRED IN WAVES OVER TIME
BUT IN MOST SPECIES VIRTUALLY ALL SEEDS HAD GERMINATED BY DEC.
IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT YEARLY CLIMATIC VARIATION CAN AFFECT SPECIES
COMPOSITION AND COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SPECIES THROUGH
THE GERMINATION PROCESS.
****************************
STUDY OF THE PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS. ESTUDIO DE LA PRODUCCION DE COMPUESTOS
NITROGENADOS (AMIDAS Y UREIDOS) EN LOTUS CORNICULATUS.
(SPANISH(ENGLISH SUMMARY))
AUTHOR: MONZA, JORGE.
SOURCE: BOLETIN DE INVESTIGACION / UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPUBLICA,
FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA; NO. 29 MONTEVIDEO : UNIVERSIDAD DE LA REPUBLICA,
FACULTAD DE AGRDNOMIA, 1991.
****************************
GENE FLOW INFERRED FROM SEED DISPERSAL AND POLLINATOR
BEHAVIOUR COMPARED TO DNA ANALYSIS OF RESTRICTION SITE VARIATION
IN A PATCHY POPULATION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: RASMUSSEN, I. R.; BRODSGAARD, B. (INSTITUTE OF PLANT ECOLOGY,
UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN, OSTER FARIMAGSGAOE 2D, 1353 COPENHAGEN,
DENMARK.)
SOURCE: OECOLOGIA:B9: 2, P277-283, 1992.
KEYWORDS: BOMBUS LAPIDARIUS; POLLINATORS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; GENE FLOW; SEEDS; POLLEN; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH
POLYMORPHISM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; POLLINATION; SEED DISPERSAL
THE POPULATION STUDIED AT A SITE IN THE DUNE HEATHLANDS
OF KORSHAGE, DENMARK WAS SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS GROWING WITH
EMPETRUM NIGRUM, AND WAS POLLINATED BY THE POLLEN-COLLECTING BUMBLEBEE
BOMBUS LAPIDARIUS. MOST POLLINATOR FLIGHTS OCCURRED WITHIN PATCHES,
AS BEES USUALLY VISIT NEAREST-NEIGHBOUR PLANTS, SHOW NO MARKED
DIRECTIONALITY, AND FORAGE MOSTLY WITHIN PATCHES. GENE FLOW BY
SEEDS WAS ALSO LIMITED, REINFORCING THE PATTERN OF GENE FLOW WITHIN
PATCHES. HOWEVER, 2.6, OF POLLINATOR FLIGHTS WERE BETWEEN PATCHES
AND CONSIDERABLE POLLEN CARRYOVER ALSO OCCURRED. THUS, GENE FLOW
BETWEEN PATCHES WAS POTENTIALLY SUFFICIENT TO RETARD OR PREVENT
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION IN SPITE OF THE PATCHY SUBSTRUCTURING
OF THE POPULATION. A SUB-SET OF THE POPULATION WAS ANALYZED FOR
RFLPS TO DOCUMENT THE ACTUAL GENE FLOW PATTERN OF THE POPULATION.
THE DNA ANALYSIS REVEALED SIGNIFICANT LEVELS OF GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION
BETWEEN THE PATCHES. THE LEVEL OF GENE FLOW THAT COULD BE INFERRED
FROM THE DISTRIBUTION OF GENETIC VARIATION WAS SURPRISINGLY RESTRICTED,
AS COMPARED TO GENE FLOW INFERRED FROM POLLINATOR BEHAVIOUR, AND
EMPHASIZED THAT STOCHASTIC PROCESSES LIKE GENETIC DRIFT AND FOUNDER
EFFECTS MAY HAVE A STRONG IMPACT ON THE PREVAILING GENETIC STRUCTURE.
****************************
FREQUENCY OF BIG POLLEN OCCURRENCE IN NATURAL
POPULATIONS OF LOTUS TENUIS WALD. ET KIT. (LANG
EN)
AUTHOR: NEGRI, V (ISTITUTO DI MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO VEGETALE,
UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI, PERUGIA, ITALY.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP GAMETES WITH SOMATIC CHROMOSOME
NUMBER IN
THE EVOLUTION AND BREEDING OF POLYPLOID POLYSOMIC
SPECIES ACHIEVEMENTS AND PERSPECTIVES, PERUGIA, ITALY, 3-10 APRIL
1992 (EDITED BY MARIANI, A.; TAVOLETTI, S) PERUGIA, ITALY; CONSIGLIO
NAZIONALE DELLERICERCHE P51-53, REF.; 1992.
KEYWORDS: MAPS; LOTUS TENUIS; POLLEN; UNREDUCED GAMETES; CONFERENCES;
GAMETES WITH SOMATIC CHROMOSOME NUMBER TWELVE NATURAL POPULATIONS
WERE EVALUATED FOR THE PRESENCE OF LARGE POLLEN GRAINS AS AN INDEX
OF 2N GAMETE PRODUCTION. LARGE POLLEN GRAINS WERE FOUND IN ALL
BUT ONE OF THE POPULATIONS, THE FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE BEING
IN THE RANGE 1-11.
****************************
POLLEN DISFORMITY IN SOME GENOTYPES OF LOTUS TENUIS
WALD. ET KIT. (2N = 2X = 12). (LANG EN)
AUTHOR: NEGRI, V; FALCINELLI, M. (ISTITUTO DI MIGLIORAMENTO GENETICO
VEGETALE, UNIVERSITA DEGLI STUDI, PERUGIA, ITALY.)
SOURCE: PLOIDY AND CHROMOSOME MANIPULATION IN FORAGE BREEDING.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH MEETING OF THE FODDER CROPS SECTION OF
EUCARPIA, ALGHERO, ITALY, 14-1B OCTOBER 1991 (EDITED BY VERONESI,
F.; BULLITTA, S, CAREDDA, S). ROME, ITALY; CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE
DELLE RICERCHE P159-161, 3 1992.
KEYWORDS: BIRDFOOT TREFOIL; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS TENUIS;
UNREDUCED GAMETES; POLLEN; CONFERENCES; PLOIDY AND CHROMOSOME
MANIPULATION IN FORAGE BREEDING NON-UNIFORMITY OF THE POLLEN GRAINS
WAS FOUND IN 10, 7 AND 1, OF PLANTS OF THE L. TENUIS ACCESSIONS
1322, 1170 AND 1158, RESPECTIVELY. THE PERCENTAGE OF LARGE POLLEN
GRAINS, INDICATIVE OF UNREDUCED GAMETES, RANGED FROM 1 TO 28.
IT IS THOUGHT THAT THESE ACCESSIONS MIGHT BE USED IN CROSSES OF
L. CORNICULATUS (2N = 4X =24) WITH L. TENUIS (2N = 2X = 12).
****************************
CONTENT AND DEPOSITION RATES DF CELLULOSE, HEMICELLULOSE,
AND LIGNIN DURING REGROWTH OF FORAGE GRASSES AND LEGUMES. (ENG(FRE
SUMMARY)
AUTHOR: BIDLACK, J.E. UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL OKLAHOMA, EDMOND,
OK BUXTON, D.R.
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE = REVUE CANADIENNE DE
PHYTOTECHNIE. V. 72 (3) : P. 809-818. 1992.
KEYWORDS: BROMUS INERMIS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA;
PANICUM VIRGATUM; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; CELL WALLS; CELLULOSE; DEPOSITION;
HEMICELLULOSES; LIGNIN; REGROWTH; GROWTH STAGES
****************************
DEFOLIATION AND MOISTURE STRESS INFLUENCE COMPETITION
BETWEEN ENDOPHYTE-FREE TALL FESCUE WHITE CLOVER, BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
AND CAUCASIAN CLOVER. (ENG)
AUTHOR: HILL, M.U. CSIRO, ARMIDALE, N.S.W.; HOVELAND, C.S.
SOURCE: AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH. V. 44 (5)
: P. 1135-1145. 1993.
KEYWORDS: FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; PHALARIS AQUATICA;
TRIFOLIUM REPENS; DEFOLIATION; LEAF WATER POTENTIAL; PLANT COMPETITION;
WATER STRESS; CROP YIELD; DRY MATTER
****************************
UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION OF SELENIUM BY TERRESTRIAL
PLANTS GROWING ON A COAL FLY ASH LANDFILL . PART 3. FORBS AND
GRASSES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: ARTHUR, M. A.; RUBIN, G.; SCHNEIDER, R. E.; WEINSTEIN,
L. H. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY PROGRAM, BOYCE THOMPSON INSTITUTE,
ITHACA, NY 14853, USA.
SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 11: 9, P1301-1306,
1992.
KEYWORDS: PLANT NUTRITION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MINERAL UPTAKE;
SELENIUM; BROMUS INERMIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; PHLEUM PRATENSE;
TRIFOLIUM REPENS; CORONILLA VARIA; SOIL AMENDMENTS; GYPSUM; LANDFILLS;
FLY ASH; CARROTS; NUTRITION; SELENIUM; UPTAKE
IN FIELD STUDIES AT LANSING, NEW YORK IN 1988-89,
SE CONCENTRATIONS IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS, BROMUS INERMIS, ASCLEPIAS
SYRIACA, DAUCUS CAROTA, PICRIS HIERACIOIDES, PHLEUM PRATENSE,
TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND CORONILLA VARIA WERE GREATER IN PLANTS SAMPLED
FROM COAL FLY ASH LANDFILL SITES THAN FROM NON-LANDFILL SITES.
SE CONCENTRATIONS WERE GREATEST IN T. REPENS AND WERE GREATER
IN LEGUME THAN NON-LEGUME SPECIES IN THE LANDFILL SITE. APPLICATION
OF 5.6-16.8 T GYPSUM/HA REDUCED SE CONCENTRATION IN L. CORNICULATUS
BUT NOT IN A. SYRIACA, P. HIERACIDIDES OR GRASSES (A MIXTURE OF
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, B. INERMIS AND P. PRATENSE). SULPHUR CONCENTRATION
INCREASED IN L. CORNICULATUS AND P. HIERACIOIOES WITH GYPSUM APPLICATION.
****************************
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS
SPECTROMETRY OF 3-NITROPROPIONIC ACID IN SOME LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
IN CHINA. (LANG:CH)
AUTHOR: WANG, U.; LEI, Z. Y.; FENG, X. Q. (INSTITUTE OF ANIMAL
SCIENCE, CHINESE ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BEIJING, CHINA.)
SOURCE: PRATACULTURAL SCIENCE: 9: 2, P34-37, 8 1992.
KEYWORDS: ASTRAGALUS DAHURICUS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; ORGANIC
ACIDS; ASTRAGALUS MELILOTOIDES; ASTRAGALUS STRICTUS; INDIGOFERA
AMBLYANTHA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LEGUMES; TOXIC SUBSTANCES; ESTIMATION
GC AND GC/MS WERE USED FOR DETECTION, IDENTIFICATION
AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE TOXIN 3-NITROPROPIONIC ACID (3-NPA)
IN LEGUMES INCLUDING ASTRAGALUS DAHURICUS, A. MELILOTOIDES (BROAD
AND NARROW LEAVED CULTIVARS), A. STRICTUS, INDIGOFERA AMBLYANTHA
AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS. A. DAHURICUS, A. STRICTUS, I. AMBLYANTHA
AND L. CORNICULATUS DID NOT CONTAIN 3-NPA. BOTH BROAD AND NARROW
LEAVED CULTIVARS OF A. MELILOTOIDES CONTAINED THE METHYL ESTER
OF 3-NPA, IDENTIFIED BY GC/MS. THE 3-NPA CONTENTS OF LEAVES ON
A DM BASIS OF BROAD AND NARROW LEAVED CULTIVARS WERE 4.62 AND
2.88, , RESPECTIVELY.
****************************
EFFECTS OF PLANTING DENSITY, CUTTING HEIGHT AND
FREQUENCY ON HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. (LANG:CH)
AUTHOR: SHEN, Y. X.; LIANG, Z. O.; WANG, H. S.; CHEN, Z. F. (DEPARTMENT
OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, NANJING AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY, NANUING, JIANGSU,
CHINA.)
SOURCE: PRATACULTURAL SCIENCE: 9: 3, P37-40, 10 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CUTTING HEIGHT; CUTTING FREQUENCY;
SOWING DATE; PLANT DENSITY
IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS IN NANWING, JIANGSU, CHINA IN
1988-90, LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. LEO DM YIELD INCREASED AS PLANT
DENSITY (20, 40 AND 60 PLANTS/M) INCREASED IN THE 1ST YEAR, BUT
THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE 2ND YEAR IN SPRING-SOWN
CROPS AND IN THE 2ND AND 3RD YEARS IN AUTUMN-SOWN CROPS. L. CORNICULATUS
FW YIELD WAS AS HIGH AS 10 T/HA. REGROWTH WAS SIGNIFICANTLY GREATER
AT HIGHER CUTTING HEIGHTS AMONG CUTTING TREATMENTS OF 1, 5 AND
10 CM IR 1-3 AND 5-7 CM, BUT NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECTS WERE NOTED
ON THE TOTAL ANNUAL HERBAGE DM YIELD. HERBAGE DM YIELD, CP AND
DROUGHT AND HEAT TOLERANCES DECREASED WITH INCREASING CUTTING
FREQUENCY.
****************************
INTRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF TEMPERATE FORAGES
IN THE UPPER ITAJAI VALLEY, SANTA CATARINA.
(INTRODUCAO E AVALIACAO DE FORRAGEIRAS TEMPERADAS NO ALTO VALE
DO ITAJAI, SANTA CATARINA.) (LANG:PT, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: FLARESSO, J. A.; ALMEIDA, E. X. DE(EMPASC, ESTACAO EXPERIMENTAL
DE ITUPORANGA, 88400 ITUPO RANGA, SC, BRAZIL.)
SOURCE: REVISTA DA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DE ZOOTECNIA: 21: 2, P309-319,
14 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM; COMPARISONS; BRAZIL; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA;
PHALARIS; MELILOTUS ALBA; LATHYRUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
BRASSICA NAPUS; RAPHANUS SATIVUS; SPERGULA ARVENSIS; HELIANTHUS
ANNUUS; BETA VULGARIS
YIELD DATA ARE PRESENTED FOR 53 FORAGE LINES AND
CULTIVARS OF ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL GRASSES AND LEGUMES EVALUATED
IN FIELD TRIALS AT ITUPORANGA, BRAZIL IN 1986-89. AVERAGE DM YIELD
OF THE 8 ANNUAL GRASSES WAS GREATEST IN LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM CV.
COMUM (ABOUT 4.5 T/HA). DM YIELD WAS 6.0 T IN FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA
CV. K-31 AND ABOUT 3.0 T IN PHALARIS SP. WHICH WERE THE ONLY 2
PERENNIAL GRASSES EVALUATED. YIELD OF ANNUAL LEGUMES RANGED FROM
ABOUT 0.5 T DM IN MELILOTUS ALBA TO 6.0 T IN LATHYRUS SP. YIELD
OF PERENNIAL LEGUMES RANGED FROM ABOUT 0.7 T IN MEDICAGO SATIVA
CV. MOAPA TO 4.0 T IN LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. SAO GABRIEL. YIELD
IN NON-LEGUME AND NON-GRASS SPECIES WAS 2.99 T IN BRASSICA NAPUS
CV. CTC-4 AND AVERAGED 3.50 T IN THE 3 RAPHANUS SATIVUS CULTIVARS
EVALUATED. YIELD FROM SPERGULA ARVENSIS, HELIANTHUS ANNUUS CV.
GESTRAIFT AND BETA VULGARIS WAS NEGLIGIBLE. AVERAGE CP CONTENT
WAS 14.7, IN ANNUAL GRASSES, 16.5, IN PERENNIAL GRASSES, 21.6,
IN ANNUAL LEGUMES, 18.8, IN PERENNIAL LEGUMES AND 16.2, IN OTHER
SPECIES; CORRESPONDING VALUES FOR IN VITRO DM DIGESTIBILITY WERE
70.8, 65.8, 69.0, 67.6 AND 71.7.
****************************
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS IN IMPROVEMENT OF MOUNTAINOUS
PASTURES I,
AUTHOR: SHUNDI, A.; BUZI, T. (FACULTY
OF AGRONOMY, TIRANA, ALBANIA.):
SOURCE: HERBA: NO. 4, P50-52, 1991.
KEYWORDS: PHLEUM PRATENSE; IRRIGATION; ALBANIA; ARRHENATHERUM
ELATIUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA RUBRA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
COMPARISONS; GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT; RESOWING; GRASSES; LEGUMES
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS SHOWED THAT PHLEUM PRATENSE, ARRHENATHERUM
ELATIUS AND DACTYLIS GLOMERATA HAD GOOD PRODUCTIVITY, WHILE FESTUCA
RUBRA AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS HAD GOOD YIELD STABILITY. THE BEST
TILLAGE DEPTH WAS 20-25 CM AND THE OPTIMUM IRRIGATION LEVEL WAS
2700 M3/HA.
****************************
SMALL-SCALE PLANT SPECIES TURNOVER IN A LIMESTONE
GRASSLAND: THE CAROUSEL MODEL AND SOME COMMENTS ON THE NICHE CONCEPT.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: MAAREL, E. VAN DER; SYKES, M. T. (DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGICAL
BOTANY, UPPSALA UNIVERSITY, 75122 UPPSALA, SWEDEN.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE: 4: 2, P179-188, 1993.
KEYW0RDS: CONFERENCES; MECHANISMS IN VEGETATION DYNAMICS; GRASSLANDS;
NATURAL GRASSLANDS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY; AVENULA PRATENSIS;
POPULATION DYNAMICS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MODELS
SMALL-SCALE CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT
SPECIES IN A 2.5 M2 PLOT OF GRAZED, SPECIES-RICH VERONICA SPICATA-AVENULA
PRATENSIS GRASSLAND ON SHALLOW, DRY, NUTRIENT-POOR SOIL IN THE
GREAT ALVAR AREA (STORA ALVARET) OF S. OLAND, S.E. SWEDEN, WERE
STUDIED IN 1986-91. MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF 0.001 M2 AND 0.25
M2 QUADRATS WITHIN THE PLOT SHOWED THAT THERE WAS LITTLE FLORISTIC
VARIATION IN THE PLOT. AVERAGE SPECIES RICHNESS VARIED LITTLE
THROUGHOUT THE STUDY PERIOD, WITH 1986 AVERAGES OF 7.0 ON 0.001
M2, 16.3 ON 0.01 M2, AND 26.1 ON 0.25 M2. ON 0.001 M2 THE HIGHEST
SPECIES NUMBER FOUND WAS 12, ON 0.01 M2, 27. HOWEVER, CUMULATIVE
SPECIES RICHNESS, I.E. SPECIES NUMBER IN THE 1ST YEAR PLUS NEW
SPECIES APPEARING IN LATER YEARS (AVERAGED OVER 40 QUADRATS) INCREASED
OVER THE SAME PERIOD, ON 0.001 M2 FROM 7.0 IN 1986 TO 14.9 IN
1991, AND ON 0.01 M2 FROM 16.3 TO 24.1. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY,
I.E. NUMBER OF QUADRATS OUT OF 40 WHERE A SPECIES OCCURRED IN
THE 1ST YEAR AND/OR IN LATER YEARS, INCREASED AS WELL; THE NUMBER
OF CUMULATIVELY HIGHLY FREQUENT ( 80, ) SPECIES INCREASED FROM
5 IN 1986 TO 18 IN 1991. SPECIES MOBILITY ON THE SCALE OF THE
SMALL QUADRATS USED IMPLIES BOTH APPEARANCE AND DISAPPEARANCE
FROM THESE QUADRATS. USING 6 EXAMPLES (A. PRATENSIS, V. SPICATA,
HELIANTHEMUM ITALICUM SUBSP. OELANDICUM, H. NUMMULARIUM, CERASTIUM
SEMIDECANDRUM AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS), SPECIES MOBILITY WAS SHOWN
TO VARY INDIVIDUALISTICALLY, BOTH IN RATE AND DEGREE. IT WAS POSTULATED
THAT IN HOMOGENEOUS, GRAZED, NUTRIENT- AND WATER-DEFICIENT ENVIRONMENTS
MANY SPECIES CAN REACH VIRTUALLY ALL MICROSITES WITHIN THE PLOT,
WHICH WAS EXPRESSED THROUGH THE IDEA OF THE 'CAROUSEL MODEL'.
THE USEFULNESS OF THE NICHE CONCEPT WAS QUESTIONED, AND THE CONCEPT
WAS RE-INTERPRETED BY STATING THAT ALL SPECIES OF THIS PLANT COMMUNITY
HAVE THE SAME HABITAT NICHE, WHILE MOST OF THEM ARE SHORT-LIVED
AND HAVE THE SAME REGENERATION NICHE. THE ESSENTIAL VARIATION
AMONGST THE SPECIES IS THEIR INDIVIDUAL ABILITY TO ESTABLISH OR
RE-ESTABLISH BY MAKING USE OF FAVORABLE CONDITIONS APPEARING IN
MICROSITES IN AN UNKNOWN, COMPLEX SPATIO-TEMPORAL PATTERN.
****************************
DESCRIPTION AND ILLUSTRATION OF SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS
OF LOTUS ANGUSTISSIMUS L., L. PALUSTRIS WILLD. AND L. SUAVELONS
PERS (FABACEAE-FABOIDEAE). (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: ARAMBARRI, A. M. (AREA DE BOTANICA, FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS
AGRARIAS Y FORESTALES, 1900 LA PLATA, ARGENTINA.)
SOURCE: LOTUS NEWSLETTER: 22: P8-11. 1991.
KEYWORDS: PLANT MORPHOLOGY; LOTUS ANGUSTISSIMUS; SEEDS; SEEDLINGS;
MORPHOLOGY; LOTUS PALUSTRIS; LOTUS SUAVOLENS; SEED MORPHOLOGY
SEED AND SEEDLING MDRPHOLOGY OF L. ANGUSTISSIMUS, L. PALUSTRIS
AND L. SUAVELONS (L. SUAVOLENS) ARE DESCRIBED AND ILLUSTRATED.
****************************
IN VIVO AND IN VITRO FLAVONOID PRDDUCTION IN LOTUS
TENUIS WALDST. ET KIT. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: STRITTMATTER, C. D.; RIVERO, M.; WAGNER, M.; KAOE, M.;
RICCO, R. A.; GURNI, A. A. (CEVEG-CONIT, SERRANO 661, 1414 BUENOS
AIRES, ARGENTINA.)
SOURCE: LOTUS NEWSLETTER: 22: P14-17, 1991.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS TENUIS; METABOLISM; FLAVONOIDS; TISSUE CULTURE
KAEMPFEROL AND KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSYL-7-0-RHAMNOSYDE
WERE THE 2 MAIN FLAVONOIDS PURIFIED FROM FIELD-GROWN L. TENUIS
CV. CHAJA SHOOTS. KAEMPFEROL AND KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSYL-7-0-RHAMNOSYDE
CONCENTRATIONS WERE HIGHEST DURING FLOWER DEVELOPMENT AND FLOWERING
BUT WERE PRESENT THROUGHOUT VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH,
WHILE KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSIDE WAS ABSENT DURING VEGETATIVE GROWTH.
FLAVONOIDS WERE NOT DETECTED IN VITRO CALLUS CULTURES, BUT FLAVONOID
PRODUCTION IN PLANTLETS DERIVED FROM THE CALLUS SHOWED SIMILAR
PATTERNS TO THE FIELD-GROWN PLANTS.
****************************
ESTABLISHMENT, PERSISTENCE, PRODUCTIVITY AND HERBAGE
QUALITY OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA. (LANG:ENG)
AUTHOR: BLUMENTHAL, M.; HAMILTON, B.; HAMILTON, L.; HARRIS, C.;
UAMES, G.; UONES, D.; KELMAN, W.; LAUNDER, T.; WILSON, G. NSW
AGRICULTURE, PASTURE RESEARCH UNIT, P.O. BOX 63, BERRY, NSW 2535,
AUSTRALIA.)
SOURCE: LOTUS NEWSLETTER: 22: P28-31. 1991.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; AUSTRALIA; QUEENSLAND; VICTORIA; NEW
SOUTH WALES; SEED BANKS
PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM STUDIES AT SAMFORD IN QUEENSLAND,
GRAFTON, TAREE, NOWRA AND BEGA IN NSW, AND WARRAGUL AND CANN RIVER
IN VICTORIA ON THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT (LATITUDE, TEMPERATURE
AND RAINFALL) ON DM PRODUCTION, FORAGE QUALITY, SEED BANK DYNAMICS
AND RHIZOME DYNAMICS OF L. PEDUNCULATUS CV. MAKU, ALGARVE AND
G4704 COMPARED WITH TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV. HAIFA ARE BRIEFLY DISCUSSED.
****************************
TRANSFORMATION OF LOTUS SPECIES USING AN RI PLASMID
VECTOR. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: AZIZ, M. A.; CHAND, P. K.; DAVEY, M. D. (DEPARTMENT OF
AGRONOMY AND HORTICULTURE, UNIVERSITY PERTANIAN MALAYSIA, 43400
SELANGOR, MALAYSIA.)
SOURCE: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT IN ASIA (EDITED BY
MOSS, . P.). PATANCHERU, INDIA; ICRISAT:P201-203, 1992.
KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; TRANSGENICS; FODDER
LEGUMES; LOTUS TENUIS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS;
BOOKS; BIOTECHNOLOGY AND CROP IMPROVEMENT IN ASIA; AGROBACTERIUM
RHIZOGENES; LOTUS
THIS REPORT DESCRIBES THE TRANSFORMATION OF L. TENUIS AND L. PEDUNCULATUS
(L. ULIGINOSUS) USING THE GENETIC ENGINEERED AGROBACTERIUM STRAIN
LBA9402 (PRIL855-PBINL9) WHICH CONFERS RESISTANCE TO KANAMYCIN.
CELL SUSPENSIONS WERE ESTABLISHED FROM THE TRANSFORMED ROOT-DERIVED
CALLUSES AND THE KANAMYCIN RESISTANT PROTOPLASTS ISOLATED ARE
POTENTIALLY USEFUL FOR SOMATIC HYBRIDIZATION PROGRAMMES.
****************************
TRENDS IN BREEDING PERENNIAL HERBAGE CROPS. (PRAVCI
OPLEMENJIVANJA VISEGODISNJITH TRAVA I DJETELINA.) (LANG:SH, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: HALAGIC, S.; GASPEROV, S.; KOLIC, B.; LOVREC, L. (INSTITUT
ZA OPLEMENJIVANJE I PROIZVODNJU BILJA, ZAGREB, CROATIA)
SOURCE: SJEMENARSTVO: 9: 4-5, P. 265-268, 1992.
KEYWORDS: GRASSES; MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BREEDING; SYNTHETIC VARIETIES
BREEDING WORK IN CROATIA WITH 10 GRASS SPECIES AND
4 LEGUMINOUS FORAGE CROP SPECIES (RED AND WHITE CLOVER, MEDICAGO
SATIVA AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS) IS OUTLINED. THE SOURCE MATERIAL
COMPRISED POPULATIONS AND ECOTYPES FROM CROATIA, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
AND SLOVENIA, AND THE POLYCROSS TECHNIQUE WAS THE MAIN BREEDING
METHOD, LEADING TO THE PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC VARIETIES. GRASS
VARIETIES BRED ARE LISTED (8 VARIETIES OF 7 SPECIES), AND DATA
ARE TABULATED ON GREEN MATTER AND SEED YIELDS IN 7 OF THEM. LUCERNE
VARIETIES BRED INCLUDE MIRNA AND POSAVINA.
****************************
BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL-A NEW LEGUMINOUS CROP FOR PASTURE
IN CENTRAL CISCAUCASIA. (LANG:RU)
AUTHOR: ANDRIYANOVA, N.A.; PLOTNIKOVA, N.V.; TSELOVAL 'NIKOV,
I.K.
SOURCE: MATERIALY KONFERENTSII MOLODYKH UCHENYKH I ASPIRANTOV
"NOVYE IDEI V RASTENIEVODSTVE I PUTIIKH REALIZATSII",
VORONEZH, 9-13 IYULYA. 6V 4428; P20-21, 1991.
KEYWORDS: GROWTH PERIOD; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GENETIC RESOURCES;
VARIETY TRIALS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CULTIVARS; RUSSIA
IN TRIALS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS POPULATIONS FROM
THE WORLD COLLECTION OF THE VAVILOV INSTITUTE OF PLANT INDUSTRY
(VIR) IN COMPARISON WITH THE STANDARD VARIETY MAIKOPSKII 1, THE
EARLIEST FORMS WERE ODENWALE AND SMOLENSKII, WHICH BEGAN TO FLOWER
54-56 DAYS AFTER SOWING. LATE-FLOWERING TYPES WERE THE WILD FORMS
K40695 AND K44106, TOGETHER WITH PRIMORSKII AND LEO (70-74 DAYS).
EDDEI , K37719 AND MAIKOPSKII 1 WERE INTERMEDIATE (60-66 DAYS).
GREEN MATTER YIELD WAS 3.1-5.9 KG/M2 AMONG EARLY TYPES, 5.9-6.7
KG/M2 AMONG INTERMEDIATE TYPES AND 5.4-6.7 KG/M2 AMONG LATE TYPES.
****************************
IDENTIFICATION OF LOTUS TENUIS (WALDST. ET KIT.)
FLAVONOIDS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: STRITTMATTER, C. D.; WAGNER, M. L.; KADE, M.; GURNI, A.
A. (CENTRO DE ECOFISIOLOGIA VEGETAL SERRANO 665, 1414 BUENOS AIRES,
ARGENTINA.)
SOURCE: BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY: 20: 7, P635-687,
1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS TENUIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; FLAVONOIDS
THE FLAVONOID COMPOSITION OF LOTUS TENUIS GROWING IN ARGENTINA
WAS DETERMINED AT THE VEGETATIVE, FLORAL BUD, FLOWERING AND FRUITING
GROWTH STAGES. THE PRESENCE OF FREE KAEMPFEROL, KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCDSIDE
AND KAEMPFEROL-3-0-GLUCOSYL-7-0-RHAMNOSIDE WAS DETECTED. QUALITATIVE
AND QUANTITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN FLAVONOID COMPOSITION BETWEEN
DIFFERENT PLANT ORGANS AND GROWTH STAGES OCCURRED.
****************************
ASYMMETRIC SOMATIC HYBRID CALLI BETWEEN LEGUMINOUS
SPECIES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND GLYCINE MAX AND REGENERATED
PLANTS FROM THE CALLI. (LANG:EN, UA(SUMM))
AUTHOR: KIHARA, M.; CAI, K. N.; ISHIKAWA, R.; HARADA, T.; NIIZEKI,
M.; SAITO, K. I. PLANT BIOENGINEERING RESEARCH LABORATORIES, SAPPORO
BREWERIES LTD., KIZAKI, NITTA, GUNMA-KEN 370-03, JAPAN.)
SOURCE: JAPANESE JOURNAL OF BREEDING: 42: L, P55-64, 1992.
KEYWORDS: SOYABEANS; IN VITRO CULTURE; PEROXIDASES; BIOTECHNOLOGY;
GLYCINE (X) LOTUS, PROTOPLAST FUSION; LOTUS (X) GLYCINE; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; GLYCINE MAX; PROTOPLAST FUSION
PROTOPLASTS OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (L. CORNICULATUS)
AND SOYABEAN (G. MAX) WERE FUSED INTERSPECIFICALLY. IN ORDER TO
PRODUCE ASYMMETRIC HYBRIDS CONTAINING A COMPLETE TREFOIL GENOME
AND A SMALL PART OF A SOYABEAN GENOME, OR CYBRIDS CONTAINING ONLY
A TREFOIL GENOME, IODOACETAMIDE-TREATED PROTOPLASTS OF TREFOIL
WERE FUSED WITH X-RAY-IRRADIATED SOYABEAN PROTOPLASTS. PEROXIDASE
ISOENZYME AND KARYOTYPES OF CALLUSES OBTAINED FROM THE PROTOPLAST
FUSION WERE ANALYZED AND AS A RESULT THE HYBRIDITY OF SOME OF
THE CALLUSES WAS ESTABLISHED. PLANT REGENERATION FROM THE ASYMMETRIC
HYBRID CALLUSES WAS ALSO SUCCESSFUL, BUT REGENERATED PLANTS DID
NOT SHOW HYBRIDITY ON THE BASIS OF ANALYSIS OF PEROXIDASE ISOENZYME.
THIS RESULT MAY BE CAUSED BY THE ELIMINATION OF SOYABEAN CHROMOSOMES.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE REGENERATED PLANTS RESEMBLED THAT OF TREFOIL
DERIVED FROM PARENT CALLUS. HOWEVER, THE REGENERATED PLANTS WERE
USUALLY TERATOLOGICALLY AN ERECT TYPE IN CONTRAST TO THE CREEPING
HABIT OF NORMAL BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL.
****************************
ASSESSING ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT ON NITROGEN FIXING
LEGUMES. (LANG:ENG)
AUTHOR: MARTENSSON, A. (DEP. OF SOIL SC , SWED. UNIV. AGRIC. SC.,
UPPSALA, SWEDEN.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS OF PESTICIDE MICROBIOLOGY, 17-21 AUGUST 1992, SIGTUNA,
SWEDEN (EDITED BY ANDERSON, J.P.E.; ARNOLD, D.J.; LEWIS, F.;TORSTENSSCN,
L. UPPSALA, SWEDEN; DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY, SWEDISH UNIVERSITY
OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES:P121-126, 1992.
KEYWORDS: BENTAZONE; SOIL; RHIZOBIUM; NITROGEN FIXATION; GLYPHOSATE;
MCPA; PLANT HAIRS; LUCERNE; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
HERBICIDES; CONFERENCES; INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL
ASPECTS OF PESTICIDE MICROBIOLOGY
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS REVEALED THAT N-FIXING BACTERIA
(4 STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM BV. TRIFOLII. (2 STRAINS
OF R. MELILOTI AND 2 STRAINS OF R. LOTI) WERE ABLE TO MULTIPLY
WHEN EXPOSED TO THE EQUIVALENT OF 1-3 KG/HA FENPROPIMORPH, MANCOZEB,
BENTAZONE AND GLYPHOSATE AND 0.5-3.5 KG MCPA, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER
THEY WERE GROWN FROM CULTURE COLLECTION MATERIAL OR WERE ISOLATED
FROM AGRICULTURAL SOILS SUBJECTED TO DIFFERENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.
BACTERIAL EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES AND HEAVY METALS DID NOT INFLUENCE
THE NODULATING ABILITY OF THE BACTERIA, EXCEPT FOR GLYPHOSATE
AND ZN, WHICH REDUCED NODULATION. LEGUMES (RED CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE), LUCERNE AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS))
EXPOSED TO BENTAZONE AND MCPA EXHIBITED ROOT HAIR DEFORMATIONS
SIMILAR TO THOSE INDUCED BY BACTERIA DURING THE ONSET OF NODULATION.
THE BACTERIAL-INDUCED DEFORMATIONS WERE PREVENTED BY FENPROPIMORPH,
MANCOZEB, BENTAZONE AND GLYPHOSATE. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT RHIZOBIUM
SPP. ARE SENSITIVE TO HEAVY METAL EXPOSURE, WHEREAS THE PLANTS
ARE MOST SENSITIVE TO PESTICIDES.
****************************
ABUNDANCE, VEGETATION, AND ENVIRONMENT OF FOUR
PATCH TYPES IN A NORTHERN MIXED PRAIRIE. (LG:EN,
FR(SUMM)
AUTHOR: UMBANHOWAR, C. E., JR. (DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY
OF WISCONSIN, MADISON, WI 53706.USA.L
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY: 70: 2, P277-284, 1992.
KEYWORDS: GRASSLANDS; PRAIRIES; PLANT CDMMUNITIES; ELYMUS SMITHII;
CALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA; ANDROPOGDN GERARDII; LOTUS PURSHIANUS;
ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI; DISTURBED LAND; POLYGONUM ARENASTRUM;
ECOLOGY; HABITATS; LEPIDIUM DENSIFLORUM; SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM;
RUMEX; AMARANTHUS RUDIS; ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI; GRASSLANDS; USA;
SOUTH DAKOTA
THE SIZE, ABUNDANCE, VEGETATION, AND ENVIRONMENT
OF THATCHING ANT MOUNDS, EARTH MOUNDS MADE BY MAMMALS, BISON WALLOWS,
AND OPENINGS IN DRY MARSHES WERE COMPARED IN A NORTHERN MIXED
PRAIRIE IN N. CENTRAL SOUTH DAKOTA. PATCH SIZE AND ABUNDANCE VARIED
CONSIDERABLY BETWEEN PATCH TYPES. ANT AND MAMMAL MOUNDS WERE THE
SMALLEST BUT MOST ABUNDANT PATCH TYPES. BISON WALLOWS AND DRY
MARSHES WERE LARGER AND OCCURRED LESS FREQUENTLY THAN ANT AND
MAMMAL MOUNDS. DIFFERENT PATCH TYPES OCCUPIED A SIMILAR AMOUNT
OF AREA. ORDINATION OF PATCH VEGETATION REVEALED MARKED BETWEEN-TYPE
COMPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES; ANT AND MAMMAL MOUNDS WERE DOMINATED
BY VEGETATIVELY REPRODUCING PERENNIALS, WHILE ANNUALS OCCURRED
MORE ABUNDANTLY IN BISON WALLOWS AND DRY MARSHES. MANY SPECIES
WERE RESTRICTED TO EITHER WALLOWS OR MARSHES. ANT MOUNDS WERE
DOMINATED BY DENSE AGROPYRON (ELYMUS) SMITHII COVER IN MIDPRAIRIE
OR BY CALAMOVILFA LONGIFOLIA IN HIGH PRAIRIE; THE FEW ANT MOUNDS
ON THE LOW PRAIRIE WERE DOMINATED BY ANDROPOGON GERARDII. EUPHORBIA
GLYPTOSPERMA, CHENOPODIUM DESICCATUM, POLYGONUM ARENASTRUM, LEPIDIUM
DENSIFLGRUM AND LOTUS PURSHIANUS WERE ABUNDANT ON BISON WALLOWS
AND CAREX ATHERODES, SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM, RUMEX SPP., AMARANTHUS
RUDIS, ARTEMESIA BIENNIS AND ECHINOCHLOA CRUS-GALLI WERE ABUNDANT
IN DRY POTHOLES; ALL THESE SPECIES WERE RARE OR ABSENT FROM OTHER
PATCH TYPES. LEVELS OF NITRATE, PHOSPHORUS, SOIL OM, AND OTHER
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS VARIED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN PATCH TYPES.
IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT DIFFERENT PATCH TYPES SUPPORTED DIFFERENT
GROUPS OF SPECIES, AND PATCH VEGETATION WAS A PRODUCT OF MECHANISM
OF PATCH CREATION, PATCH ENVIRONMENT, AND LOCATION.
***************************
EFFECT OF CUTTING AND BURNING BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
GROWN FOR SEED ON THE TREFOIL SEED CHALCID (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE).
(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: PETERSON, S.S. SW IDAHO RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CENTER,
PARMA, ID; WEDBERG, O.L.; HOGG, D.B.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. V. 292-298.
1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BRUCHOPHAGUS; INSECT CONTROL; CUTTING
DATE; BURNING; WISCONSIN, BRUCHOPHAGUS PLATYPTERUS.
****************************
AMARANTH A PROMISING SOURCE OF FODDER PROTEIN.
(LANG:RU, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: CHERNOV, I. A. (BOTANIC GARDENS, KAZAN STATE UNIVERSITY,
KAZAN, RUSSIA.)
SOURCE: VESTNIK SEL'SKOKHOZYAISTVENNOI NAUKI (MOSKVA):NO. 2, P82-86,
1992.
KEYWORDS: AMARANTHUS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; AMINO ACIDS; LUPINUS;
HORDEUM VULGARE; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LATHYRUS;
GALEGA; PANICUM MILIACEUM; LYSINE; BARLEY; FODDER PLANTS; AMINDO
ACIDS; COMPOSITION; AMARANTHUS; PROTEIN CONTENT
IMPROVING THE PRODUCTION OF FODDER PROTEIN IN RUSSIA
IS DISCUSSED. ANALYSES ARE GIVEN OF THE AMINO ACID CONTENTS OF
AMARANTHUS, BARLEY, LUPINS, MEDICAGO SATIVA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS,
LATHYRUS, GALEGA AND MILLET (PANICUM MILIACEUM) AS A PERCENTAGE
OF TOTAL PROTEIN CONTENT AND OF 20 CROPS INCLUDING AMARANTHUS
ON A DW BASIS. AMARANTHUS HAD THE HIGHEST LYSINE CONTENT IN PROTEIN
(7.67%) OF THE CROPS TESTED.
****************************
FORCING EXPRESSION OF A SOYBEAN ROOT GLUTAMINE
SYNTHETASE GENE IN TOBACCO LEAVES INDUCES A NATIVE GENE ENCODING
CYTOSOLIC ENZYME. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: HIREL, B.; MARSOLIER, M. C.; HOARAU, A.; HOARAU, J.; BRANGEON,
J.; SCHAFER, R.; VERMA, D. P. S. LABORATOIRE DU METABOLISME ET
DE LA NUTRITION DES PLANTES, C.N.R.A., ROUTE DE ST. CYR, 78000
VERSAIL LES, FRANCE.)
SOURCE: PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: 20: 2, P207-218, 1992.
KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; SOYABEANS; TOBACCO; GLYCINE MAX; MOLECULAR
GENETICS; GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE; GENE EXPRESSION; NICOTIANA
TABACUM; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CLONING;
GENETICS; MOLECULAR GENETICS; GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE; GENE EXPRESSION;
ENZYMES; SOYABEANS; TOBACCO; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOTS
GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE (GS) (GLUTAMATE-AMMONIA LIGASE)
IS PRESENT IN DIFFERENT SUBCELLULAR COMPARTMENTS IN PLANTS. IT
IS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM IN ROOT AND ROOT NODULES AND IS GENERALLY
PRESENT IN THE CHLOROPLASTS IN LEAVES. THE EXPRESSION OF GS GENE(S)
ENHANCED IN ROOT NODULES AND IN SOYABEAN ROOTS TREATED WITH AMMONIA.
FOUR GENES ENCODING SUBUNITS OF CYTOSOLICS WERE ISOLATED FROM
SOYABEAN (GLYCINE MAX) CV. PRIZE. PROMOTER ANALYSIS OF ONE OF
THESE GENES (GS15) SHOWED THAT IT IS EXPRESSED IN A ROOT-SPECIFIC
MANNER IN TRANSGENIC TOBACCO AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS, BUT IS INDUCED
BY AMMONIA ONLY IN THE LEGUME BACKGROUND. MAKING THE GS15 GENE
EXPRESSION CONSTITUTIVE BY FUSION WITH THE CAMV 355 PROMOTER LED
TO THE EXPRESSION OF GS IN THE LEAVES OF TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS.
THE SOYABEAN GS WAS FUNCTIONAL AND WAS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM
IN TOBACCO LEAVES WHERE THIS ENZYME IS NOT NORMALLY PRESENT. FORCING
THIS CHANGE IN THE LOCATION OF GS CAUSED CONCOMITANT INDUCTION
OF THE MRNA FOR A NATIVE CYTOSOLIC GS IN THE LEAVES OF TRANSGENIC
TOBACCO. THE LATTER IS NORMALLY EXPRESSED ONLY IN THE ROOT TISSUE
OF TOBACCO. THIS PHENOMENON SUGGESTS A HITHERTO UNCHARACTERIZEO
METABOLIC CONTROL ON THE EXPRESSION OF CERTAIN GENES IN PLANTS.
****************************
CROWNVETCH (CORONILLA VARIA L.) IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA.
(LANG:EN. CS(SUMM))
AUTHOR: HOFBAUER, J. (RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FODDER PLANTS, 664
41 TROUBSKO, CZECH REPUBLIC.)
SOURCE: SCIENTIFIC STUDIES-OSEVA RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR FODDER
PLANTS, OSEVA BREEDING INSTITUTE FOR FODDER PLANTS: NO. 12, P97-102,
1991.
KEYWORDS: CORONILLA VARIA; REVIEWS; SEED PRODUCTION; SOIL CONSERVATION;
COMPARISONS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO LUPULINA; ANTHYLLIS
VULNERARIA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS
CORONILLA VARIA CV. EROZA, CHEMUNG AND KOMPOLTI WERE
COMPARED WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS), BLACK MEDIC
(MEDICAGO LUPULINA), KIDNEY VETCH (ANTHYLLIS VULNERARIA) AND WHITE
CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS) IN FIELD TRIALS AT 5 LOCATIONS OVER
15 YEARS. AVERAGE HAY YIELDS WERE 8.2-8.9, 8.2, 8.8, 9.5, 7.5,
8.1 AND 7.8 T/HA FOR THE SPECIES/CULTIVARS AS LISTED. CP CONTENTS
WERE 20.8-22.2 FOR C. VARIA CULTIVARS AND 22.5, 21.5, 21.1 AND
22.8, FOR THE OTHER SPECIES AS LISTED. SEED YIELDS WERE 0.347-0.427
T/HA IN EROZA, 0.243 T IN CHEMUNG AND 0.263T IN KOMPOLTI. IN A
TRIAL WITH M. SATIVA AND C. VARIA, HAY YIELDS WERE 10.60 AND 9.64
T/HA, RESPECTIVELY. A FULL AMINO ACID ANALYSIS IS GIVEN FOR C.
VARIA ON 5 DATES. APART FROM A SOURCE OF FODDER FOR RUMINANTS,
C. VARIA WAS RECOMMENDED FOR EROSION CONTROL, HONEY PRODUCTION
AND AS A SOURCE OF CARDIOTONIC GLYCOSIDES AND OTHER PHARMACOLOGICAL
SUBSTANCES.
****************************
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON GERMINATION AND ESTABLISHMENT
OF ALPINE LEGUMES. (EXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUCHUNGEN
UBER KEIMUNG UND ETABLIERUNG VON ALPINEN LEGUMINOSEN.) (LANG:DE,
EN (SUMM))
AUTHOR: FLUELER, R. P. (GEOBOTANISCHES INSTITUT ETH, STIFTUNG
RUBEL, 8044 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.)
SOURCE: VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN DES GEOBOTANISCHEN INSTITUTES DER ETH,
STIFTUNG RUBEL, ZURICH: NO. 110, 149 PP., 1992.
KEYWORDS: SOIL CONSERVATION; GRASSLANDS; ALPINE GRASSLANDS; ANTHYLLIS
ALPESTRIS; SEED GERMINATION; SEED TREATMENT; ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS;
ASTRAGALUS FRIGIDUS; HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM; HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA; LOTUS
ALPINUS; HOT WATER TREATMENT; SULFURIC ACID; OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS;
OXYTROPIS JACQUINII; TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM; TRIFOLIUM BADIUM; TRIFOLIUM
NIVALE; TRIFOLIUM PALLESCENS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM THALII;
SEED DORMANCY; GERMINATION; SCARIFICATION; SEED SIZE; MOTHER PLANT
ENVIRONMENT; DORMANCY
THE POTENTIAL USE OF LEGUMES FOR EROSION CONTROL
IN ALPINE SKIING AREAS WAS STUDIED IN 1987-91. 14 LEGUME SPECIES
OF THE DAVOS REGION WERE ASSESSED FOR GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH
PERFORMANCE: ANTHYLLIS ALPESTRIS, ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS, ASTRAGALUS
FRIGIDUS, HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM, HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA, LOTUS ALPINUS,
OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS, O. JACQUINII, TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM, T. BADIUM,
T. NIVALE, T. PALLESCENS, T. REPENS AND T. THALII. CONTROLLED
ENVIRONMENT STUDIES INVESTIGATED SEED WEIGHT AND ANATOMY, AND
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE TREATMENTS ON STORABILITY,
GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF UNTREATED AND TREATED SEEDS. SEED
TREATMENTS WERE HOT WATER, SULFURIC ACID, GA AND MECHANICAL SCARIFICATION.
FIELD STUDIES AT STRELA AND UAKOBSHORN INCLUDED SOIL AND NUTRIENT
ANALYSES, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY RECORDS. IN SOWING TRIALS WITH
UNTREATED AND SCARIFIED SEEDS, THE LEGUMES WERE SOWN (A) WITHOUT
A SEEDBED PREPARATION OR WITH CURLEX (GEOTEXTILE) AND JUTE MAT
COVERS, AND (B) WITHOUT FERTILIZER APPLICATION OR WITH 1-5 KG/M2
OF THE COMMERCIAL COMPOSTS PISTAREN, TERRAVERDE OR TRIOHUM, SUPPLEMENTED
BY 0-100 G OF THE SLOW-RELEASE NPKMG FERTILIZER CERTOPLANT ROYAL/M2.
GERMINATION BEHAVIOUR DIFFERED SIGNIFICANTLY BETWEEN LEGUME SPECIES
AND IN DIFFERENT YEARS. NO PRE-SOWING SEED TREATMENT OFTEN RESULTED
IN POOR GERMINATION, DUE TO WATER AND GAS IMPERMEABLE TESTAS.
SMALL-SIZED SEEDS ORIGINATING FROM HIGH ALTITUDES SHOWED A LONG
INNATE DORMANCY. INDUCED DORMANCY TENDED TO OCCUR DURING ADVERSE
STORAGE CONDITIONS. AS A PROTECTIVE MEASURE AGAINST GERMINATION
IN ADVERSE CONDITIONS, ENFORCED DORMANCY WAS IDENTIFIED IN SOME
SPECIES, PARTICULARLY IN DRY AND COLD SOIL CONDITIONS TOWARDS
THE END OF THE GROWTH PERIOD. THE FERTILIZER INPUTS IMPROVED ABOVE
GROUND GROWTH BUT NOT ROOT GROWTH. BOTH CURLEX AND JUTE COVERS
SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED PLANT SURVIVAL. IT IS CONCLUDED THAT EROSION
CONTROL WITH ALPINE LEGUMES IS POSSIBLE. SUITABLE SPECIES INCLUDE
A. ALPESTRIS, H. COMOSA, L. ALPINUS AND T. ALPINUM AND T. NIVALE.
****************************
SPREAD OF RHIZOBIUM AND BRADYRHIZOBIUM IN SOIL.
(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: LOWTHER, W.L. PATRICK, H.N.
SOURCE: SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIDCHEMISTRY. V. 25 (5) : P. 607-612
1993.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; RHIZOBIUM; BRADYRHIZOBIUM;
SPREAD; RHIZOSPHERE; MOVEMENT IN SOIL; RESOWING; TOPOGRAPHY; NODULATION;
NEW ZEALAND, RHIZDBIUM LOTI
MOVEMENT OF RHIZOBIUM LOTI AND BRADYRHIZOBIUM SP.,
FROM ESTABLISHED LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND L. PEDUNCULATUS RESPECTIVELY,
WAS STUDIED TO DETERMINE IF LACK OF ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA WOULD
LIMIT NDODULATION FOLLOWING NATURAL RESEEDING. HIGH POPULATIONS
OF ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA OCCURRED IN THE SOIL UNDER ESTABLISHED
PLANTS. HOWEVER, MOVEMENT AWAY FROM ESTABLISHED PLANTS VARIED
WITH TOPOGRAPHY. DOWNSLOPE MOVEMENT WAS MOST RAPID, BUT DID NOT
EXCEED 4.0 M YR-1. LATERAL MOVEMENT WAS VERY LOW AT < 0.25
M YR-1. FEW ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA WERE DETECTED EVEN 1 M UPSLOPE
FROM ESTABLISHED PLANTS 5 YR AFTER SOWING, INDICATING LITTLE MOVEMENT
IN WIND-BLOWN DUST OR ON THE HOOVES OF GRAZING ANIMALS. WHEN ASSESSING
THE FEASIBILITY OF NATURAL RESEEDING, MAXIMUM RATES OF SPREAD
DF ROOT NODULE BACTERIA OF < 0.25 AND 4 0 M YR-1 LATERALLY
AND DOWNSLOPE RESPECTIVELY SHOULD BE EXPECTED.
****************************
IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF MEDICAGO AND LOTUS SPECIES
BY NODE CULTURE. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: PUPILLI, F.; DAMIANI, F.; NENZ, E.; ARCIONI, S.
SOURCE: IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY: PLANT.
(4) : P. 167-171. 1992.
KEYWORDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS TENUIS; LOTUS
ULIGINOSUS: MICROPROPAGATION; TISSUE CULTURE; ORGANOGENESIS; SHOOTS;
BENZYLADENINE: KINETIN; ISOPENTENYLADENINE.
****************************
COMPARISON OF PASTURE ESTABLISHMENT FROM A CONVENTIONAL
DISC DRILL AND A PROTOTYPE STRIP SEEDER DRILL. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: LOWTHER, W. L.; FRASER, W. J.; HORRELL, R. F.; UOHNSTONE,
P. D. (MAF TECHNOLOGY. INVERMAY AGRICULTURAL CENTRE, MOSGIEL,
NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: PROCEEOINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION:
53: P47-50, 1991.
KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; ESTABLISHMENT; HERBICIDES; SOWING
METHODS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA;
PARAQUAT; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; PASTURES;
DRILLS; GRASSLANDS; WEED CONTROL; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND
ASSOCIATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; HERBICIDES; ESTABLISHMENT; BIOMASS;
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; PARAOUAT;
NEW ZEALAND; CONTROL; WEEDS
ESTABLISHMENT OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES DRILLED IN SPRING
WITH A PROTOTYPE STRIP SEEDER DRILL OR A CONVENTIONAL TRIPLE DISC
DRILL WERE COMPARED ON TWO SITES IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF
PARAQUAT. ON THE EARNSCLEUGH SITE, PLANT ESTABLISHMENT IN AUTUMN,
AS A PERCENTAGE OF VIABLE SEED SOWN, WAS HIGHER WITH THE PROTOTYPE
DRILL THAN WITH THE TRIPLE DISC DRILL IN THE ABSENCE OF PARAQUAT.
THE APPLICATION OF PARAQUAT INCREASED ESTABLISHMENT WITH THE TRIPLE
DISC DRILL AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE DRILLS WERE NOT CONSISTENT
OVER SPECIES. PARAQUAT HAD NO DISCERNIBLE EFFECT ON THE COMPETING
VEGETATION OR ESTABLISHMENT AT OHAU DOWNS. ESTABLISHMENT OF LOTUS
CORNICULATUS, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA BUT NOT
TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM, WAS SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER IN AUTUMN IN THE
PROTOTYPE DRILL TREATMENT. TREATMENT EFFECTS ON STANDING HERBAGE
MASS ON BOTH SITES FOLLOWED A SIMILAR TRENO TO ESTABLISHMENT ALTHOUGH
PARAQUAT INCREASED HERBAGE MASS IN THE PROTOTYPE DRILL TREATMENTS
ON EARNSCLEUGH, IN CONTRAST TO THE NON-SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON ESTABLISHMENT.
THE PRESENT RESULTS INDICATE THE POTENTIAL OF THE PROTOTYPE STRIP
SEEDER DRILL FOR COST EFFECTIVE ESTABLISHMENT OF IMPROVED PASTURE
SPECIES IN DIFFICULT ENVIRONMENTS.
****************************
THE PRODUCTIVITY OF MAKU LOTUS AS A FOREST UNDERSTOREY.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: WEST, G. G.; DEAN, M. G.; PERCIVAL, N. S. (FOREST RESEARCH
INSTITUTE, ROTORUA, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION:
53: P169-173, 1991.
KEYWORDS: AGROFORESTRY; NEW ZEALAND; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; ESTABLISHMENT;
OVERSOWING; CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; FORESTS;
WEEDS; SPECIES DIVERSITY; INVASION; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; HOLCUS LANATUS;
CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; NEW ZEALAND
OVERSOWING LOTUS ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU OFFERS
CONSIDERABLE SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT OF UNDERSTOREY FORAGE PRODUCTION
IN NEW ZEALAND'S PLANTATION FORESTS. IN A GRAZING TRIAL IN KAINGAROA
FOREST (PINUS RADIATA) ANNUAL FORAGE YIELDS OF PREDOMINANTLY L.
ULIGINOSUS WERE 3000-5000 KG/HA DM FROM TREE AGE 4-7 YEARS BUT
DECLINED TO 1000-3000 KG DM/HA BY AGE 11 YEARS. FORAGE YIELDS
AVAILABLE FOR GRAZING UNDER DIFFERENT TREE STOCKINGS (100, 200
AND 400 STEMS/HA) WERE (UP TO TREE AGE 11) APPROXIMATELY THE SAME,
IN SPITE OF THE PERCENTAGE AREA COVERED WITH SLASH BEING SIGNIFICANTLY
AFFECTED BY TREE STOCKING. FORAGE SPECIES COMPOSITION SINCE TIME
OF OVERSOWING CHANGED FROM INITIAL STANDS OF ALMOST PURE L. ULIGINOSUS
TO A MIXTURE OF L. ULIGINOSUS AND LOWER FERTILITY GRASSES, PARTICULARLY
HOLCUS LANATUS, AND FLAT WEEDS. BY TREE AGE 11 YEARS (8 YEARS
AFTER OVERSOWING) L. ULIGINOSUS COMPRISED 20-30, OF UNDERSTOREY
GROUND COVER, BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT CATTLE GRAZING.
****************************
PASTORAL FALLOW FOR IMPROVING LOW FERTILITY HILL
COUNTRY PASTURES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: MACKAY, A. D.; BUDDING, P. J.; ROSS, D. J.; TATE, K. R.;
ORCHARD, V. A.; HART, P. E.. S; KETTLES, H. A. (DSIR GRASSLANDS,
PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION:
53: P209-213, 1991.
KEYWORDS: AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS; GRAZING SYSTEMS; GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT;
ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS; NEW ZEALAND; FALLOW;
CONFERENCES; NEW ZEALAND GRASSLAND ASSOCIATION; CYCLING; NITROGEN;
CARBON; GRASSLANDS; PERMANENT GRASSLANDS
THE EFFECT OF A PASTORAL FALLOW FROM EARLY SPRING
(SEP.) T3 AUTUMN (APR./MAY), WITH OR WITHOUT ADDED FERTILIZER,
ON PASTURE AND LEGUME GROWTH RATES, TOTAL PASTURE BIOMASS ACCUMULATION,
NITROGEN FIXATION, AND ON SOIL CARBON AND NITROGEN CYCLING IN
THE YEAR OF THE FALLOW, AND IN THE YEAR AFTER THE FALLOW, WAS
EVALUATED ON 2.2 HA OF MODERATE TO STEEP LOW FERTILITY, SUMMER
MOIST HILL COUNTRY DOMINATED BY AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS, ANTHOXANTHUM
ODORATUM, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS SP. AT BALLANTRAE, DSIR GRASSLANDS
HILL COUNTRY RESEARCH STATION. THE MAJOR EFFECT WAS TO OPEN THE
SWARD, INCREASE INDIVIDUAL PLANT SIZE, VIGOUR AND ROOTING DEPTH,
INCREASE THE PRESENCE AND VIGOUR OF T. REPENS BY CREATING NEW
NICHES FOR GROWTH, AND IMPROVE N FIXATION BY LEGUMES IN THE YEAR
AFTER THE FALLOW ONLY. THE DATA ON SOIL C AND N DYNAMICS ARE CONSISTENT
WITH THE CONCEPT OF FALLOWING ADDING A POOL OF POTENTIALLY AVAILABLE
N TO THE SOIL. THE BENEFITS OF A FALLOW FOR MOIST HILL COUNTRY
AND OTHER PASTORAL FARMING SYSTEMS ARE DISCUSSED.
****************************
CAUSAL ANALYSES OF CHEMICALLY INDUCED ALTERATION
OF THE SPECIES COMPOSITION IN A GOLDEN OAT MEADOW. (KAUSALITATSANALYSE
CHEMIKALIENINDUZIERTER ANDERUNGEN IM ARTENGEFUGE EINER GOLDHAFERWIESE.)
(LANG:DE, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: NEEMANN, G.; STICKAN, W.; RUNGE, M. (SYSTEMATISCH-GEOBOTANISCHES
INSTITUT, UNIVERSITAT GOTTINGEN, 3400 GOTTINGEN, GERMANY.)
SOURCE: ANGEWANDTE BDTANIK: 66: 5-6, P169-173, 1992.
KEYWORDS: PLANT COMPOSITION; PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA; FUNGICIDES;
HERBICIDES; INSECTICIDES; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; FESTUCA RUBRA; ANTHOXANTHUM
ODORATUM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PESTICIDES; ROOTS; COMPOSITION; CARBOHYDRATES;
PENTACHLDROPHENOL; WEEDS; TRISETETUM FLAVESCENTIS; GERMANY; CONTROL;
POPULATION DYNAMICS: PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; FESTUCA
RUBRA; ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; HERBICIDES; STACHYOSE;
FODDER CROPS;
AS WEEDS AN EXTENSIVELY MANAGED TRISETETUM FLAVESCENTIS
MEADOW WAS TREATED WITH 0.75 G PENTACHLOROPHENOL (PCP)/M2 IN 1,
3 OR 10 APPLICATIONS DURING THE GROWING SEASON. ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS
WAS HARVESTED 10 TIMES IN THE APPLICATION YEAR AND 4 TIMES IN
THE SUBSEQUENT YEAR. PCP APPLICATION DID NOT AFFECT TOTAL ABOVE-GROUND
BIOMASS AT ANY HARVEST BUT ALTERED THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF
THE STAND. THIS WAS ILLUSTRATED BY THE SHORT- AND LONG-TERM RESPONSES
OF PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, LOTUS ULIGINOSUS, FESTUCA RUBRA AND ANTHOXANTHUM
ODORATUM. MEASUREMENTS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES OF P. LANCEOLATA
AND F. RUBRA IN LATE JULY, 89, 28 AND 7 D AFTER APPLICATION OF
100, 33 AND 10, , RESPECTIVELY, OF THE TOTAL PCP DOSE, SHOWED
NO SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS EXCEPT IN P. LANCEOLATA 7 D AFTER PCP
APPLICATION. THE RESPONSES OF P. LANCEOLATA WERE ASSOCIATED WITH
CHANGES IN THE STACHYOSE RESERVES IN THE ROOTSTOCK DURING THE
GROWING SEASON.
****************************
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON THE CLONAL GROWTH
OF ALPINE LEGUMES. (EXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUHUNGEN
UBER KLONAL WACHSENDE ALPINE LEGUMINOSEN.) (LANG:DE, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: HASLER, A. R. (GEOBOTANISCHES INSTITUT DER EIDGENDSSISCHEN
TECHNISCHEN HOCHSCHULE (ETH), 8044 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND.)
SOURCE: VEROFFENTLICHUNGEN OES GEOBOTANISCHEN INSTITUTES DER ETH,
STIFTUNG KUBEL, ZURICH:NO. 111, 04 PP., 126 54;1992.
KEYWORDS: HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM; GROWTH; COMPARISONS; ANTHYLLIS ALPESTRIS;
OXYTROPIS UACQUINII OXYTROPIS CAMPESTRIS; ASTRAGALUS FRIGIOUS;
ASTRAGALUS ALPINUS; HIPPOCREPIS COMOSA; LOTUS ALPINUS; TRIFOLIUM
BADIUM; TRIFOLIUM ALPINUM; TRIFOLIUM PALLESCENS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS;
TRIFOLIUM THALII
ASPECTS OF CLONAL PLANT GROWTH ARE REVIEWED AND RELATED
TO THE RESULTS OF GLASSHOUSE STUDIES, GARDEN AND FIELD TRIALS
CARRIED OUT IN SKIING AREAS NEAR OAVOS, IN 1987-91. PURPOSE OF
THE EXPERIMENTS WAS TO COMPARE GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS OF 14 ALPINE
LEGUME SPECIES: HEDYSARUM OBSCURUM, ANTHYLLIS ALPESTRIS, OXYTROPIS
JACQUINII, O. CAMPESTRIS, ASTRAGALUS FRIGIDUS, A. ALPINUS, HIPPOCREPIS
COMOSA, LOTUS ALPINUS, TRIFOLIUM BADIUM, T. ALPINUM, T. PALLESCENS,
T. REPENS AND T. THALII. THE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED WITH EMPHASIS
ON CLONAL GROWTH, SELF-SEEDING, EXPANSION GROWTH, SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT,
ANNUAL GROWTH PATTERN, POPULATION DYNAMICS. GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS ON PHENOTYPE, AND THE POTENTIAL USE OF LEGUMES IN EROSION
CONTROL AND ECOLOGICAL REGENERATION OF ALPINE SKIING AREAS.
****************************
TOLERANCE OF SOME SUBTROPICAL PASTURE LEGUMES
TO WATERLOGGING. (LANG:EN, ES(SUMM))
AUTHOR: SHIFERAW, W.; SHELTON, H. M.; SO, H. B. (DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, BRISBANE, QLD 4072, AUSTRALIA.)
SOURCE: TROPICAL GRASSLANDS: 26: 3, P187-195, 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; FLOODING TOLERANCE; WATERLOGGING;
TRANSPIRATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; VIGNA PARKERI; TRIFOLIUM SEMIPILOSUM;
AESCHYNOMENE AMERICANA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; FLOODING
THE WATERLOGGING TOLERANCE OF 8 PASTURE LEGUMES WAS
STUDIED IN A GREENHOUSE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND, BRISBANE,
AUSTRALIA DURING THE SPRING OF 1989. THE SPECIES WERE LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS
(L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. MAKU AND ACCESSIONS G4704 AND 67677, L. CORNICULATUS
ACCESSION G32, VIGNA PARKERI CV. SHAW, TRIFOLIUM SEMIPILOSUM CV.
SAFARI, AESCHYNOMENE AMERICANA CV. GLENN AND MEDICAGO SATIVA CV.
TRIFECTA. WATERLOGGING TREATMENTS WERE INUNDATION TO 3 CM ABOVE
SOIL LEVEL FOR 0, 3, 7 OR 14 D. THE REDOX POTENTIAL OF THE YELLOW
PODZOLIC SOIL (TYPIC HAPLOXERULT) DROPPED FROM +350 MILLIVOLTS
(MV) TO -300 MV AFTER 14 0 WATERLOGGING, INDICATING THAT ANAEROBIC
CONDITIONS PREVAILED. THE SPECIES MOST TOLERANT OF WATERLOGGING
WERE A. AMERICANA BY L. PEDUNCULATUS CV. MAKU AND T. SEMIPILOSUM.
THESE SPECIES TRANSPIRED THE HIGHEST AMOUNTS OF WATER IMMEDIATELY
AFTER WATERLOGGING WAS IMPOSED, ACCUMULATED THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS
OF MN IN PLANT TOPS, AND PRODUCED ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS. TOLERANCE
IN L. PEDUNCULATUS CV. MAKU WAS ALSO INDICATED BY THICKENING OF
SUBMERGED STEMS AND SUBERIZATION OF ROOTS. THE REMAINING LOTUS
SPECIES SHOWED MEDIUM TOLERANCE. THE MOST SUSCEPTIBLE SPECIES
WERE M. SATIVA AND V. PARKERI WHICH SHOWED THE LOWEST RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION, LOWEST CONCENTRATIONS OF MN IN SHOOTS, GREATEST
REDUCTION IN PLANT WEIGHT DUE TO WATERLOGGING, AND FINALLY WILTING
AND DEATH. ALL SPECIES SHOWED REDUCED NODULATION AND N CONCENTRATIONS
IN SHOOTS FOLLOWING WATERLOGGING.
****************************
DIFFERENTIAL SELENIUM ACCUMULATION AMONG FORAGE
PLANT SPECIES GROWN IN SOILS AMENDED WITH SELENIUM ENRICHED PLANT
TISSUE. {LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BANUELOS, G. S.; MEAD, R.; WU, L.; BEUSELINCK, P.; AKDHDUE,
S. USDA-ARS, WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY, FRESND, CA
93727, USA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION: 47: 4, P338-342,
1992.
KEYWORDS: RAPE; MINERAL NUTRITION; SELENIUM; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION;
ACCUMULATION; BRASSICA JUNCEA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA;
LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MINERAL UPTAKE; SELENIUM; GREEN MANURES; DRY
MATTER; NUTRIENT UPTAKE
FIELD TRIALS IN 1989-90 FRESNO, CALIFORNIA EVALUATED
THE DIFFERENTIAL ABILITY OF SE ACCUMULATION AMONG MEDICAGO SATIVA,
FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, AND RAPE, BRASSICA JUNCEA
GROWN IN SOIL WHERE SE-LADEN GREEN MANURE (B. JUNCEA) HAD BEEN
INCORPORATED. SIXTY LATER, THE MEAN TOTAL SOIL SE CONCENTRATION
AT TIME OF TRANSPLANTING WAS 0.7 MG SE/KG SOIL. PLANTS WERE CUT
60 AND 105 D AFTER TRANSPLANTING, RESPECTIVELY, THEN WEIGHED AND
ANALYSED FOR TOTAL TISSUE SE, CP AND DIGESTIBLE DM. THE ORDER
DF TISSUE SE ACCUMULATION AMONG PLANT SPECIES TESTED WERE B. JUNCEA=RAPE,
M. SATIVA, L. CORNICULATUS, AND F. ARUNDINACEAE. SE CONCENTRATIONS
RANGED FROM 1.3 TO 50 MG/KG DM IN F. ARUNDINACEA AND B. JUNCEA/RAPE,
RESPECTIVELY. CP RANGED FROM 16 TO 27, FOR ALL SPECIES, EXCLUDING
STEM TISSUE FRDM B. JUNCEA AND RAPE. DIGESTIBLE DM OF AT LEAST
90 WAS UNIFORM AMONGST F. ARUNDINACEA, L. CORNICULATUS AND M.
SATIVA.
****************************
IS THERE RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS? (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: KAKES, P.; HAKVDDRT, H. (DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY AND ECDTOXICDLDGY,
VRIUE UNIVERSITEIT, 1081HV AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS.)
SOURCE: PHYTOCHEMISTRY: 31: 5, P1501-1505, 1992.
KEYWORDS: SULFOTRANSFERASES; BRASSICA OLERACEA; ENZYMES; SULPHOTRANSFERASES;
SORGHUM; CASSAVA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ACACIA
ERIOLOBA; ARTOCARPUS LANCEIFOLIUS; ESCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA; HEVEA
A METHOD TO MEASURE LOW RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS
IS PROPDSED, AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE REACTION
MIXTURE ON SPONTANEOUS THIOCYANATE FORMATION WAS STUDIED. THE
PROPOSED METHOD WAS USED TO STUDY RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN TRIFOLIUM
REPENS, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, SORGHUM, CASSAVA, ACACIA ERIOLOBA,
ARTOCARPUS LANCEIFDLIUS, BRASSICA DLERACEA, ESCHOLTZIA CALIFORNICA
AND HEVEA BRAZILIENSIS (H. BRASILIENSIS). THE SPECIES/CULTIVARS
TESTED INCLUDED BOTH CYANOGENIC AND ACYANDGENIC PLANTS. IN ALL
CASES RHODANESE ACTIVITY WAS VERY LOW. NO RELATION BETWEEN CYANOGENESIS
AND RHODANESE ACTIVITY WAS FOUND. THE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE DISCREPANCIES
BETWEEN THESE RESULTS AND MOST OTHER AUTHORS ARE DISCUSSED AND
THE POSSIBILITY RAISED THAT RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS IS DUE
TO THE ACTION OF OTHER ENZYME(S).
****************************
ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF THE SEED PROTEINS
OF SOME SPECIES IN GENUS LOTUS. (LANG:EN,
DE(SUMM)
AUTHOR: SAMMOUR, R. H.; HAMOUD, M. A.; HAIDAR, A. S.; BADR, A.
(DEPARTMENT DF BDTANY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, TANTA UNIVERSITY, TANTA,
EGYPT.)
SOURCE: FEDDES REPERTDRIUM: 104: 3-4, P251-257, 1993.
KEYWORDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; SDS-PAGE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS CRETICUS;
LOTUS HALOPHILUS; LOTUS POLYPHYLLOS; LOTUS PEREGRINUS; CLUSTER
ANALYSIS; FODDER LEGUMES; MAPS; LOTUS; PROTEINS; SEEDS; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; SEEDS; COMPOSITION; PROTEINS; LOTUS CRETICUS; LOTUS
HALOPHILUS; LOTUS POLYPHYLLOS; LOTUS PEREGRINUS; TAXONOMY; LOTUS
THE SEED PROTEINS OF A NUMBER OF ACCESSIONS OF L.
CORNICULATUS, L. CRETICUS, L. HALOPHILUS, L. POLYPHYLLOS AND L.
PEREGRINUS WERE ELECTROPHORETICALLV ANALYSED USING SDS-PAGE. THE
MAJORITY OF THE SEED PROTEINS OF THESE SPECIES IS LEGUMIN-LIKE
PROTEIN. ALTHOUGH EACH SPECIES SHOWED A DISTINCTIVE ELECTROPHORETIC
PATTERN, THERE WERE ELECTROPHORETIC VARIATIONS BETWEEN THE ACCESSIONS
OF L. CORNICULATUS, L. CRETICUS AND L. HALOPHILUS. THESE VARIATIONS
ARE DISCUSSED IN TERMS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL AND CYTOLOGICAL FEATURES.
CLUSTER ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT L. HALOPHILUS STANDS APART FROM THE
OTHER SPECIES AND THAT L. CRETICUS AND L. POLYPHYLLDS ARE THE
MOST CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES.
****************************
PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE FROM BIOMASS
CONTAMINATED WITH RADIONUCLIDES. (LANG:RU,
UK, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: NIZHKO, V. F.; SHINKARENKO, M. P.; POLOZHAI, V. V.; KRIVCHIK,
O. V. (INSTITUTE OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND GENETICS, LIKRAINIAN
ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, KIEV, UKRAINE.)
SOURCE: FIZIOLOGIYA I BIOKHIMIYA KUL'TURNYKH RASTENII:24: 6, P599-603,
1992.
KEYWORDS: MELILOTUS ALBUS; LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE; TRIFOLIUM
HYBRIDUM; LUPINUS LUTEUS; POLLUTION; RADIONUCLIDES; ONOBRYCHIS
HYBRIDUS; SYMPHYTUM ASPERUM; POLYGONUM DIVARICATUM; MELILOTUS
OFFICINALIS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE;
MEDICAGO VARIA; SILPHIUM PERFOLIATUM
COEFFICIENTS OF RADIONUCLIDE ACCUMULATION WERE DETERMINED
FOR TRADITIONAL AND UNCOMMON FORAGE CROPS GROWN ON CONTAMINATED
SOIL IN THE KIEV, PRIPYAT' AND NOVD-SHEPELICHI DISTRICTS. WITH
LOW RADIONUCLIDE CONCENTRATIONS (0.7-1.0 KBQ/KG) IN THE SOIL,
MINIMAL LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION WERE FOUND IN BIOMASS OF LUPINUS
LUTEUS AND ONOBRYCHIS HYBRIDUS AND RELATIVELY HIGH LEVELS IN SYMPHYTUM
ASPERUM AND POLYGONUM DIVARICATUM. AT HIGHER LEVELS OF SOIL CONTAMINATION
(23.1-265.3 KBQ/KG), MELILOTUS ALBUS AND M. OFFICINALIS SHOWED
LOW ACCUMULATION COEFFICIENTS (0.08-0.19); LOTUS CORNICULATUS
(0.3), TRIFOLIUM REPENS (1.01), T. PRATENSE |1.15) AND SILPHIUM
PERFOLIATUM (1.19) HAD INTERMEDIATE ACCUMULATION COEFFICIENTS
AND T. HYBRIDUM (1.60) THE HIGHEST. EVEN AT LOW SOIL RADIONUCLIDE
CONCENTRATIONS, MEDICAGO VARIA AND POLYGONUM SP. HAD HIGH ACCUMULATION
COEFFICIENTS. BIOMASS OF M. ALBUS AND T. HYBRIDUM WAS USED TO
PRODUCE LEAF PROTEIN CONCENTRATE. WITH CONTAMINATION LEVELS OF
1 KBQ/KG OR GREATER, CONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGY BASED ON THERMAL
PRECIPITATION OF PROTEIN DID NOT GIVE A PURE PRODUCT; 2-STAGE
PROCESSING IMPROVED CONCENTRATE PURITY.
****************************
SPECIES DIVERSIFICATION FOR TEMPORARY GRASSLANDS.
(DIVERSIFICATION DES ESPECES POUR PRAIRIES
TEMPORAIRES.) (LANG:FR, EN, DE(SUMM))
AUTHOR: LEHMANN, U.; BRINER, H. U.; MOSIMANN, E.; CHALET, C. (STATION
FEDERALE DE RECHERCHES AGONOMIQUES DE RECKENHOLZ, 8046 ZURICH-RECKENHOLZ,
SWITZERLAND.)
SOURCE: REVUE SUISSE D'AGRICULTURE: 24: 3, P159-163, 1992.
KEYWORDS: TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; CULTIVARS; SWITZERLAND; ONOBRYCHIS
VICIIFDLIA; MEDICAGO LUPULINA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS;
AGROSTIS GIGANTEA; AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS; ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS;
TRISETUM FLAVESCENS; FESTUCA OVINA
FIELD TRIALS AT 8 SITES IN SWITZERLAND IN 1989-91
TO EVALUATE CULTIVARS OF THE FOLLOWING GRASSLAND CROPS ARE REPORTED:
TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM, ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA, MEDICAGO LUPULINA,
LOTUS CORNICULATUS, CYNOSURUS CRISTATUS, AGROSTIS GIGANTEA, AGROSTIS
TENUIS (A. CAPILLARIS), ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS, TRISETUM FLAVESCENS
AND FESTUCA OVINA. BASED ON THE RESULTS, 11 CULTIVARS FROM 6 SPECIES
WERE ADDED TO THE SWISS LIST OF RECOMMENDED CULTIVARS OF FORAGE
PLANTS.
****************************
EVALUATION OF SOLUTION CULTURE TECHNIOUES FOR
STUDYING ALUMINIUM TOXICITY IN PLANTS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BLAMEY, F. P. C.; EDMEADES, D. C.; ASHER, C. U.; EDWARDS,
D. G.; WHEELER, D. M. (DEPARTMENT OFAGRICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF
QUEENSLAND, ST. LUCIA 4067, AUSTRALIA.)
SOURCE: PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH. PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, 24-29 JUNE 1990, BECKLEY, WEST
VIRGINIA, USA. VOL. 45; 1991.
KEYWORDS: TECHNIQUES; STRESS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; TOXIC SUBSTANCES;
ALUMINIUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS;
CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH; LOTUS ULIGONOSUS;
MINERAL NUTRITION; ALUMINIUM; TOXICITY; LOTUS CORNICULATUS
LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. GRASSLANDS
MAKU (AL-TOLERANT) AND L. CORNICULATUS CV. MAITLAND (AL-SENSITIVE)
WERE GROWN IN LOW (2300 MICROM) AND HIGH (22 000 MICROM) IONIC
STRENGTH NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS WITH 4 MONOMERIC AL (AL MONO) CONCENTRATIONS
IN THE RANGE 0-21 MICROM. INFORMATION IS GIVEN ON THE CONCENTRATION
OF 13 ELEMENTS MEASURED IN ROOTS OF THESE PLANTS, AND RELATIVE
ROOT AND SHOOT DRY MASSES. IN SOLUTIONS OF LOW IONIC STRENGTH,
THE YIELD OF GRASSLANDS MAKU WAS NOT AFFECTED BY AL, BUT THAT
OF MAITLAND DECREASED BY MORE THAN OR EQUAL T0 40, WITH MORE THAN
OR EQUAL T0 8 MICROM AL MONO. IN CONTRAST, THE GROWTH OF NEITHER
CULTIVAR WAS DECREASED WITH 21 MICROM AL MONO IN SOLUTIONS OF
HIGH IONIC STRENGTH. THE RESULTS INDICATED THE IMPORTANCE OF CONDUCTING
STUDIES ON AL TOXICITY IN TEST SOLUTIONS THAT APPROXIMATE THE
SOIL SOLUTION'S COMPOSITION, IONIC STRENGTH AND AL ACTIVITY.
****************************
SHORT-TERM BIOASSAY OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS SOIL
ACIDITY TOLERANCE. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: BELESKY, O. P.; FEDDERS, O. M.;WRIGHT, R. U. (APALACHIAN
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION RESEARCH LABORATORY, PO BOX 867, AIRPORT
ROAD, BECKLEY, WV 25802-0867, USA.)
SOURCE: PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH. PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, 24-29 JUNE 1990, BECKLEY, WEST
VIRGINIA, USA. P931-938, DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCES,
VOL. 45; 1991.
KEYWORDS: STRESS; PASTURE PLANTS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOTS; SOIL
PH; CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
SOIL PH; SOIL DENSITY; SOIL WATER; ROOTS; GROWTH; SOIL AMENDMENTS;
LIME; CONFERENCES; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS AT LOW PH
SEEDLINGS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS ENTRIES FERGUS AND
G32 WERE RAISED IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT ON DEKALB SANDY LOAMS
OF BULK DENSITY 1.00, 1.15 AND 1.30 G CM-3 AND WITH MOISTURE CONTENTS
OF 65, 80 AND 95 PW (PERCENTAGE OF WATER RETAINED AT -0.03 MPA).
SIMILARLY, SEEDLINGS OF10 ENTRIES (INCLUDING THE 2 MENTIONED ABOVE)
WERE GROWN ON DEKALB, DANDRIDGE AND BERKS SOILS, BULK DENSITY
1.0 G CM-3, PW 80, UNDER BOTH LIMED AND UNLIMED CONDITIONS, AND
EVALUATIONS OF GROWTH WERE MADE AT 3 DAYS AND 5 WEEKS. DATA IS
TABULATED ON 11 SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTION PROPERTIES. ROOT LENGTH
OF 3-DAY-OLD SEEDLINGS OF FERGUS AND G32 DECREASED AS BULK DENSITY
AND SOIL WATER INCREASED. IN THE SECOND EXPERIMENT, THE ROOT LENGTH
OF ALL ENTRIES WAS GREATER IN DANDRIDGE SOILS AND LIMING SIGNIFICANTLY
IMPROVED ROOT GROWTH. CULTIVAR CARROL PRODUCED THE GREATEST ROOT
LENGTH IN DANDRIDGE (34 MM, 28 MM) AND BERKS (31 MM, 25 MM) SOILS,
UNDER LIMED AND UNLIMED CDNDITIONS, RESPECTIVELY. AU DEWEY RANKED
HIGHEST FOR ACIDITY TOLERANCE IN BOTH THE 3 DAY AND 5 WEEK BIOASSAY.
****************************
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY IN LOTEAE (LEGUMINOSAE) WITH
PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE GENUS LOTUS (LANG:
EN)
AUTHOR: CROMPTON, C. W.; GRANT, W. F. (CENTRE FOR LAND &
BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES RESEARCH, RESEARCH BRANCH, AGRICULTURE CANADA,
OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A OC6, CANADA.)
SOURCE: GRANA: 32: 3, P129-153, 1993.
KEYWORDS: FODDER LEGUMES; LEGUMINOSAE; LOTUS; POLLEN; TAXONOMY;
GENETIC RESOURCES; TAXONOMY
POLLEN MORPHOLOGY WAS USED TO CLARIFY SOME TAXONOMIC
DIFFERENCES IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE LOTEAE TRIBE AND THE
GENUS LOTUS. THE ANALYSIS OF PALYNOLOGICAL DATA BY NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES
INDICATED A CLEAR TAXONOMIC SEPARATION OF MANY HIGHER CATEGORIES.
SUBGENERA SYRMATIUM, SIMPETERIA AND ACMISPON WERE DETERMINEO TO
BE MOST CLOSELY RELATED, WHILE SUBGENUS HOSACKIA IS SEPARATE.
OLD WORLD LOTUS WERE FOUND TO BE STENOPALYNOUS WHILE NEW WORLD
LOTUS WERE EURYPALYNOUS, THEREBY SEPARATING THE SPECIES INTO TWO
PHYTOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS. VARIOUS TAXONOMIC TREATMENTS WERE EXAMINED
AND OLD WORLD LOTUS APPEARED TO BE MORE CLEARLY DEFINED THAN THE
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE NORTH AMERICAN TAXA. THIS IS SUPPORTED
BY THE RESULTS OF THE PALYNOLOGICAL STUDY. SOME TAXA CONSIDERED
AS LOTUS SENSU STRICTO MAY REQUIRE CLASSIFICATION INTO OTHER GENERA.
THE RESULTS INDICATED AFFINITIES WITHIN OR BETWEEN TAXA OF THE
SUBGENERIC AND SPECIFIC LEVEL WHICH SHOULD AID IN SELECTING POSSIBLE
TAXA COMBINATIONS FOR PURPOSES OF PLANT BREEDING AND MOLECULAR
STUDIES.
****************************
LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CAV. (GREATER LOTUS) CV. SHARNAE.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: WILSON, G. P. M. (NSW AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
& ADVISORY STATION, PMB 2, GRAFTON, NSW 2460, AUSTRALIA.)
SOURCE: TROPICAL GRASSLANDS: 26: 2, P140-141, 1992.
KEYWORDS: FODDER LEGUMES; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; VARIETIES; SHARNAE;
PLANT PARASITIC NEMATODES; MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA; CONTROL; PEST
RESISTANCE
REGISTERED IN 1991, THE L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS)
CV. SHARNAE WAS DEVELOPED FROM THE ACCESSION CPI67677 COLLECTED
IN THE ALGARVE, PORTUGAL IN 1974. IT IS A STOLONIFEROUS, PERENNIAL,
UPRIGHT OR DECUMBENT CULTIVAR AND IS MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR TO
CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU BUT IS LESS HAIRY. ON THE NORTH COAST OF NEW
SOUTH WALES, SHARNAE FLOWERS FROM MID SEPTEMBER TO LATE SUMMER
AND HAS GIVEN HIGHER FORAGE YIELDS DURING LATE SPRING AND EARLY
SUMMER THAN GRASSLANDS MAKU. OBSERVATIONS SUGGEST THAT IT IS TOLERANT
OF ROOT KNOT NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA.
****************************
STUDY OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN SOME MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. S.L. (LEGUMINOSAE JUSS.) IN
EUROPEAN RUSSIA AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES.
(LANG:RU, ENG SUMM))
AUTHOR: KRAMINA, T. E. (MOSKOVSKII GOSUOARSTVENNYI UNIVERSITET,
MOSCOW, RUSSIA.)
SOURCE: BYULLETEN' MOSKOVSKOGO OBSHCHESTVA ISPYTATELEI PRIRODY,
EIOLOGICHESKII:97: 6, P108-119, 1992.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MORPHOLOGY; GEOGRAPHY
IN A STUDY OF VARIATION IN 18 MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS
IN 22 LOCAL POPULATIONS IN RELATION TO VARIATION IN MICROCLIMATE,
MARKED VARIATION WAS FOUND IN MOST POPULATIONS IN RESPECT OF MOST
TRAITS, AND A TENDENCY TO CLINAL VARIATION ALONG A NORTH-WEST
TO SOUTH-EAST GRADIENT WAS FOUND FOR SOME TRAITS (ESPECIALLY CALYX
AND LEAF HAIR DENSITY, LENGTH TO WIDTH RATIO OF LEAFLETS IN THE
COMPOUND LEAF, AND FLOWER SIZE). SOME OF THESE CHARACTERS (LEAFLET
SIZE AND HAIR DENSITY ON DIFFERENT PLANT PARTS) HAD AN ADAPTIVE
SIGNIFICANCE, WITH A TENDENCY FOR LEAFLET SIZE TO FALL AND HAIR
DENSITY TO RISE FROM THE NORTH WEST TO THE SOUTH EAST AS MOISTURE
AVAILABLE DECREASED AND THE NEED TO REDUCE TRANSPIRATION AND INCREASE
THE REFLECTION OF SUNLIGHT ROSE.
****************************
FIELD CROP BREEDING IN LITHUANIA.
(LAUKO AUGALU SELEKCIJA LIETUVOUE.) (LANG:LI, RU, EN(SUMM)
AUTHOR: LAZAUSKAS, U.;DAPKUS, R. (EDITORS) V
SOURCE: VILNIUS, LITHUANIA; MOKSLAS: 251 PP., 244 1992.
KEYWORDS: WHEAT; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; BARLEY; HORDEUM VULGARE; OATS;
AVENA SATIVA; RYE; SECALE CEREALE; BUCKWHEAT; FAGOPYRUM ESCULENTUM;
MAIZE; ZEA MAYS; PANICUM MILIACEUM; PEAS; PISUM SATIVUM; VICIA
SATIVA; LUPINUS; VICIA FABA; ORNITHOPUS; GLYCINE MAX; LENS CULINARIS;
LENTILS; SOYABEAN; POTATOES; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM; SWEDES; BRASSICA
NAPUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM;
CLOVERS; LUCERNE; MEDICAGO SATIVA; ONOBRYCHIS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
PHLEUM PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; FESTUCA
RUBRA; LOLIUM PERENNE; LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM VAR. WESTERWOLDICUM;
BROMUS INERMIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; POA PRATENSIS; POA PALUSTRIS;
PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA; AGROSTIS ALBA; CEREALS; GRAIN LEGUMES; FODDER
LEGUMES; GRASSES; ROOT CROPS; BREEDING; LINUM USITATISSIMUM; FLAX;
TRITICUM; HORDEUM; SECALE; BETA VULGARIS; FODDER BEET; SUGARBEET;
CROPS; BOOKS; BOOKS; BREEDING; LITHUANIA; BREEDING; LITHUANIA;
BOOKS; BOOKS; BREEDING; SEED PRODUCTION; GRASSES; LEGUMES; CEREALS
AFTER INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ON THE HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC
PLANT BREEDING IN LITHUANIA AND ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LITHUANIAN
VARIETIES, CHAPTERS ARE DEVOTED TO METHODS OF DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING
VARIETIES (CHAPTER 3), STATE TRIALS AND RELEASE OF NEW VARIETIES
(4), AND THE BREEDING OF CEREALS (5), INCLUDING WINTER WHEAT,
WINTER RYE, SPRING WHEAT, BARLEY, OATS, BUCKWHEAT, MAIZE AND PROSO
MILLET, GRAIN LEGUMES (6), INCLUDING PEA, VETCH, LUPIN, FABA BEANS,
SERRADELLA, SOYABEAN AND LENTIL, INDUSTRIAL CROPS (7), INCLUDING
FLAX AND SUGARBEET, POTATOES (8), FODDER ROOT CROPS (9) INCLUDING
FODDER BEET AND FODDER SWEDE, HERBAGE LEGUMES (10), INCLUDING
RED CLOVER, WHITE AND ALSIKE CLOVER, LUCERNE, SAINFOIN AND BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL LOTUS CORNICULATUS), AND GRASSES (11), INCLUDING PHLEUM
PRATENSE, FESTUCA PRATENSIS, F. RUBRUM, F. ARUNDINACEA, LOLIUM
PERENNE, BROMUS INERMIS, POA PRATENSIS, P. PALUSTRIS, DACTYLIS
GLOMERATA, PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA, AGROSTIS ALBA AND LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM
VAR. WESTERWOLDICUM. THE LAST CHAPTER (12) DEALS WITH SEED PRODUCTION
OF CEREALS, PRODUCTION OF VIRUS-FREE POTATO BY MERISTEM CULTURE,
AND THE VARIETAL SEED PRODUCTION OF PERENNIAL HERBAGE CROPS. DESCRIPTIONS
ARE GIVEN OF MANY OF THE VARIETIES BRED.
****************************
LIVE MULCHES AND HERBICIDES IN FRUIT ORCHARDS.
(ENHERBADOS Y HERBICIDAS EN FRUTALES.)
(LANG:ES, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: PEREZ, E.; AIBAR, J.; ZARAGOZA, C (ESCUELA UNIVERSITARIA
POLITECNICA DE LA ALUMNIA DE DONAGODINA, 50 100 SARAGOSSA, SPAIN.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1992 CONGRESS OF THE SPANISH WEED SCIENCE
SOCIETY. MADRID, SPAIN; SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE MALHERBOLOGIA. :P347-351,
1992.
KEYWORDS: PEACHES; SPAIN; WEEDS; PHYSICAL CONTROL; CHEMICAL CONTROL;
MULCHING; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
IMAZETHAPYR; CONTROL; MCPA; CONFERENCES; SPANISH WEED SCIENCE
SOCIETY
IN A FLOOD-IRRIGATED PEACH ORCHARD NEAR SARAGOSSA,
TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV HUIA, MEDICAGO TRUNCATULA CV BORUNG AND LOTUS
CORNICULATUS WERE SOWN AS LIVE MULCH IN THE ALLEYS. THE MOST RAPID
TO ESTABLISH WAS T. REPENS FOLLOWED BY M. TRUNCATULA, WHICH DISAPPEARED
IN SUMMER, AND THE SLOWEST WAS L. CORNICULATUS. VARIOUS HERBICIDES
WERE APPLIED TO THE LEGUMES POST-EM. IN WINTER TO AID ESTABLISHMENT.
GOOD SELECTIVE WEED CONTROL WAS OBTAINED WITH IMAZETHAPYR AT 0.2
KG/HA IN M. TRUNCATULA AND L. CORNICULATUS AND WITH MCPA AT 0.3
KG/HA IN T. REPENS.
****************************
DETERMINATION OF BUFFER ZONES T0 PROTECT SEEDLINGS
OF NON-TARGET PLANTS FROM THE EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE SPRAY DRIFT.
(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR: MARRS, R. H.; FROST, A. U.; PLANT, R. A.;LUNNIS, P. (NESS
BOTANIC GARDENS, UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL ENVIRONMENTAL AND HORTICULTURAL
RESEARCH STATION, NESS, NESTON S. WIRRAL, L64 4AY, UK)
SOURCE: AGRICULTURE, ECOSYSTEMS AND ENVIRONMENT: 45: 3-4, P283-293,
1993.KEYWORDS: WEEDS; GLYPHOSATE; DRIFT; LYCHNIS FLOS-CUCULI;
DIGITALIS PURPUREA; HYPERICUM PERFORATUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
LYCOPUS EUROPAEUS; PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA; PLANTAGO MEDIA; RANUNCULUS
ACRIS;SILENE PRATENSIS; VERBASCUM THAPSUS; NONTARGET EFFECTS;
HERBICIDES
EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED WITH TRAY-GROWN LYCHNIS
FLOS-CUCULI SEEDLINGS TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF EXPOSURE TO
GLYPHOSATE DOWNWIND OF A TRACTOR-MOUNTED SPRAYER, AND THUS TO
DETERMINE THE BUFFER ZONE REQUIRED TO PROTECT THIS SPECIES. THE
INFLUENCE OF SHORT (APPROX. 5 CM) AND TALL (APPROX. 80 CM) SURROUNDING
GRASS STRUCTURES ON SEEDLING MORTALITY WAS ALSO ASSESSED, AND
A COMPARATIVE STUDY WAS CARRIED OUT ON THE FOLLOWING SPECIES TO
DETERMINE THE APPROX. RANGE OF VARIATION IN THE BUFFER ZONE: BETONICA
OFFICINALIS, DIGITALIS PURPUREA, GALIUM VERUM, GEUM URBANUM, HYPERICUM
PERFORATUM, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, LYCOPUS EUROPAEUS. PIMPINELLA
SAXIFRAGA, PLANTAGO MEDIA, PRIMULA ELATIOR, PRIMULA VULGARIS,
RANUNCULUS ACRIS, SILENE ALBA (S. PRATENSIS), TEUCRIUM SCORODONIA
AND VERBASCUM THAPSUS. THE MORTALITY OF L. FLOS-CUCULI VARIED
BETWEEN EXPERIMENTS AND APPEARED TO BE MORE OR LESS UNAFFECTED
BY GRASSLAND STRUCTURE, EXCEPT IMMEDIATELY DOWNWIND OF THE SPRAYER
WHERE SEEDLINGS IN TALL GRASS EXHIBITED LOWER MORTALITY. THE MULTI-SPECIES
EXPERIMENT INDICATED A WIDE SENSITIVITY TO SPRAY DRIFT, AND H.
PERFORATUM WAS AFFECTED BETWEEN 15 AND 20 M DOWNWIND. SEEDLINGS
OF SOME SPECIES WERE AFFECTED AT GREATER DISTANCES THAN ESTABLISHED
PLANTS, INDICATING EITHER GREATER CAPTURE OF DRIFT OR A GREATER
SENSITIVITY IN SEEDLINGS. IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT, ON SITES WHERE
SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT IS AN IMPORTANT MECHANISM FOR COMMUNITY
REGENERATION, BUFFER ZONES MAY NEED TO BE 20 CM WIDE.
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SEED PROTEIN VARIATION IN RELATION TO CYTOLOGICAL
FEATURES OF SOME SPECIES IN GENUS LOTUS L.(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: SAMMOUR, R.H. TANTA UNIVERSITY, TANTA, EGYPT; HAMOUD,
M.A.; HAIDAR, A.S.
SOURCE: CYTOLOGIA : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CYTOLOGY. V. 56 (2):
P. 289-291. 1991.
KEYWORDS: LOTUS; SEEDS; PROTEIN CONTENT; VARIATION; CHROMOSOMES;
CHROMOSOME NUMBER; ACCESSORY CHROMOSOMES; CHROMOSOME MORPHOLOGY;
NUCLEI; SPECIES DIFFERENCES; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; GENETIC
REGULATION; EGYPT.
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EFFECT OF CUTTING AND BURNING BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
GROWN FOR SEED ON THE TREFOIL SEED CHALCID (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE).
(ENGLISH)
AUTHOR: PETERSON, S.S. SW IDAHO RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CENTER,
PARMA, ID; WEDBERG, O.L.; HOGG, D.B.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. V. 292-298.
1992.
