1. Introduction:
3. Lotus Activities: reports
and abstracts:
4. Request for wild - colected Lotus material. D.A. Jones.
Purpose: The Lotus Newsletter
consists of informal communications of research information on
Lotus. Reports of any phase of research on Lotus
breeding, genetics, taxonomy, management, utilization or physiology
are welcome. Your biographic sketches and information about your
research objectives, approaches, and progress including titles
of your publications are encouraged. Seed requests and news items
are accepted.
This is the 23 rd year of publication for
the Lotus Newsletter. Now is the
time to consider contributing to the 24 rd volume of the
Lotus Newsletter. Contributions generally
are compiled without editing.
1. Prepare your contribution using any Macintosh or IBM (MS-DOS) word processing program. Then you have two options:
a. submit the file on 3.5 " (90 mm) disk accompanied by a printed copy of the contribution. Identify which program you used. OR
b. submit the file to my e-mail address (pbeuselinck@plantsci.missouri.edu) and send me a hardcopy by FAX to 573-882-1467, or by regular mail.
2. Send your contributions by December 31, 1993 to:
Lotus Newsletter
Dr. P. R. Beuselinck, USDA-ARS
Plant Genetics Research Unit
207 Waters Hall
University of Missouri
Columbia, MO 65211 U.S.A.
E-Mail pbeuselinck@plantsci.missouri.edu
FAX 573-882-1467
The expense of publishing the Lotus Newsletter has been partially covered by unrestricted research support. This issue of the Lotus Newsletter is provided to you without charge. I will continue to strive for financial support of the Lotus Newsletter to provide you with an unencumbered communication resource.
Many thanks to you who respond to my requests for information about your Lotus research. Your contributions to the Lotus Newsletter help generate a better perspective of the research and management on the many species of Lotus.
There is a limited supply of back issues available. Supplies of most volumes have been depleted, but requests will be handled on a first-come first-served basis.
Your suggestions are helpful, and I will strive to incorporate them to make this publication more useful. As you compile your data for analysis please think about making a contribution to the Lotus Newsletter. Use the Lotus Newsletter as a resource for communication: it is published to aid you (and me), the international researchers of Lotus.
If you have not filled-out and sent in a questionnaire in the last two years please complete one. If you know of others interested in receiving the Lotus Newsletter have them submit a questionnaire and they'll be added to the mailing list.
Please note the instructions for submitting your contribution by computer disk or e-mail.
Requests for distribution the Lotus Newsletter to university or research libraries are accepted. If you have a library that needs a copy for your research group or center please notify me.
The illustration on the cover is of a Lotus spp. L. graciously provided by Ana Arambarri (Argentina) . The illustration of L. unifoliatus Benth. (syn. L. purshianus) is the third in a series of illustrations that started with L. edulis in Volume 23.
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Checkmark all categories that apply
to your area of Lotus research:
| O Genetics | O Breeding | O Taxonomy | O Physiology |
| O Pathology | O Ecology | O Biology | O Forage |
| O Utilization | O Germplasm | O Tissue culture | O Biotechnology |
| O Entomology | O Seed | O Reclamation | O Other (please indicate) |
List the Lotus
species you study: _______________________________
Give a brief description of your research _________________________
___________________________________________________________
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Send or FAX your completed questionnaire to:
P. R. Beuselinck, USDA-ARS
University of Missouri
207 Waters Hall
Columbia, MO 65211 USA
FAX 573-882-1467
Arrangements have been made to hold this symposium at the Missouri Botanical Gardens in St. Louis, Missouri. Meeting dates are 2224 March 1994. The Lotus Symposium is cosponsored by the Missouri Botanical Society, the University of Missouri, and the Agricultural Research ServiceUSDA.
Objective of the Lotus Symposium will be to cover the many aspects of this genus including breeding, genetics, taxonomy, management, utilization or physiology, from applied agronomy to genetic manipulation. Secondary objective is to publish the proceedings in a manner which can be used as the standard reference for Lotus.. Plenary speakers are planned, and voluntary papers are encouraged.
A mailing will be made to all recipients of the Lotus Newsletter with details of the program, accommodations, and instructions for participation.
Further information can be obtained by writing P. R. Beuselinck,
Plant Genetic Research Unit, University of Missouri, 207 Waters
Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA, or by FAX (3148821467), or EMail
(AGROBELL@MIZZOU1.MISSOURIEDU).
Second Conference on Forage Quality, Evaluation, and Use. 1315 April 1994. Lincoln, Nebraska. Contact Dr. Lowell Moser (402) 4721558 for further details.
B. G. Cameron and N. Prakash
Department of Botany, University of New England, Armidale, N.S.W.,
2351. Australia.
Lotus cruentus Court, the redflowered trefoil, is
one of two indigenous species of Lotus in Australia. It
is a decumbent or ascending perennial herb found in all mainland
states in a diverse range of soil types and plant communities,
varying from flood and sand plains to rocky hillsides (Cunningham,
Mulham, Milthorpe and Leigh, 1981).
The leaves consist of five narrow obovate to broadly cuneate leaflets.
The flowers are red, pink or white, 68mm long and are borne
in leaf axils in groups of 13 (Norris and Harden, 1991).The
calyx lobes are acute, almost equal, and with long silky hairs
(Fig 1 A). Unlike in many
other papilionoid genera, the wing petals have no sculpturing
but have a distinct pocket in the upper basal region. The pod
is brown, hairless and curves upwards (Fig 1A).
Redflowered trefoil is known to cause poisoning in livestock,
mainly in sheep, during drought (McBarron, 1978). The toxic chemical
is HCN which is prevalent in young green leaves (Everist, 1974).
The toxicity is still high even at the podded stage (McBarron,
1978).
The stigma of L. cruentus consists of short, denselypacked
papillae (Fig. 1B). The surfaces
of the papillae are coated giving a convoluted, furry appearance.
The coating is no doubt very important for the recognition and
stimulation of pollen to germinate.
The pollen grain (Fig. 1C)
is slightly oblong to spheroidal in shape and shows three furrows
(colpi) that are fairly narrow with undifferentiated margins.
The surface (exine) is generally smooth with a scattering of fine
perforations. The aperture of the pollen is quite distinct. These
features
appear to be common to other species of the genus (Ferguson and
Skvarla, 1981).
The ovule (Fig. 2A)
has two coverings (called integuments) which are continuous except
at the tip where a zigzag micropyle allows access for the
pollen tube to enter. An unusual feature of the inner integument
is the presence of an endothelium which nourishes the embryo sac.
Another unusual feature of the ovule is the presence of large,
glandular cells on the placenta in the region of the funicle constituting
an obturator that assists the pollen tube in its growth towards
the ovule. Following a developmental pattern common to most angiosperms
(Polygonum type), a female gametophyte (also called an embryo
sac) contain" eight nuclei organized into seven cells is
formed inside the ovule.
Upon fertilization, an embryo is formed. Figure 2B shows
longitudinal section through an immature seed. Part of the nourishing
tissue the endosperm) has solidified along the periphery while
the bulk of the endosperm remains liquid with a large number of
free nuclei.
Cellular details of the seed coat (testa) are shown in Figure 2C.
The characteristic macrosclereid (or malpighian) layer is prominent
on the outside with a layer of osteosclereids lying underneath.
Starch grains are abundant in the seed coat.
References
Cunningham, G.M., Mulham, W.E., Milthorpe, P.L. and Leigh, J.H.
(1981). Plants of Western New South Wales. N.S.W. Govt. Printer,
Sydney.
Everist, S.L. (1974). Poisonous Plants of Australia. Angus &
Robertson, Sydney.
Ferguson, I.K. and Skvarla, J.J. (1981). Pollen morphology of
the subfamily Papilionoideae (Leguminosae). In Polhill, R.M. &
Raven, P.H. (eds) Advances in Legume Systematics. Part 2. Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew.
McBarron, E.J. (1978). Poisonous Plants of Western New South Wales.
N.S.W. Dept. of Agriculture, Sydney.
Norris, E.H. and Harden, G.J. (1991). Lotus. In Harden, G.J.(ed.).
Flora of New South Wales. Vol. 2. NSW University Press, Kensington.
Figure Legends
Figure 1. Lotus cruentus.
A. Bud, flower and fruit. Bar = lcm.
B. S.E.M. of the stigmatic surface showing short, densely packed
rough papillae. Bar = 10mm. C. S.E.M. of a pollen grain showing
3 colpi and a fairly smooth, slightly perforate surface. Bar =
10mm.
Figure 2. Lotus cruentus..
A. L.s. ovule showing obturator cells (ob) at the base
of the funicle (fu), outer integument (oi), inner integument
(ii) with a welldeveloped endothelium (et) and enclosing
a zigzag micropyle (mi). The mature embryo sac ( es)
consists of an egg cell (eg) flanked by 2 synergic
cells (sy), 2 polar nuclei (pn) in a central cell and 3
antipodal cells (an). Bar = 20mm.
B. L.s. of an immature seed showing young embryo (em), solid
and liquid endosperm (en) and a layer of macrosclereids
(ms) in the testa. Bar = 5mm. C. T.s. of seed coat showing
macrosclereid (or malpighian) layer (ms), the osteosclereid
layer (os) containing starch (st) and the solid
endosperm (en) lying underneath. Bar = 50mm.
Introduction
Lotus pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku has been sown widely
on acid infertile soils in coastal regions of eastern Australia
(Harris et. al 1992). Maku lotus is a rhizomatous perennial
legume that persists vegetatively; however, seedling recruitment
may occur following drought or flood if seed is present in the
soil. To determine the size of soil seed banks in farmers fields
in eastern Australia a survey was conducted in 1991.
Methods
Soil samples were taken from 57 paddocks from locations ranging
from Gympie, Queensland (26°10'S) to Bairnsdale, Victoria
(37°51'S). All paddocks had been sown to Maku lotus prior
to 1988 and had been allowed to flower at some stage since that
time. At each site twentyfive 7 cm diameter cores were taken
to a depth of 5 cm. Samples were processed by the method of Jones
and Bunch (1988) and Maku lotus and white clover seeds/m2 were
related to site characters. Site characters used were rainfall,
latitude, aspect, soil type, soil pH, fertilizer history, year
sown, percentage cover of lotus, other species present, paddock
size, type of livestock enterprise, stocking rate and stocking
method.
Results
Lotus seed banks ranged in size from O to 6,621 seedstm2 with
a mean of 662 (s.e. 184.5). White clover seed banks ranged in
size from O to 6,789 seeds/m2 with a mean of 956 (s.e. 171.4).
The size of the lotus seed bank was positively correlated with
latitude (r=0.33; P<0.05) and percentage cover of lotus (r=0.37;
P<0.01) and was independent of other site characters. Samples
collected from low latitude but high altitude at Glen Innes (29042'S;
1000 m) had relatively high soil seed reserves (18902626
seeds/m2) compared with lower altitude sites at the same latitude.
Discussion
Daylength has already been shown to influence flowering in L.
pedunculatus (Force and Thomas 1966) and minimum daylength
requirements may not be met at low latitude sites. The large seed
banks at Glen Innes suggest that a vernalisation requirement may
also need to be met. The size of the seed bank reflects a number
of events, to fully understand the mechanisms involved,
observations need to be made of flower number, yield and yield
components and losses of seed from the seed bank. The effect of
insect predators needs to be monitored throughout these stages.
Whatever the mechanism, seed banks can contribute to the persistence
of Maku lotus in farmers fields, particularly at high altitude
and at sites further south than Taree (340S). The size of lotus
seed banks were comparable to that for white clover. A Maku lotus
seed bank of 600 seeds/m2 is equivalent to 2.7 kg/ha; this should
be sufficient seed for a sward to reestablish following
a drought or flood provided the seed was of reasonable quality
(e.g. 30% germinable).
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Dr J. Ayres, Messrs G. Bunch, R Campbell,
P. Dann, H. Kemp, D. McCoy, P. Midson, A. Rumbel and Ms R. Beardsell
for supplying the samples. The research was funded by the Australian
Dairy Research and Development Corporation.
References
Harris, C A., Blumenthal M.J. and Scott, J.M. 1992. Survey of
use and management of Lotus pedunculatus cv. 'Grasslands
Maku' Proc. 6th Aust. Agron. Conf., Armidale. p. 545.
Jones, R.M. and Bunch, G.A. 1988. A Guide to Sampling and Measuring
the Seed Content of Pasture Soils and Animal Faeces. CSIRO
Trop. Agron. Tech Mern No. 59.
Forde, B.J. and Thomas, R.G. 1966. Flowering in Lotus pedunculatus
Cav. 1. Effects of photoperiod. N.Z. J. Bot. 4,147152.
W.M. Kelman l, M.J. Blumenthal 2 and C.A. Harris2
1 CSIRO, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT
2601, Australia. 2 NSW Agriculture, Pasture Research Unit, P.O
Box 63, Berry, NSW 2535, Australia.
There is a need to diversify the legume content of pastures in
southern Australia to exploit situations where the more commonly
used species are absent or unproductive. In dairying and beefproducing
regions of southeastern Australia Lotus has proved
a valuable forage for acid and infertile soils (Harris et al.,
1992). A single cultivar (L. pedunculatus cv. Grasslands
Maku) is presently utilized. A wider evaluation of germplasm has
the potential of identifying accessions that can contribute to
the development of cultivars of Lotus with improved establishment,
seed production and forage quality.
A collection of 40 accessions in each of Lotus pedunculatus
and L. corniculatus is under evaluation at two sites
in the dairying region of New South Wales: a coastal site near
Nowra (34°54'S, AAR 1200 mm., aft. 8m) and a more elevated
site at Kangaloon, near Bowral (34°28'S, AAR l500mm., aft.
900m). The accessions were planted in a randomized complete block
design with two replications. As part of a larger plant character
assessment, dry matter production was measured at the end of the
first summer and autumn periods of growth.
The mean level of productivity of Lotus at Kangaloon was
greater than at Nowra (P<0.001), this difference being associated
with the higher rainfall at Kangaloon during this period. Lotus
pedunculatus showed a more uniform level of production over
the two cutting periods than L. corniculatus (Species x
season interaction significant at P=0.001), in which species 72%
and 65% of summer growth was achieved in the autumn at Kangaloon
and Nowra, respectively (Table 1). Within L.
pedunculatus, the New Zealand bred material (Maku, G4703 and
G4704) and a group of Portuguese accessions (including cv.Sharnae)
were the most productive (Fig. 1).
A breeding program based on crosses between these types has been
started. In L. corniculatus a group of 610 entries,
mostly tall hay types developed in North America, were identified
as the most productive (Fig. 1),
while important autumn activity appears to reside in Vega and
some Spanish accessions. A polycross nursery has been established
in an attempt to recombine the productivity of the hay types with
more prostrate, winter active germplasm.
Reference:
Harris C.A., Blumenthal M.J. and Scott J.M. 1992. Survey of use and management of Lotus
pedunculatus cv. Grasslands Maku in eastern Australia Proceedings of 6th Australian
Agronomy Conference, Armidale. p.595.
Table 1: Mean drymatter production (g/plot) over 40 accessions in Lotus pedunculatus and r. corniculatus at two sites in NSW, Australia.
| Species | ||||
| L. pedunculatus | ||||
| L. corniculatus | ||||
W. F. Grant, R. B. McDougall1 and B. Coulman
Department of Plant Science, P.O. Box 4000, Macdona/d Campus
of McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
and 15928 99th Street, Edmonton, Alberta TOE 3N9, Canada
A birdsfoot trefoil plant with only a single inflorescence per
individual branch, and in which the inflorescence was sessile,
has been found in a singlespaced field planting of birdsfoot
trefoil. Crosses are planned to obtain inheritance data.
Background of the source of the putative mutant
During the fall of 1990 and the spring of 1991 crosses were made
between four cultivars of birdsfoot trefoil, namely, Cree, Leo,
Upstart, and Viking, with the goal of eventually obtaining a cultivar
with high quality herbage. Seed was germinated in the Spring of
1991 and the resulting seedlings were planted in individual small
pots. Approximately 150 seedlings were obtained and these were
planted in the field during the summer of 1991. In September,
65 of the best plants (growth habit diameter, height, seed
yield) were selected from the field and potted in the greenhouse.
In January, 1992, the plants were brought into flower through
the use of mercury lights which provided a daylength of approximately
17 hours. From February to April, 1992, leaf cutter bees were
hatched and a few were placed in with the flowering plants approximately
every week. Seed was collected from the plants and germinated.
In MayJune, 1992, approximately 640 individual seedlings
were space planted in the field. In September, 1992, seed was
harvested individually from each plant and during the collecting
period, the sessile inflorescent plant was observed.
Character of the putative mutant
It is a relatively large plant with stem lengths up to 70 centimeters.
The stems arise from a very stout crown and are semierect.
The plant possesses only a single inflorescence on each individual
branch (Fig. 1).
In typical birdsfoot trefoil plants, more than one inflorescence
per branch is characteristic. In the putative mutant plant, the
inflorescence is close to sessile and unlike typical trefoil plants
the inflorescence arises only from the first node. The umbels
are 2 to 7flowered which is characteristic of normal birdsfoot
trefoil plants. The plant possesses axillary peduncles which are
1.0 to 2.0 mm in length in contrast to typical birdsfoot trefoil
plants in which the axillary peduncles are from 3 to 10 cm long.
Bracts are present subtending the flower as on typical plants.
As the sessile inflorescent plant was not observed until the plant
had completed flowering, the flower color is not know. It might
be assumed to be yellow as the plant did not appear to be different
from other birdsfoot trefoil plants while in the flowering stage.
Sessile Inflorescence Mutations
No mutant plant possessing a sessile inflorescence is believed
to have been found previously, and such a mutant does not appear
in the list of Lotus mutants given in Beuselinck and Mosjidis
(1991).
Crosses are planned to obtain inheritance data.
Acknowledgment
Financial support from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada for a Cooperative Research and Development Grant
to W. F. Grant for studies in Birdsfoot Trefoil is gratefully
acknowledged.
Reference
Beuselinck, P. R. and J. A. Mosjidis. 1991. Genetic nomenclature
in clovers and specialpurpose legumes: III. Lotus, Lespedeza,
Kummerowia, and Vicia sop. Crop Sci. 31: 871874.
El genero Dorycnium propuesto inicialmente por Tournefort
(1700), fue aceptado en principio por Linneo (1735, 1737), pero
posteriormente (1753) no lo acepta y lo sinonimiza con Lotus.
Miller en 1754 publica validamente el genero.
Desde este momento haste la actualidad el genero ha pasado una serie de vicisitudes, pues unos autores lo reconocen como tal mientras que otros lo incluyen en Lotus, e incluso Reichenbach (1832) con alguna de sus especies crea el genero Bonjeanea. Esta situaci6n queda resumida en el siguiente cuadro:
| Autor | ||||
| Tournefort | ||||
| Linneo | ||||
| Linneo | ||||
| Linneo | ||||
| Miller | ||||
| Miller | ||||
| Villars | ||||
| Villars | ||||
| Willdenow | ||||
| Seringe | ||||
| De Candolle | ||||
| Reichenbach | ||||
| Webb & Berthelot 1842 | ||||
| Bentham & Hooker 1865 | ||||
| Boissier | ||||
| Willkomm | ||||
| Taubert | ||||
| Rikli | ||||
| Rikli | ||||
| Coste | ||||
| Bonnier | ||||
| Gams | ||||
| Hutchinson | ||||
| SchulzeMenz | ||||
| Ball | ||||
| Demiriz | ||||
| ,Celebioglu | ||||
| Polhill |
+ = Lo admite como genero
o = No habia sido descrito
= No lo admite como genero
* = Lo admite como seccion
? = no lo trata en su obra
Como indica Polhill (1981), los caracteres usados a los largo
de la historia, pare separar estos dos generos e incluso otros
muy relacionados como Tetragonolobus, Hosackia, Heinekenia,
Vermiinuc, etc, no hen sido muy consistentes, y de ahf su
complejo tratamiento generico.
En las Islas Canarias se encuentran tres especies endemicas de
Dorycuu~n (Lotus) que estan englobadas en un seccion de
Dorycnium (Rikli, 1900) o en un subgenero de Lotus (Gillett,
1959).
Dos especies Dorycnium broussonetcc y Dorycnium spectabile
fueron descritas por Seringe in De Candolle (1825)
como Lotus broussonetii y Lotus spectabilis respectivamente
y la tercera Dorycnium eriophthalmum fue descrita como
tal por Webb & Berthelot (1842), aunque estos autores en una
table publicada con anterioridad lo hicieron como Lotus eriophthalmus.
Rikli (1900, 1901) crea la seccion canaria en el genero
L)orycnium pare incluir a estos tres taxones, y asf hen
sido considerados por los estudiosos de la flora canaria, haste
que Gillett (1959) op ine, al compararlas con l as es pec ies
arb ustivas africanas de Lotus, que estas tres es pecies
estan mas relacionadas con Lotus que con Dorycnium,
y pare ellas propone el subgenero canaria de Lotus.
Nosotros despues de estudiar estas especies canaries, y basandonos
en los estudios de Rikli (1901), Brand (1898), Gillett (1959),
Grant & Sidhu (1967), Ball (1968), Ortega (1979), Monod (1980)
y en nuestras propias observaciones, y siempre que el genero Dorycautm
siga siendo aceptado por .05 botanicos, creemos que estos
taxones endemicos canarios deben de mantenerse en este genero
como una seccidn endemica de el.
Secci6n CANARU Rikli, Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 10: 15 (1900) Syn.
Loms L. subgen. Canaria (Rikli) Gillett, Kew Bull.
13(3): 364 (1959)
DESCRIPCION
Los caracteres diagndsticos mas destacables de la secci6n consideramos que son los siguientes:
Nano o microfaner6fitos. Fol~olos grandes, con raquis de mas de
1 cm de largo. Pedunculos mas cortos que las hojas. Flores vistosas
de mas de 10 mm, de color blanco, crema o violaceo. Petalos muy
largamente unguiculados, con la una mas large que el tubo del
caliz. Estandarte algo mas corto o ligeramente mayor que los demas
petalos. Alas con el apice no soldado. Quilla ligeramente rostrada,
con el apice mas oscuro.
DISTRIBUCION
Islas Canarias: Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, El Hierro y
La Palma. Las tres especies son muy escasas y locales,
viven entre los 160 y 900 m s.m., en la zone de transici6n entre
los pisos bioclimaticos Infra y Termocanario. Mapa n. 1.
ESPECIES
Dorycnium enopAthalmum (Webb & Berth.) Webb
& Berth., Phyt. Canar. 3(2): 88 (1842)
Basiom Lotus eriophthalmus Webb & Berth., Phyt.
Canar. tab.59 (1837); text. explic. tab., op. cit.: 88 (1842),
pro syn.
Distribucion
Dorycnium eriophthalmum es el que tiene una mas amplia
distribuci6n, se encuentra en las isles de Tenerife, La
Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro y posiblemente en Gran Canaria, se
conoce un pliego de Sventenius pare esta isle. Dorycnium broussonetii
(Choisy ex Ser.) Webb & Berth., Phyt. Canar. 3(2): 90
(1842). Basidn. Lotus broussonetii Choisy
ex Ser. in DC., Prodr. 2: 211 (1825) Syn. Dorycnium torulosum
Presl, Symb. Bot. I: 19, tab. XI (1832) Lotus polycephalos
Brouss. ex Rikli, Bot. Jahrb. 31: 324 (1901), pro syn.
Distribucidn
Seringe (1825) cite Tenerife (Isles Canarias) o Mogador (W de
Africa) como lugares de origen de la especie. La cite se establece
en base al itinerario de recoleccion de Broussonet y ha de interpretarse
como orientativa pare aquellas plantas recolectadas por Broussonet
en que existi6 perdida o trasvase de etiquetas. S610 es citada
pare ambas localidades por autores que transcriber la cite de
Seringe. Ningun autor que conozcamos menciona haberla recolectado
en Mogador, por lo que pensamos que alli nunca existio.
Dorycnium broussonetii, solo crece silvestre en dos de
las siete Islas Canarias: Tenerife y Gran Canaria.
Dorycnium spectabile (Choisy ex Ser.) Webb & Berth., Phyt. Canar. 3(2): 89 (1842).
Basion. Lotus spectabilis Choisy ex Ser. in
DC. Prodr. 2: 211 (1825)
Distribuci6n
Para esta especie vale e l mismo comentario real izado en el cap
itulo de distribucion de Dorycnium broussonetii (Choisy
ex Ser.) Webb & Berth.
Dorycnium spectabile, se ha encontrado haste ahora, solamente
en la isle de Tenerife. Tiene una distribucion muy limitada y
por el momento, tanto por testimonios bibliograficos, por exsiccata
de herbarios, asi como por nuestras recolecciones, solamente se
encuentra en una region muy restringida de la isle, en Guimar,
y aqui solo en dos localidades mas o menos proximal, Bco. de Badajoz
(La Ladera) y Bco. del Agua. Y es una especie que se considera
en peligro de extinci6n (Categoria E de la IUCEN).
REFERENCL\S BIBLIOGRAfICAS
BALL, P.W. 1968 a. Dorycnium Mill. In: T.G.TUTIN & AL. (eds.), Flora Europaea 2: 172173. Cambridge University Press.
. 1968 b. Lotus L. In: T.G.TUIIN & AL. (eds.), Flora Europaea 2: 173176. Cambridge University Press.
BRAND, A. 1898. Monographie der Gattung Lotus. Bot. Jahrb. 25: 166232.
GILLETT, J.B. 1959. Lotus in Africa south of the Sahara (excludind the Cape Verde islands and Socotra) and its distintion from Dorycnium. Kew Bull. 13(3): 361381.
GRANT, W.F. & B.S. SIDHU. 1967. Basic chromosome number, Cyanogenetic glucoside variation, and geographic distribution of Lotus species. Can. J. Bot. 45: 639647.
LINNEO, C. 1735. Systema naturae. ed. I. Leiden.
. 1737. Genera Plantarum. ed. I. Leiden.
. 1753. Species Plantarum. ed. I. Tomo II. Stockholm.
MILLER, P. 1754. The gardener's dictiorzary Abridged. ed. 4'. London.
MONOD, TH. 1980. Contribution a ['etude des Lotus (Papilionaceae ouestsahariens et macaronesiens. Adansonia, ser. 2, 19 (4): 367 402.
ORTEGA, J. 1979. Citogenetica del genero Lotus en macaronesia. m. Variaci6n en el contenido de gluc6sidos cianogeneticos en Lotus de las isles Canarias y Madeira. Bot. Macar. 5: 919.
POLHILL R.M. 1981 a. Tribe Loteae DC (1825). In: R.M.POLHILL & P.H.RAVEN (eds.), Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 1: 371375. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
REICHENBACH, H.G.L. 18301832. Flora Germanica excursoria, 2. Lipsiae.
RIKLI, M. 1900. Die Scheizerischen Dorycnium. Ber. Scheiz. Bot. Ges. 10: 10 44.
. 1901. Die Gattung Dorycnium. Bot. Jahrb. 31: 314404.
SERINGE, N.C. 1825. Lotus etDorycnium, In: A P. DE CANDOLLE, Prodromus Systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 2: 208215. Paris.
TOURNEFORT, J.P. 1700. Institutiones rei herbariae. I.
WEBB, P.B. & S. BERTHELOT. 1842. Histoire Naturelle
des Iles Canaries. Phytographia Canariensis 3(2): 4448;
8091; tabs. 49, 57, 58, 59. Paris.
Niizeki, M., S. Nakajo,and T. Harada Laboratory of Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Hirosaki, Hirosaki,
Aomoriken 036, Japan.
Asymmetric somatic hybrid call), which have only the nuclei of
birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), were produced
by protoplast fusion between rice (Oryza sativa L) and
birdsfoot trefoil, and analyzed for their mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs)
and chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs). In the hybrid call), novel mtDNA
fragments were detected in Southern blots. This result shows that
some kind of alteration such as intergenomic and/or intragenomic
recombinations of mtDNA occurred in the hybrid call). On the other
hand, the cpDNA fragment patterns of all hybrid callus lines observed
by Southern analysis were found to be identical with those of
birdsfoot trefoil. Therefore, it is suggested that the cpDNAs
of these hybrid calli sorted out unidirectionally. Interestingly,
some regenerated plants from the hybrid calli were tolerant of
low temperatures and low sunlight intensity.
Introduction
The hybridization of distantly related species by protoplast fusion
has been a practical tool for removing the barriers of incompatibility
in sexual crossing of agriculturally important plant species.
The cell division of somatic hybrids originating from fused protoplasts
has been observed in several combinations of plant species belonging
to different families (Gleba and Sytnic 1984). Callus formation
has also been reported in somatic hybrids between the species
of different families (Kao 1977, Niizeki et al. 1985, Sala et
al. 1985). By irradiation of the protoplasts of one parent, or
by spontaneous chromosome elimination of one parent, Smith et
al. (1989) and Niizeki et al. (1989) obtained asymmetric somatic
hybrid plants between the species of different families. In such
hybrid calli and plants, new and sexually impossible genetic combinations
can be constructed in the nucleous, chloroplast and mitochondrial
genomes. The hybrid calli and plants may also give new data concerning
the mechanisms of various cellular activities and morphologies
which are not observed in the sexual hybrid cells.
Recently, several researchers have reported successful chloroplast
transformation in higher plants (De Block et al. 1985, Cornelissen
et al. 1987, Haring and De Block 1990, Svab et al. 1990, Staub
and Maliga 1992). However, there are two difficulties that need
to be overcome in order to bring about a stable chloroplast transformation.
The difficulties arise from a number of plastic genomes in higher
plant cells, and the doublelayered envelope of organelle.
Therefore, somatic hybridization will play an important role in
the improvement of cytoplasmic genomes.
Materials and Methods
The plants used in this study are rice (Oryza sativa L.),
strain A58 and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus
L.), cv. Viking. The calli of rice were induced from the scutellums
of seeds on the NS medium (Nurashige and Skoog 1962) with 2 mg/1
2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The calli of birdsfoot trefoil
were induced from the hypocotyls of young seedlings on the MS
medium with 4 mg/1 1naphthaleneacetic acid and 2.5 mg/1
kinetin. About 12 g of
fresh calli were used for the isolation of protoplasts. An enzyme
solution containing 4% Cellulase Onozuka RS and 1% Macerozyme
R10 was used for the rice calli and a solution of 4% Cellulase
Onozuka RS, 1% MacerozymeR10 and 0.2% Pectolyase Y23 was used
for the birdsfoot trefoil call). The mixed protoplasts of the
two species were treated with polyethylene glycol(PEG) by applying
a somewhat modified method of Melchers et al. (1978). The modified
method has been reported by Niizeki et al. (198577 Selection systems
of hybrid calli wi11 be described in the results and discussion.
NtDNA and a mixture of nuclear DNA and cpDNA were isolated from
23 g of calli of somatic hybrids and their parents by a
somewhat modified method of Milligan (1989). After the first centrifugation
of ground calli with a cold isolation buffer (1.25 M NaCl, 50
mM Tris pH 8.0, 5 mM EDTA, 0.1% BSA, 0.1% 2mercaptethanol)
mtDNA could be obtained from the pellet, and the mixture of nuclear
DNA and cpDNA could be isolated from the aqueous phase. For Southern
hybridization, mitochondrial genes and the PstI and BamHI fragments
of cpDNA were used as probes. Probe labelling, Southern hybridization
and signal detection were performed by using the ECL (enhanced
chemiluminescence) gene detection system (Amersham, UK).
Results and Discussion
When the rice protoplasts were fused with 15 mM IOAtreated
protoplasts of birdsfoot trefoil, and were cultured using the
agarosebead method in the modified KM8P medium (Kao and
Michayluk 1975) containing benzyladenin instead of zeatin and
without coconut water, only hybrid protoplasts initiated cell
division and formed colonies. In this case, rice protoplasts could
not give rise to cell division in the modified KM8P medium. The
hybrid colonies had the flavonoid pigment of rice, strain A58,
or were a brownish yellow in contrast to the green of birdsfoot
trefoil colonies. Also, malformed shoots were derived from the
early subcultured calli and nearnormal shoots of birdsfoot
trefoil from advanced subcultured call). The microscopic observation
of colony cells showed that most of the cells have the chromosomes
of birdsfoot trefoil and a small number of rice chromosomes. Therefore,
the regenerated malformed shoots might presumably be caused by
the presence of a few rice chromosomes. After a considerable number
of subcultures, reduction of the abnormality might be due to the
disappearance of the rice chromosomes retained. In mtDNA of 6
hybrid callus lines digested by 6 restriction enzymes, some novel
fragments were detected by the Southern analysis(Table 1).
This result shows that some modification occurred in the mtDNA
of hybrid callus lines. On the other hand, the Southern blots
of cpDNA in the hybrid calli of 12 combinations of 4 restriction
enzymes and 3 probes, the banding patterns of hybrid callus lines
were the same as those of birdsfoot trefoil. This result shows
unidirectionally nonrandom segregation of cpDNA, despite the fact
that many researchers have reported that the cpDNA of somatic
hybrids are sorted out randomly (Chen et al. 1977, Sidrov e al.
1981, Bonnett and Glimelius 1983, Ashahi et al. 198877 From the
study of somatic hybrid between carrot and tobacco, Smith et al.
(1989) suggested that the irradiationinduced chromosome
instability in carrot nuclei resulted in a tobacco nuclear background
which may provide a selective advantage to tobacco cpDNA. In the
case of somatic hybridization in this study, the chromosomes of
birdsfoot trefoil were predominant in the nuclei of hybrid callus
cells. In addition, original fusion products were cultured in
a modified KM8P medium, which did not allow the division of rice
protoplasts. Therefore, such a medium may be a selective disadvantage
for rice chloroplasts.
Some regenerated plants from the hybrid calli of rice and birdsfoot
trefoil had deep green leaves and vigorous growth under low sunlight
intensity and low temperatures (20°C) in a green house in
the winter season in Hirosaki, Japan (Fig. 1).
It has been shown that the organization of mtDNA is correlative
to the morphological and physiological functions of plants (Bonnett
and Glimelius 1990, Newton et al. 1990, Honda et al. 1991). In
the study of hybrid calli of rice and soybean, we (1985, 1986)
suggested that nucleocytoplasmic interactions determine the colour
of the callus and its susceptibility to streptomycin. Therefore,
it is possible to assume that some kinds of alteration in mtDNA
organization and/or nucleocytoplasmic interaction have an effect
on the traits of callus cells such as the colours of the callus
and its tolerance of low temperatures and low sunlight intensity.
Table 1. Southern blot of mtDNAs in 6 hybrid callus lines (AF) of rice and birdsfoot trefoil
| Restriction | Probe | ||
| enzyme | atpA | rrn26 | coxI |
| EcoRI | A | ND | ND |
| BamHI | ND | ND | ND |
| HindIII | A | A | ND |
| PstI | ND | ND | ND |
| SmaI | A | ND | ND |
| SalI | A | ND | ND |
A: Callus line A shows novel fragments which are different from those of parents. ND: No difference from the fragment pattern of birdsfoot trefoil in all callus lines.
Fig. 1. Shoots under the low temperatures (20°C) and low
sunlight intensity in a green house in the winter season. A: Shoots
of plants derived from the parental calli of birdsfoot trefoil,
leaves of which are etiolated. B: Shoots of hybrid plants, leaves
of which show deep green.
References
1.Asahi, T., T. Kumashiro and T. Kubo 1988. Constitution of mitochondrial
and chloroplast genomes in male sterile tobacco obtained by protoplast
fusion of Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana deDneyi.
Plant Cell. Physiol. 29:4349.
2.Bonnett, H.T. and K. Glimelius 1983. Somatic hybridization in
Nicotiana: Behavior of organelles after fusion of protoplast
from malefertile and malesterile cultivars. Theor.
Appl. Genet. 65:213217.
3.Bonnett, H.T. and K. Glimelius 1990. Hybrids of Nicotiana
tabacum and petunia hybrida have an intergeneric mixture of
chloroplasts from P. hybrida and mitochondria identical or similar
to N. tabacum. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79:550555.
4.Chen, K., S.G. Wildman and H.H. Smith 1977. Chloroplast DNA
distribution in parasexual hybrids as shown by polypeptide composition
of fraction I protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:51095112.
5.Cornelissen, M.J., M. De Block, M. Van Montagu, J. Leemanns,
P.H. Schreier and J. Schell 1987. Plastid transformation: A progress
report. In Plant DNA Infections Agents. Hohn T. and J. Schell
Eds. SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo. pp.
311320.
6.De Block, M., J. Schell and M. Van Montagu 1985. Chloroplast
transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. EMBO J. 4:13671372.
7.Gleba, Y.Y. and K.M. Sytnik 1984. Protoplast fusion and hybridization
of distantly related plant species. In Protoplast Fusion. SpringerVerlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York Tokyo. pp. 115161.
8.Haring, M.A. and M. De Block 1990. New roads towards chloroplast
transformation of higher plants. Physiol. Plant. 79:218220.
9.Honda, H., K. Itoh and A. Hirai 1991. The heterogenous composition
of mitochondrial DNA in somatic hybrid calli and the relatively
simple composition of such DNA in regenerated leaves. Jpn. J.
Genet. 66:279289.
lO.Kao, K.N. 1977. Chromosomal behaviour in somatic hybrids of
soybean-Nicotiana glauca. Mol. Gen. Genet. 150:225230.
ll.Kao, K.N. and M.R. Michayluk 1975. Nutritional requirements
for growth of Vicia hajastana cells and protoplasts at
a very low population density in liquid media. Planta 126:105110.
12.Melchers, G., M.D. Sacristan and A.A. Holder 1978. Somatic
hybrid plants of potato and tomato regenerated from fused protoplasts.
Carlsberg Res. Commun. 43:203218.
13.Milligan, B.G. 1989. Purification of chloroplast DNA using
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. Plant Mol. Biol. Report 7:144149.
14.Murashige, T. and F. Skoog 1962. A revised medium for rapid
growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Planta.
15:473497.
15.Newton, K.J., C. Knudsen, S. GabayLaughnan and J.R. Laughnan
1990. An abnormal growth mutant in maize has a defective mitochondrial
cytochrome oxidase gene. The Plant Cell 2:107113.
16.Niizeki, M., M. Tanaka and K. Saito 1986. Response of somatic
hybrid callus between rice and soybean to streptomycin. Jpn. J.
Breed. 36:7579.
17.Niizeki, M., M. Kihara, K. Cai, R. Ishikawa and K. Saito 1989.
Somatic cell hybridization among gramineous and leguminous species.
Proc. of the 6th Internatl. Congr. of SABRAO. pp.501504.
18.Niizeki, M., M. Tanaka, S. Akada, A. Hirai and K. Saito 1985.
Callus formation of somatic hybridization of rice and soybean
and characteristics of the hybrid callus. Jpn. J. Genet. 60:8192.
l9.Sala, C., M.G. Biasini, C. Morandi, B. Nielsen, B. Parisi and
F. Sala 1985. Selection and nuclear DNA analysis of cell hybrids
between Daucus carota and oryza saliva. J. Plant Physiol.
118:409419.
20.Sidrov, V.A., L. Menczel, F. Nagy and P. Maliga 1981. Chloroplast
transfer in Nicotiana based on metabolic complementation
between irradiated and iodoacetatetreated protoplasts. Planta
152:341345.
21.Smith, M.A., A. Pay and D. Dupid 1989. Analysis of chloroplast
and mitochondrial DNA in asymmetric somatic hybrids between tobacco
and carrot. Theor. Appl. Genet. 77:641644.
22.Staub, J.M. and P. Maliga 1992. Long regions of homologous
DNA are incorporated into the tobacco plastic genome by transformation.
Plant cell 4:3945.
23.Svab, Z., P. Hajdukiewicz and P. Maliga 1990. Stable transformation
of plastics in higher plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:85268530.
AGS4 autogamous broadleaf birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus
corniculatus L.) germplasm was developed and released by the
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research
Service, in cooperation with the Oregon, Idaho, and Washington
Agricultural Experiment Stations.
AGS4 originated from a single autogamous clone identified
in the broadbased MU81 germplasm, a genetically
diverse, selfincompatible population that was produced by
three cycles of intercrossing plants from 56 foreign introductions
and 35 experimental synthetics, or cultivars. S1 seed resulting
from both unassisted selfing and hand manipulations were collected
from the autogamous clone and grown to flowering in a greenhouse
under longday conditions. S2 and S3 generation were produced
from 11 S1 and 16 S2 plants, respectively, under similar conditions
with only unassisted selfing (no hand manipulations). AGS4
is a composite of equal numbers of S4 seeds from the 12 S3 plants.
Plants from AGS4 are more ovate and lighter green than the
original autogamous clone. AGS4 exhibits no breeding vigor
depression when compared to MU81 and is a prolific seed
producer. Examination of polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels for
highsalt soluble globulin polypeptide patterns from singleseed
extracts indicate that individuals of AGS4 are highly homogeneous.
No seeds are produced from flowers which are emasculated. Somatic
chromosome number, as determined from root tip squashes, was 2n=4x=24.
No other reported sources of autogamous broadleaf birdsfoot
trefoil are available for breeding and experimental purposes for
this predominantly selfincompatible species.
Limited amounts of seed of AGS4 will be provided upon written
request as supplies permit. Recipients are asked to recognize
the source as a matter of open record when this germplasm contributes
to the development of a new germplasm or cultivar or when used
for experimental purposes. Address seed requests to Dr. Jeffrey
J. Steiner, National Forage Seed Production Research Center, USDAARS,
3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331.
Moon, T.Y.1, J.H. Kim2
1 Korean Entomological Institute,
2 Department of Biology,
Korea University. Seoul 136701, Korea
Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus Regel is the only
species member of genus Lotus in Korea. One of us (TYM)
recently initiated the national survey for distribution of the
species in Korea. As a beginning part, the records from literature
were compiled and databased in cooperation with a plant taxonomist
(JHK) who collated the records between literature. The all records
compiled here are collected from the literature published in Korea
and Japan, while the records from foreign literature mentioned
Korean distribution of the species or the other Lotus species
are yet to be compiling.
Most botanists believe that L. corniculatus var. japonicus
is not native to Korea and is introduced as Trifolium repens
and T. pra sense. It distributes mostly along the coast,
particularly the west and south coastal sands and cliffs. Otherwise,
small riparian colonies scatter along the major rivers.
It is certain that the plants distribute more widely in Korea
than the map suggests, and also include more diverse varieties
than var. japonicus. In Cheju Island (BM,BN,CM,CN) that
is at the southern end of the country and subtropical, the plants
may be composed of heterogeneous populations with various origins
because many parts of the islands were sowed to construct openpastures
with the seedmixtures that were introduced from at least
two different countries(German and Japan), and that, therefore,
are likely to include the seeds of various varieties of L.
corn *u 7atus as usual in commercially supplied seeds.
However, the plants are not quite successful in the main penninsular
Korea. The plants are in the beginning stages remaining small
circluar colonies at the most recorded sites. and also our collections.
The distribution map is based
on the records from the literature listed at the end (also see
Table 1). Some uncertain records were marked
with O, otherwise the rest confirmed by us were marked with .
However, the amount of records are poor due to the resesons that,
firstly Lotus spp. were neglected since most flora surveys
have been designed to investigate forests and woodlands, and secondly
only a few taxonomists worked on the leguminous plants in the
country.
The better understanding the distribution of L. corniculatus
var. japonicus would provide various merits to work
with the plants. Together with the distribution survey, the other
aspects of ecology, in particular on the insect herbivores, are
also under investigation.
Table 1. The distribution records of Lotus cornicuulatus var. japonicus in Korea,
SC: Seoul; KG: Kyonggido; KW: Kangwondo; CB: Ch'ungchongbukdo; CN: Ch'ungchongnamdo; Cb: Chollabukdo; Cn: Chollanamdo; KB: Kyongsangbukdo; KN: Kyongsangnamdo;
CJ: CheJudo
| Locality | |||||||||||
| ref.no | |||||||||||
| 1 | |||||||||||
| 2 | |||||||||||
| 3 | |||||||||||
| 4 | |||||||||||
| 5 | |||||||||||
| 6 | |||||||||||
| 7 | |||||||||||
| 8 | |||||||||||
| 9 | |||||||||||
| 10 | |||||||||||
| 11 | |||||||||||
| 12 | |||||||||||
| 13 | |||||||||||
| 14 | |||||||||||
| 15 | |||||||||||
| 16 | |||||||||||
| 17 | |||||||||||
| 18 | |||||||||||
| 19 | |||||||||||
| 20 | |||||||||||
| 21 | |||||||||||
| 22 | |||||||||||
| 23 | |||||||||||
| 24 | |||||||||||
| 25 | |||||||||||
| 26 | |||||||||||
| 27 | |||||||||||
| 28 | |||||||||||
| 29 | |||||||||||
| 30 | |||||||||||
| 31 | |||||||||||
| 32 | |||||||||||
| 33 | |||||||||||
| 34 | |||||||||||
| 35 | |||||||||||
| 36 | |||||||||||
| 37 | |||||||||||
| 38 | |||||||||||
| 39 | |||||||||||
| 40 | |||||||||||
| 41 | |||||||||||
| 42 | |||||||||||
| 43 | |||||||||||
| 44 | |||||||||||
| Total | |||||||||||
Literature from Lotus Database
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Chosen, Plant Soc. Kyungsung Pharm.School (in Japanese)
2. Anonymus, 1984, A Footmark of Prof, Changbok Lee, VII,
An Account of Herbaria (SNU), pil3314 (in Korean)
3. Anonymus, 1991, An Account of Herbaria of Natural History Museum,
Hannam Univ, vol 1, Nat.His.Mus.Hannam Univ. 236pp (in Korean)
4. Chung,M.H, 1976, A Study on the Pharmacy Plant Resources of
Mt. Chiri, J. Chosun Univ. 189 (in Korean)
5. Chung,Y.H, 1989, An Account of Herbaria of Department of Botany
in Seoul National University (IV), Bull.Dept.Bot.Seoul Nat l.Univ.
1189
6. Chung,Y.H, C.W.Park & B.Y.Sun, 1980, An Account of Herbaria
of Department of Botany in Seoul National University (II), Kor.J.Bot.
22: 1163
7. Chung,Y.H. g Y.M. Kang, 1971, A Taxonomic Study in Kangwha
Island, J.Nat. Acad. Sci. Korea, 10:91299 (in Korean)
8. Hong,W.S, 1958. A Study on the Flora of Youngjong Isl,
Bull.Sci.Tech. Yonsei Univ. 2:5285 (in Korean)
9. Joo,S,W, 1963, Report on the Vegetation of Pusan Area. Korean
Ministry of Education
10. Kil,B.S, 1989, The Flora of Pyonsan Penninsula National Park,
Buan, J.Sci. WonKang Univ. 9(3):5794
11. Kim,T.W. & S.S.Kim, 1979, A Study on the Distribution
of Vascular Plants at Six Islands near Geoje Island, The Report
of the KACN, 14:3558
12. Kim,Y.S, J.K.Sim & B.U.Oh, 1985, Studies on the Flora
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13. Kim,Y.S. & S.N.Son, 1984, A Study on the Flora of Chungmu
Area, Sci.Tech. Korea Univ. 25:83110
14. Kim,Y.S. & S.W. Park, 1984, A Study of the Flora of Kayasan
(Ch'ungnam) , J. Educ.Korea Univ. 11:95116
15. Kim,Y.S. & Y.P.Hong, 1986, Report on the Vegetation of
Mt. Sanbang, Chejudo, J. Nat. Sci.Korea Univ. 27:4363
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Sci.Tech. Korea Univ. 23:89104
17. Kim, Y.S, K.K. Kim, W.B. Lee & K.S. Koh, 1988, A Study
on the Flora of Kadok Isl., J.Nat.Sci.Korea Univ. 29:93120
18. Kim,Y.S, W.K.Kim 8 H.J.Lee, 1980, Report on the Vegetation
of Jodo Isl., Sci. Tech, Korea Univ. 21:99114
19. Kim,Y.S, Y.H.Chun & K.O.Ro, 1981, A Study of the Flora
of Mt. Wangbang, J.Educ.Korea Univ. 11:127148
20. Kim,Y.S, Y.K.Kim, W.B.Lee & J.K.Sim, 1988, An Investigation
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Korean)
23. Lee,D.B, 1957, Flora of Cheju Island, J.Cult.Sci.Korea Univ.
2 (in Korean)
24. Lee,T.B, Y.B.Lee & C.H.Lee, 1980, Vegetation of the Islands in the Sinan county, near Mokpo. The RePort of the KACN, 16:3154
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of Songji Ho, Jour. Kor.Pl.Tax. 10(1,2):105111
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Nat'l.Univ. (in Korean)
27. Lee,Y.N, 1968, Report of Academic Survey of Mt. Hanlasan
& Isl.Hong do, 6782, Ministry of Culture, Korea
(in Korean)
28. Lee,Y.N, 1979, A Study of Conservative Condition on Hallamountain
Top Flora, Bull. KACN, 1:6377
29. Lee,Y.N. 8 Y.C.Oh, 1970, Limestone Flora of Todam, Province
Chungbuk in South Korea, J.Kor.Rehab.Indust. 5:256
30. Lee,Y.N. & Y.C.Oh, 1985, An Investigation on Flora Chuwangsan
National Park, The Report of the KACN, 23:3761
31. Moon,T.Y,1992, Cyanogenic Polymorphism in the Leaves of Lotus
corniculatus var. japonicus Regel (Leguminosse) in
South Korea, Kor.J.Ecol. 15(1):7580
32. Na.Y.J, 1991, A Study on the Flora of Mt. Sodae, Thesis
of MS, Hannam Univ. 156pp
33. Nakai,T, 1915, Report on the Flora of Mt. Chiri. pp52
(in Japanese)
34. Nakai,T. 1919, Report on the Vegetation of the Island Ooryongto
or Daglet Island, Corea, Govern.Chos.Corea, pp86
35. Oh,S.Y, 1973, Report on the Vegetation of Mt. Gaya,
J.Andong Nat' l.Teach. Coll. 6:153
36. Oh.S.Y, 1974, Report on the Vegetation of Mt. Gaji,
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37. Oh,S.Y, 1982, Floristic and Phytogeographical Studies of Mt.
Naeyeonsan and Its Neighbourhood, Res.Rev.Kyungpuk Nat'l.Univ.
33:367413
38. Oh,S.Y. & W.Kim, 1978, Taxonomic and Ecological Studies
on the Flora of Taegu Area. Nature 8 Life, 8:153
39. Park,K.H, 1985, A Study on the Flora of Oyoujong
Isl. in Kyunggi Bay, Nature Conservation, 52:3548
40. Park,K.H, 1987, The Islands Adjacent to Paengnyongdo, Report,Survey
Nat. Environ. Korea, 7:137169
41. Hatusima,S, 1934, Preliminary Report on the Flowering Plants
and Ferns Collected in the Nansen Experimental Forest of Kyushu
Imperial University, Bull.Kyushu Imp.Univ. 5:1281
42. Toh,S.H. & S.H.Park, 1971, Plant Resources of Mt. Duryun,
Kor.J.Fharmacy, 2(2):99118
43. Yang,I.S, 1958, An Investigation Report of the Plant in Jindo
Isl. J. Kyungpuk Nat 1.Univ. 2:323349
44. Yang,I.S, 1963, An Investigation of Kyungpuk Flora,
Kyungpuk Nat'l.Univ. Press, 141pp
Acknowledgasnt
We are grateful to Dr. JungKi Sim (MoleWon University)
who kindly allowed us using
his personal library during the literature survey.
Regeneration of GUS , Bt-toxin and HNP transgenic
plants of Lotus corniculatus.
Lu DY. , Shao JH., Zhang L, Wang Q, Yu MM, Xu SM, Fan YL.
1 Instutute of Genetics, Academia Sinica, Beijing 100101, China.
2 Biotechnology Research Center, Agricultural Academy of Sciences
in China, Beijing 100101, China.
Lotus corniculatus L (birds-foot trefoil) is an important
forage legume with rich nutrients and "blot safety".
However, some characteristics of L. corniculatus, such as deficiency
of sulfur amino acid need to be improved. Content of sulfur amino
acids in forage plants is positively related to wool growthin
sheep.
Previous reports of transformation of L corniculatus described
the incorporation of NPT11 (Yu and Shao 1990), cat (Hansen et
al.1987,Petit et al 1987, Jorgensen et al. 1988), luc (Jensen
et al. 1986, Hansen et al.1989), Gus (Hansen et al. 1989). Here
we report regeneration of GUS ., BT-toxin and HNP(sulfursrich
amino acid )transgenic plants from seedling cotyledon explants
of L corniculatus via an Agrobacterium vector.
Materials and methods
Axenic seedling cotyledons(7-10 days) of L corniculatus were cut
transversely into two pieces, and placed into a suspension of
A. tumefaciens strain A3 with plasmid pBI121 containing
NPT11 gene ( nos promoter) and GUS gene (CaMC35 Promoter), LBA4404
with plasmid pB48.215 containing NPT11 gene and B toxin gene (CaMv35s
promoter) or A2881 with plasmid pBF649 containing NPT11gene (nos
promoter)and HNP(sulfursrich aminoacid) gene (Ca MB35s promoter)
for 0.5 h, and co-cultured for four days on MS1-2(Lu et al. 1986).
Then the segments were transferred to MS1-2with 25 Mg/lKnamycin
and 300 mg/l cefotaxime. The control were not infected by A281
with other conditions same as the treatment samples. Shoot and
plants from cotyledon explants were removed and cultured on fresh
MS1-2 with 100 mg/l kanamycin and 300mg/l cefotaxime at one month
interval, for 5-6 times. Roots or stems from kanamycin-resistant
plants were cut into0.5-1 cm long and cultured on MS1-2 with 25-50
mg/l kanamycin. Samples of cotyledon, leaf and stem segments were
made for observation of scanning electron microscopy according
to report of Ho and Vasil (1983). The kanamycin-resistant plants
ere cut into small pieces and inoculated to YEB medium for axenic
examination of the plants. The plants were transferred to pots
and greenhouse.
Determination of NPT11 enzyme activity was carried out according
to the method of Angenon et al (1987), Schreier et al, (1985),
and Roy and Nirmala (1990).
DNA molecular hybridization (dot blot and southern blot) was carried
out referring to the method of Maniatis et al (1982).
Results and Discussions
Plants were regenerated from cotyledon explants on selection medium
with about 10 per cent regeneration frequencies, and form root
or stem segments of the regenerated plants on MS1-2 with 25-50
mg/l kanamycin. Untreatment cotyledon explants all died on selection
medium. It will shorten period of selection the transformation
plants to obtain plants from root or stem segment of the regeneration
plants.
Scanning electron microscopic observation showed that Agrobacterium
number attached on cut face of cotyledon segments were much more
than it on surface of them.
There was no Agrobacterium in and out kanamycin-resistant plants
after 5-6 times selection .
Enzyme assay showed NPT11 or Gus enzyme activity in the plants
(fig. 1-1, 3) Results of dot and southern blotting of the plant
NA demonstrated that there were homogenic fragments of GUS, Bt-toxin
and HNP genes in the plants, but there were not them in the controls
(fig. 1-2, 4). These confirmed that GUS, Bt-toxin and HNP genes
had been integrated into genomes of L. corniculatus cells. The
transformed plants have survived , continued grow since being
transferred to pots and greenhouse, and showed no phenotypic abnormalities.
References
1 Angenon G et al.(1987) EMBO) Course on Plant Molecular Biology Genet.
2 Hansen J et al.(1988) . Plant Cell Rep. 8:12-15.
3 Ho WJ and Vasil IK. 91983). Ann Bot. 51:719-726.
4 Lu Dy et al.(1986) Kexue Tongbao (Chinese Sci Bul) . 31:1647-1650.
5 Jensen JS et al. (1986). Nature. 321:669-674.
6. Jorgensin Jan-Elo et al.(1988). Nucl Aci Res. 16:40-50
7 Petit et al.(1987) Mol Gen Genet. 207:245-250.
8 Roy Pand Nirmala S .(1990) . Plant Mol Biol. 14:873-876
9 Schreier P et al.(1985) EMBO J. 4:25-32
10 YU JP and Shao QQ. (1990) . Science in China (Series B). 34:932-937.
Acknowledgment
We thank Dr. Tian YC and Dr. Hen SY for Agrobacterium and work
support.
1 USDAARS, Water Management Research Laboratoroy, Fresno, CA, USA
2 USDAARS, Department of Biometrics, Albany, CA, USA
3 BenGurion University of the Negev, Sedi Boqer Campus, Israel
4 UC Davis, Department of Environmental Science, Davis, CA, USA
5 USDAARS, Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, M0, USA
INTRODUCTION
High concentrations of boron (B) and selenium (Se) found in the
soils are detrimental to sustainable agriculture in the western
USA. Vegetation management may be a remediation strategy designed
to reduce soil B and Se concentrations to nontoxic levels,
since extensive leaching with water is a practice which consumes
excessive water in drought stricken areas and causes drainage
water and runoff problems in perched water table farming areas.
In this regard, Parker et al. (1991) suggested using perennial
grasses and/or legumes as candidate crops for removal of Se from
soils high in B. Plant removal of B with B and Se tolerant plants
may economically be more feasible and more environmentally sound
than physically removing B contaminated soil or taking Bladen
regions out of crop production. The objective of this field study
was to determine if birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.
) tolerates high B soils and simultaneously lowers extractable
B and Se in soil by plant uptake of each respective ion.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
Field experiments were established between May and November of
1990 and 1991 in the west side of San Joaquin Valley, California.
The site was chosen because of the high levels of B in the soil.
The soil belongs to the Los Banos Clayloam, fine mixed thermic
Typic Haploxeralfs. The treatment design for both years on two
similar sites was a completely randomized design with two treatments;
a) planted to Lotus corniculatus L. in 1991 and b) bare
plot where no plants were planted. In 1990, each 5X5 m plot was
replicated nine times and in 1991, each 10X10 m plot was replicated
three times. Triplicate soil cores were collected within each
plot from depths of 030 and 3060 cm, respectively,
prior to planting and at harvest. Selected ions and other parameters
were extracted from saturated soil extract (mean values are shown
inTable 1 ) . Water extractable B (any mention
of soil B references water extractable B) was determined spectrophotometrically
by the azomethine H method (Bingham, 1982). Total Se was
determined by atomic absorption with continuous hydride generation
after soil samples were wet digested with HNO3/H2O2.
| Saturated water | |||||||||
| Soil depth
(cm) | Ca | Mg | Na
(mg/L) | PO4 | SO4 | Cl
(mMol) | Ec
(d/Sm) | pH | Percentage
% |
| Experiment 1990 * | |||||||||
| 030 | 240(95) | 85(31) | 267(34) | 22(34) | 800(245) | 6(2) | 2.8(.7) | 7.9(.2) | 47 |
| 3060 | 300(125) | 70(25) | 305(55) | 16(5) | 667(104) | 4(1) | 2.2(.6) | 7.8(.2) | 48 |
| Experiment 1991 | |||||||||
| 030 | 225(80) | 79(25) | 258(Z9) | 19(4) | 756(158) | 6(3) | 3.1(.5) | 7.8(.2) | 48 |
| 3060 | 273(69) | 71(26) | 295(39) | 16(6) | 692(111) | 5(2) | 2.5(.6) | 7.7(.3) | 49 |
*Men values presented with standard deviations in parenthesis.
Plants were first established under controlled greenhouse conditions,
hardened for two weeks under field conditions and then transplanted
as clumps every 20 cm with 125150 plants/m2. L. corniculatus
plots were each hand clipped at 60, 85, and 115 days after
the plants were at least 5.0 cm in height. Subsamples were taken
from four one square meter sites within each plot, washed three
times, ovendried at 45°C for 7 d, weighed, and ground
in a stainless steel Wiley mill. Plant B was determined spectrophotometrically
after wet acid digestion and plant Se was determined by atomic
absorption with continuous hydride generation. Irrigation scheduling
was based on the local California Irrigation Management Information
System (CIMIS) weather station. Irrigation was performed with
a sprinkler system. Spacing of 9 m x 8 m resulted in an irrigation
rate of about 10 mm/ hr. Mean irrigation depth for the two years
was 825 mm. The total amount of evaporation throughout the growing
season averaged 1000 mm, which resulted in an irrigation coefficient
of 0.82. Irrigation water contained negligible concentrations
of both B and Se.
RESULTS
The mean dry matter yield of L. corniculatus was O.9kg/m2
in 1990 and 1 kg/m2 in 1991.
Yields might have been higher if the plants had been grown longer
than one year (only three clippings made). The mean tissue B and
Se concentrations are shown in Table 2 for
each clipping. Each clipping removes additional B and Se from
the soil. Table 3 shows the reductions of
soil B and Se after the final harvest of L. corniculatus. Reductions
of soil B and Se in bare plots were probably due to some leaching
from the sprinkler irrigation and/or the partial transformation
of soil B to other forms of B which were not extractable by water.
| Boron | Selenium Concentration | ||||
| Clipping | Shoot | Root (mg kg/DM) | Shoot | Root | |
| 1990 Experiment*! | I | 84(6)a | -- | 0.44(.03)b | -- |
| II | 131(12)b | -- | O.B7(.09)a | -- | |
| III | 135(14)b | 95(10) | O.90(.10)b | 0.10(.08) | |
| 1991 Experiment | |||||
| I | 116(11)b | -- | 0.36(.06)bc | -- | |
| II | 116(6)b | -- | O.Z9(.04)bc | -- | |
| III | 118(8)b | 110(9) | 0.22(.03)bc | 0.14(.01) | |
* Values presented represent means followed by standard error of mean in parenthesis from a minimum of 20 separate samplings in 1990 and 12 samplings in 1991. Means are separation within columns and within each experiment by a Tukey's range teat. The same literature represents no significant difference between means at the P0.05 level.
! Root sample were not taken, for first2 clippings in each experiment.
| 1990 Experiment * | 1991 Experiment ! | |||||||
| Species | B | Se | B | Se | ||||
| Preplant | Postharvest | Preplant | Postharvest | Preplant | Postharvest | Preplant | Postharvest | |
| (mg / L) | (mg / L) | (mg / L) | (mg / L) | |||||
| Control
(Bare points) | 4.47(0.52) | 3.99(0.66)a $ | 0.49(0.11) | 0.43(0.01)a | 3.57(0.60) | 3.43(0.11)a | 0.88(0.046) | 0.86(0.02)a |
| Birdsfoot
trefoil plots | 5.14(0.57) | 2.26(0.38)b | 0.39(0.10) | 0.12(0.07)b | 4.16(0.71) | 2.98(0.22)b | 0.82(0.075) | 0.71(0.03)b |
* Values represent the mean from 36 soil samples followed by the standard error of mean in parenthesis.
! Values represent the mean from 16 soil samples followed by the standard error of mean in parenthesis.
$ Mean separation in columns obtained by Tukey's range test. The
same letters represent no significant difference between species
at the P= .05 level.
We suggest that utilizing harvested L. corniculatus as
animal forage is worthy of economic consideration, especially
because of its high quality as animal forage. More importantly,
tissue levels of B and Se were under the maximum tolerable limits
established by the National Research Council (1980) for plant
material used as animal forage. Using vegetation management in
conjunction with efficient irrigation management may be a critical
component of remeditation strategy to reduce soil and drainage
water concentrations of B and Se to safe levels.
LITERATURE
National Research Council. 1980. Mineral Tolerances of domestic
animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.
gingham, J.T. 1987. Boron. p. 431447. In A.L. Page
et al. (eds.) Methods of Soil Analysis . Part 2: Chemcial Microbiological
properties . Am. Soc. Agron ., Madison, WI .
Parker, D . R ., A. L. Page, and D . N. Thomas . 1991. Salinity
and boron tolerances of candidate plants for the removal of selenium
from soils. J. Envir. Qual. 20:157164.
The Desert Legume Program (DELEP) was established in 1988 as a
joint project of the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum and
the University of Arizona College of Agriculture. DELEP is developing
a comprehensive germplasm collection of species of Leguminosae
which are native to, or adapted to arid and semiarid climates.
The collection presently contains 938 species. The program seeks
to evaluate these plants for any potential uses including food,
fuelwood, forage, fodder, cover crops/green manure, erosion control,
industrial compounds, pharmaceutical properties, and landscape
plants. Much of this work will be accomplished through collaborative
arrangements with academia, movement agencies, and private industry.
Samples of seeds are available free of charge to individuals and
organizations working with these plants. A quarterly newsletter,
ARIDUS, and periodic special publications including an Index Seminum
are available at no cost.
DELEP has recently initiated a greenhouse propagation program
for seed increase of various herbaceous species for which a limited
stock of seeds exist in the seed bank. Included in this project
are species of Lotus. Twentytwo taxa of Lotus
have been successfully propagated to date. The plants are
grown in standard, plastic onegallon nursery containers
in a mixture of peat moss, vermiculite, perlite, and sand. The
greenhouse thermostat is set to maintain a temperature of 33°
C in the daytime and 16° C at night. Many of these plants
are beginning to produce flowers as of November 1992.
Samples of seeds of the following taxa of Lotus, with field
collection data, are available free of charge: L. haydonii,
L. humistratus, L. oroboides, L. rigidus, L. salsuginosus var.
brevivexillus, L. strigosus var. tomentellus, and
L. wrightii. Individuals interested in receiving seed samples
and those who may have seeds to contribute, are invited to contact
the Desert Legume Program.
Introduction
The initial objectives in assembling a small collection of Lotus
species and varieties at North Wyke Research Station, Devon
and commencing to screen them on an acid (pH 5.4), lowphosphate
status (P<10 ppm) site were described in Lotus Newsletter
1991, pages 3739. When planning lowinput, sustainable
grassland systems, whiteclover based technology may provide
a solution on the better soil types, though it is increasingly
evident that regular inputs of lime and phosphate will
be needed, particularly under high rainfall conditions. In such
circumstances, as well as on all poorer soils, Lotus species
may provide a better option.
The programme of Lotus assessment at North Wyke will be
developed to include investigation of productivity and persistence
under grazing. However, before attempting the grazing experiment,
a smallplot experiment to investigate the influence of four
possible companion grasses on Lotus performance was planned
and sown in 1991. This article reports some quality determinations
on material from the screening trial in 1991, together with the
1992 yield data. In addition, yield data from the first cut of
the companion grass experiment are reported.
As mentioned in the earlier Newsletter report, North Wyke Research
Station is situated in S.W. England and has a mild maritime climate.
Mean air temperature in January is 4.5°C and in July 15.3°C.
Average rainfall is 1035 mm, with approximately 200 rain days.
The soil is a poorly drained, seasonally waterlogged silty
clay loam (pelostagnogley).
Initial Screening Trial 1991 Quality Data
The establishment of this trial and the 1991 yields were reported
in the Lotus Newsletter 1991, 3739. Lotus samples
from Cut 2 (31 August 1991) for the five best yielding cultivars
were analyzed for digestibility (predicted from pepsintcellulase
solubility) and N content (acid digestion followed by colorimetric
assay). The data appear in Table 1, and show
that at this cut (8 weeks regrowth) both of the L. uliginosus
cvs. and the L. tenuis were of lower (P<0.001) digestibility
than the two L. corniculatus cvs. tested. However, L.
corniculatus cv. Cascade had the lowest nitrogen concentration
(P<0.001).
Table 1. Lotus quality data at Cut 2 (31 Au~ust) 1991.
| Species | Cultivar | DOMD* | N (g /kg ) |
| L. uliginosus | Maku | 0.515 | 39.7 |
| Marshfield | 0.540 | 36.3 | |
| L. corniculatus | Cascade | 0.619 | 29.2 |
| Norcen | 0.656 | 36.1 | |
| L. tenuis | Blenheim | 0.536 | 33.4 |
| s.e.d. (8 DF) | 0.0083 | 1.34 | |
| Level of significance | *** | *** |
* digestible organic matter fraction in the dry matter.
Initial Screening Trial 1992 Yield Data
The screening trial was continued in 1992, the third year since
sowing in 1989. Growing
conditions were dry and sunny for the first part of the 1992 season, though dull and moist from
July onwards. Cuts were taken from this experiment on 16 June and 17 September 1992. Fresh
herbage yields were recorded on the plotharvester, and two subsamples collected. The first
subsample was dried in a forceddraught oven at 85°C to determine the dry matter (DM) content
of the herbage, and the second subsequently sorted to determine the proportion of Lotus and
grass in the sample. Table 2 shows the comparative yields of Lotus DM at Cuts 1 and 2, as well
as the annual total yields of combined forage in the same rank order as the 1991 data were
displayed.
Table 2. DM yields of Lotus species and varieties. 1992 (t /ha ).
| Species Species | Cultivar | Lotus DM | Annual DM Yield | ||
| Cut 1 | Cut 2 | Lotus | Total * | ||
| L. uliginosus | Maku | 1.64 | 0.71 | 2.35 | 10.79 |
| Marshfield | 0.70 | 0.63 | 1.33 | 8.17 | |
| L. corniculatus | Cascade | 0.65 | 0.59 | 1.24 | 10.51 |
| Norcen | 0.21 | 0.36 | 0.58 | 9.94 | |
| L. tenuis | Blenheim | 1.23 | 0.43 | 1.66 | 9.97 |
| L. corniculatus | Empire | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 9.35 |
| L.c. ssp. arvensis | Kalo | 0.56 | 0.67 | 1.23 | 9.14 |
| L. corniculatus | GA1 | 0.19 | 0.47 | 0.66 | 8.71 |
| AUDewey | 0.10 | 0.36 | 0.45 | 9.03 | |
| Fergus | 0.22 | 0.81 | 1.03 | 9.34 | |
| s.e.d. (18 df) | 0.353 | - | 0.482 | - | |
| Level of significance | ** | NS | * | NS | |
* includes grass and other plant DM.
With a few exceptions, yields of Lotus forage declined
since 1991, though with the good grass growing conditions for
Cut 2, the total annual yields were above those of 1991, so that
the general percentage legume contribution fell to 1020%
of DM. As in 1991, top forage yields came from L. uliginosus
cv. Maku. There was marked improvement in the ranking of L.
tenuis cv Rlenheim and L. corniculatus ssp. arvensis cv.
Kalo.
Companion Grass Experiment 1992
This experiment was sown in July 1991, with the two Lotus and
the four companion grasses listed in Table 3. Perennial
ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in UK is generally too competitive
and densely tillered to form stable associations with birdsfoot
trefoil, so these possible alternative grasses were chosen. The
Lotus was sown at 10 kg ha' and the grasses at either
2 or 4 kg ha', excepting Festuca pratensis which
was sown at 3 or 6 kg ha'. Appropriate quantities of grass
and inoculated Lotus seed were thoroughly mixed, broadcast
on to a harrowed seedbed and rolled in, using a layout of
3 randomized blocks of plots 1.5 m x 5.0 m, with all factorial
combinations of Lotus variety, grass species and grass
seedrate. Data from the first cut, taken on 11 June 1992
are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Lotusperformance when grown with foiur companion grasses at two seed - rates.
Sown July 1991, cut 11 June 1992.
| Comparisons: | Lotus DM (t/ha) | Sown grass(t/ha) | Legume(%) | Total DM(t/ha) |
| L. corniculatus cv. Leo | 3.35 | 0 90 | 73.0 | 4.61 |
| L. uliginosus cv. Maku | 1.00 | 0.98 | 43.6 | 2.48 |
| s.e.d. (23 df) | 0.127 | 0.128 | 2.51 | 0.216 |
| Phleutn pratense cv. S.48 | 1.64 | 1.55 | 42.8 | 3.53 |
| Agrostis capillaris cv. Muster | 2.34 | 1.44 | 52.9 | 3.99 |
| Festuca pratensis cv. Senu | 2.26 | 0.70 | 57.0 | 3.71 |
| Poa pratensis cv. Asset | 2.48 | 0.06 | 80.5 | 2.96 |
| s.e.d. (11 df) | 0.179 | 0.181 | 3.55 | 0.305 |
| High seedrate (4 or 6 kg/ ha) | 2.02 | 1.08 | 52.7 | 3.53 |
| Low seedrate (2 or 3 kg/ ha ) | 2.33 | 0.80 | 63.9 | 3.57 |
These data show that, as anticipated, L. corniculatus established
more rapidly than L. uliginosus resulting in higher yields
of Lotus DM (P<0.001) and, because there was no compensatory
effect on grass yield, higher overall yields of forage (P<0.001)
at this first cut. Phleum pratense depressed Lotus DM
yield (P<0.001); Poa pratensis gave the lowest sown
grass yield (P<0.001) and overall forage yield (P<0.05)
but consequently the highest (P<0.001) legume contribution
to yield. The higher level of companion grass seeding depressed
Lotus DM yield (P<0.05), raised grass DM yield (P<0.05),
lowered the legume contribution (P<0.001), but had no overall
effect on total forage yield. It remains to be seen whether L.
uliginosus] will yield more highly when fully established
next year, and whether the higher yielding companion grasses and
the higher seedrates will have an adverse effect on the
longer term performance of the Lotus.
Future Research
The plots of the screening trial will not be harvested after 1992,
but it is anticipated that the companion grass experiment will
provide valuable information through 1993 and 1994. It is planned
to sown the swards for the grazing assessment during 1993, for
an experiment to run through 1994 and 1995. Grazing will involve
contrasts between sheep and cattle, probably in rotational systems
with differing criteria for moving the stock on. Inevitably sward
carrying capacity will be low, but properly researched guidelines
for managing grassLotus associations could provide
a valuable alternative to white cloverbased technology for
marginal land situations.
Any reader who would like to offer comment on the design of the
grazing experiment is invited to write (or FAX (+44) 837 82139)
to the second author.
LOTUSDEV. PAP. RDS1
In March, 1992, 164 accessions of Lotus were acquired from
the USDAARS Regional Plant Introduction Station in Geneva, N.Y.
Accessions included the species L. tenuis, L. uliginosus, and
L. corniculatus. These accessions were acquired to be evaluated
for condensed tannins, as approved and funded by the Clover and
Special Purpose Legume CAC.
Methods
Seed were mechanically scarified and planted in a greenhouse in
April, 1992, then allowed to grow for 3 weeks. After 3 weeks,
plants were clipped to a uniform height of 10 cm and allowed to
grow for another month. After the initial clipping, plants were
allowed to grow for another month, then transplanted to the University
of Missouri Agronomy Research Center near Columbia, MO. The plants
were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three
replications, and 3 accessions per replication.
In September, 1992, foliage was harvested and stored at 5
C, freezedried, and ground to 1mm using a cyclone type grinding
mill. Dried material was analyzed using near infrared reflectance
spectroscopy, as reported by Roberts et al. (1992); condensed
tannins were quantified and expressed as % catechin equivalents
(CE). Significance of treatment effects was assessed at the 0.05
alfa level using analysis of variance techniques. Samples were
clustered by the single variable, tannin, according to the ScottKnott
nonoverlapping means separation technique.
Results
Data from this study indicated that tannins ranged from 1.67 to
11.44 9e CE. As expected from previous reports, L. uliginosus
contained higher tannin concentrations than other species.
In fact, L. uliginosus comprised all but one of the 42
accessions in the highest cluster, as well as the top 27 in the
next highest cluster. Only 9 L. uliginosus appeared in
the third cluster, and none appeared in the lowest cluster.
Also as expected, L. corniculatus contained both moderate
low levels of tannin concentrations. However, L. tenuis, a
species reported as tanninnegative, also contained moderate
and low levels.
These data will be entered in the GRIN system, as well as used
in our germplasm development studies at the University of Missouri.
Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) cultivars
Forage yields were obtained on four birdsfoot trefoil cultivars
at three Georgia locations: Mountains, Blairsville (2200 feet
elevation); Piedmont, Athens (980 feet); and Central, Eatonton
(490 feet). Plots 4 x 20 feet with 4 replications were planted
in September 1989 on prepared land.
| Pounds/acre oven dry forage | |||||
| Entry | |||||
| AU Dewey | |||||
| Bonnie | |||||
| Georgia 1 | |||||
| Norcen | 2683 c | 2953 a | 3072 b | ||
| Number of harvests | |||||
*Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at the 5% level.
| Entry | |||||
| AU Dewey | |||||
| Bonnie | |||||
| Georgia 1 | |||||
| Norcen | |||||
| Number of harvests | |||||
*Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different a the 5% level.
| Entry | ||||
| AU Dewey | ||||
| Bonnie | ||||
| Georgia 1 | ||||
| Norcen | ||||
| Number of harvests | ||||
*Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly
different at the 5 % level. Cultivar yields in 1990 and 1991 were
not significantly different.
Trefoil stands were excellent at all locations the first year
but thinned the second year. Stand losses were severe the third
year at the Mountain location from root rot diseases during a
very wet year. At the southernmost location at Eatonton, trefoil
stands were especially poor the third year as bermudagrass and
crabgrass dominated the plots, resulting in no harvest data. Trefoil
does not compete well with warm season grasses.
Over the period of these tests, AU Dewey, Bonnie, and Georgia
1 were generally similar in total yield and superior to Norcen
(Tables 1, 2, and 3).
There was a tendency for AU Dewey to be more productive than other
cultivars the establishment year. AU Dewey made more early season
growth than Bonnie or Georgia 1, and all of these cultivars generally
produced 170 to 700% more forage at first harvest than Norcen.
The extreme winter dormancy of Norcen results in a very short
productive season at lower latitudes with a long growing season.
Biy Trefoil (Lotus uliginosus) introductions
Superior accessions were selected from a Lotus nursery that had
been monitored for two years. Nine of these accessions were vegetatively
established in rows 1 foot apart in small plots with 4 replications
in April 1990. Plants were allowed to cova in 199() and then harvested
for yields in 1991 and 1992.
By November of the establishment year, 376219 and 282150 had nearly
a complete ground cover with other entries ranging from 45 to
62%. 'Grasslands 4705' from New Zealand was the most productive
over the two years (Table 4). Surprisingly,
282147, which had a good rating in the nursery, was much lower
yielding. Although total yields were not especially high, the
modest production during summer and autumn would be attractive
in a pasture situation. Some disease problems caused dieback during
hot wet periods, but plants recovered well in autumn. Major problems
of this legume are very poor seedling vigor and low seed production.
If some improvement of these could be made, Lotus uliginosus
could be a useful pasture legume.
Table 4. Forage yiel of Lotus uliginosus accessions at Plant Science Farm, Athens. GA. 1991-92.
| P.I. | Source | ||||||
| 376219 | 'Grasslands4705', DSIR, New Zealand | 853ab* | 1366ab | 1895a | 4114a | 4129ab | 4122a |
| 407473 | 'Grasslands Maku', DSIR, New Zealand | 1101 a | 629 c | 1282 b | 3012 b | 4189 a | 3601 ab |
| 316274 | Pl from CSIRO, Canberra, Australia | 802 bc | 1321 b | 1167 bc | 3290 b | 3371 abc | 3331 be |
| 282158 | Pilmaiquen, Osorno province, Chile | 446 de | 1218 b | 931 bed | 2595 c | 4045 ab | 3320 bc |
| 316273 | Pl from CSIRO, Canberra, Australia | 1105 a | 1250 b | 969 bc | 3324 b | 3301 bc | 3313 bc |
| 282150 | 15 Km NE of Loncoche, Chile | 563 cafe | 1710 a | 687 cd | 2960 b | 3584 abc | 3272 bc |
| 282153 | 7 Km north of Temuco, Chile | 712 bcd | 1209 b | 721 cd | 2642 b | 3267 bc | 2955 cd |
| 281829 | Austria | 351 e | 502 c | 752 cd | 1605 c | 3145 e | 2375 de |
| 282147 | 20 Km NE of Valdivia at Pelehuquin, Chile | 482 de | 560 c | 536 d | 1578 c | 2143 d | 1861 e |
*Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at 5 % level.
Publication:
Leopoldo Montes (1) Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. Nacional de Mar
del Plata E.E.A. Balcarce, INTA. CC 276 (7620) Balcarce
Argentina.
A study was conducted at Balcarce region, Buenos Aires province,
Argentina, in order to start the evaluation of three accessions
of Lotus corniculatus L. for morphological and agronomical traits.
Two of the accessions were obtained from USDAARS; one native
from Spain (302921), the other arisen from a cross between the
Spanish accession and L. corniculatus MO20. The third was
L. corniculatus var. Boyero. A widely naturalized accesion of
L. tenuis (284) was used as control. The objective was to find
adecuate growth habit genotypes able to grow under grazing condition.
We evaluated agronomic characters (DM yield) and morphological
traits in spaced plant conditions (0.60 cm. between rows) with
four replications. Each treatment consisted of 18 plants. The
trial was hand weeded during the first year. Table 1
shows the dry matter yield in one year period (3 cuts).
Significant differences (p < 0.001) in 1,000 seed weight and
flowering time were detected among accessions (Spain and MO20
seed weigth was 1.75 gr. and 1.79 gr. and the local cultivar Boyero
1.34 gr., while 284 was 1,11 gr., table 2). Spain flowering was
the earliest and MO20 flowering was the most irregular of
all accessions. Spain markedly differed in growth habit trom Boyero,
the fommer being prostrate to semiprostrate and the later semierect
(Table 2). Spain produced 16 % of the annual
forage yield in the first winter and MO20 produced 15 %,
while Boyero produced 10%. The former could be therefore of interest
in forage chains in order to decrease the winter productivity
gap typical of the lowland pastures of the Flooding Pampas. Boyero
DM yield in summer (2nd. cut) was higher (2,140 kg/ha.) than the
other accessions (1,400 kg/ha.), but differences were not significative.
Other results can be summarized as follows: the central leaflet
lenght to width ratio (recorded on the 4th leaf from stem apex)
shown differences between accessions, with Spain (2.2 + 0.3) and
Boyero(2.7 + 0.5), while MO20 was intemmediate (2.5 + 0.5).
The width of matured pod was 3.1 to 3.5 mm in Spain and MO20,
and 2.5 mm in Boyero and 284. Spain and MO20, shown the
most susceptible plantsto the attack of Bruchophagus platypterus
(12 and 17 % of empty seeds) while Boyero and the control shown
the least susceptible plants (8 and 3%).
This preliminary evaluation indicates that Lotus corniculatus
from Spain could be of value for its large seed character, winter
active growth, prostrate habit and early flowering. Selections
within Spain accession (Pl 302921) or MO20 with bigger seeds
could be of value to improve seedling vigour.
Table 1 Dry Matter yield of 3 accessions of Lotus corniculatus and Lotus tenuis in
Buenos Aires province,Balcarce, Argentina.
| Accessions | 1st cut | 2nd cut | 3rd cut | Total yield |
| yield | yield | yield | kg/ha | |
| (g/plant) | (g/plant) | (g/plant) | ||
| Spain (302921) | 10 | 52 | 12 | 1,994 |
| L. tenuis (284) | 14 | 58 | 10 | 1,978 |
| var. Boyero | 10 | 89 | 19 | 2,572 |
| M-20 x 302921 | 11 | 60 | 26 | 2,176 |
| NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Central | Seed | |||
| Accessions | Growth habit (1) | Diameter cm | leaflet | weigh |
| L/W mm | *1,000 gm | |||
| Spain (302921) | 4.2 +/- 0.3 | 50 +/- 10 | 2.2 + 0.3 | 1.75 +/- 0.09 (2) |
| b | a | c | a | |
| L. tenuis (284) | 4.7+/- 0.1 | 75 +/- 15 | 5.0 + 0.8 | 1.11 +/- 0.02 |
| a | a | a | c | |
| var. Boyero | 3.0 +/- 0.5 | 60 +/- 11 | 2.7 +/- 0.5 | 1.34 +/- 0.04 |
| c | a | b | b | |
| M-20 x 302921 | 3.9 +/-0.5 | 51 +/- 10 | 2.5 + 0.5 | 1.79 +/- 0.06 |
| b | a | b | a |
(1) 1 = erect; 5 = prostrate. (2) average and SD.
* Means within a column followed by similar letters are not significantly
different at the 0.05 level.
We gratefully acknowledge Dr. P. R. Beuselinckfor kindly supply
Lotus corniculatus seeds from Spain and MO20.
(1) Actual address: INTASanta Cruz, CC 332 (9400) Rio Gallegos
Santa Cruz Argentina.
There are number of problems for farmers grown birds ' foot trefoil
in Hungary. One of them, emerges when they choice the field with
optimal ecological factors, another is the question of herbicides
to sowing period and for the time of cultivation. Recently there
are a few effective herbicides to these purposes. But the condition
of purchase fodder and grain yield in the country or in Europe
are very rigid.
The cultivar G keskenylevelG (Lotus corniculatus L.) is one of
most popular short in Hungary. Our purpose by the mean of developing
agrotechnical methods for cultivar in question help the farmers
in successive fodder and grain production. To reach this end we
made a field test with PIVOT 100 LC (100 9/1 imazetapir) certified
in (Glycine soja, Medicago saliva, Trifolium pretense, Pisum sativum,
Lens culinaris) and SCEPTER 150 LC (150 9/1 imazaquin) certified
in Glycine soja. Among the herbicide treatments there are some
another one's known as special pesticides for papillionateaes
(1st. table.).
All the herbicides tested by observing seven factors but no 100
grain mass. We declared that PIVOT 100 LC in the preemergens or
postemergens treatment give the best results combined. In the
situation pf SCEPTER 150 LC should be proposed the postemergence
treatment of birds ' foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus (c.v. G keskenylevelu).
By the screening of two tested herbicides, seven factors observed
and three types of treatment the most convenient is the PIVOT
100 LC by preemergens, mode especially in wiev pont of fodder
and grain yield. After the treatment in question we got good result
in connection with second year's weed controlling and seedling
percentage too, 1st table.
T. R Carron, P. Morris, T.E. Evans, and M.P. Robbins.
AFRC Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan,
Abenstwyth, Dyed, SY23 3EB, Wales, U.K.
Introduction
Condensed tannins are polymers of flavan3,4diols joined
by 48 interflavan bonds with a flavan3ol at
the 4' terminal end, and these compounds are accumulated by many
plants, including many Lotus spp. The condensed tannin
of Lotus corniculatus is comprised of the flavan3,4diols
leucocyanidin and leucodelphinidin, which release cyanidin and
delphinidin upon acid hydrolysis.
L. corniculatus accumulates condensed tannins in its roots,
leaves, shoots and flowers. The levels of condensed tannin varies
between these tissues, and between different genotypes, and may
well be under developmental control, as is the case in other species
(Bell et al 1992). Agrobacterium rhizagenes transformed
L corniculatus is currently being used as a model system
for the study of, and genetic manipulation of, condensed tannin
biosynthesis (Morris and Robbins 1992, Robbins et al 1992,
Carron et al 1993) and a number of genotypes of L. corniculatus
have been selected and clonally micropropagated for transformation.
This study documents the detailed analysis of the tannin accumulation
in the green tissue of a transformed and a nontransformed
plant of one of the selected genotypes, s50.
Experimental
Growth of plants: Transformed and nontransformed plants
were grown in a transgenic growth room at 20°C with a 16
hr day.
Determination of condensed tannin levels in green tissue: To remove
the chlorophyll from the green tissue, between 200 and 400mg of
tissue was placed into a 15ml screw cap tube with 5 mls of 70%
ethanol and incubated at 80°C for 10 minutes. The 70% ethanol
was decanted off, and replaced with Smls of 100% ethanol and incubated
for a further 10 minutes at 80°C. The 100% ethanol was decanted
off and replaced with a further Smls of 100% ethanol an incubated
for a further 10 minutes. The ethanol was decanted off the tissue,
and the ethanol extracts were pooled.
The tannins were hydrolysed to anthocyanidins by incubating the
decolorised tissue with 2mls of butanol:HCl (95:5) at 100°C
for lbr. The butanol:HCI was allowed to cool, and the absorbance
spectrum determined between 400700nm. The absorbance due
to anthocyanidins at 550nm was determined by interpolating the
underlying curve, not part of the 550nm peak, and subtracting
the absorbance of this at 550nm from the total absorbance at 550nm.
This figure was used to calculate the tannin levels using an El%
value of 150 (Stafford and Cheng 1980).
Figure 1. Schematic diagramme
of a L corniculatus plant, genotype s50, showing
the distribution of condensed tannins in different tissues. Boxed
tables show the levels in leaves and stems of transformed (T),
and nontransformed (NT) plants. Tannin levels are grven
in µg Tanrun/g fresh weight tissue.
To estimate the levels in pooled extracts, the ethanol was driven
off by heating to 40°C with a compressed air flow in a Techne
SC3 sample concentrator, until only lml of sample remained. This
was made up to 5 mls with distilled water, and extracted three
times with an equal volume of hexane. The aqueous phase was the
reduced to dryness in at 40°C under air flow. The residue
was redissolved in 2rnls of Butanol:HC1 and the tannin determined
as above.
Tannin determinations from single leaves was performed as above
except that 1 ml aliquots of 70% and 100% ethanol were used, and
the hydrolysis was carried out in 1 ml of butanol: HCl.
The percentage percentage of the tannin was determined as described by Morris and Robbins (1992).
Fig 2. Graph showing the
amount of condensed tannin in individual bifoliate and
trifoliate leaves of a nontransformed plant of L. corniculatus.
Results
Tannin distributions in transformed and non transformed plants:
Two plants of the same genotype (s5O), one transformed with Agrobacterium
rhizogenes, and one non transformed, were analyzed. The stalks
of the plants were cut from the roots and sorted into seven size
categories based on the length of the stalk. These were, >60mm,
6
100mm, 10~160mm 160240mm, 240320mm,32~380mm, and >
380mm Three of these size categories, 6~100mm (80mm), 160240mm
(200mm), and 32~380mm (350mm)were subdivided. The 80mm category
was divided into stem an leaf; the 200mm category into upper half
and lower half, and then into stem and leaf; and the 350mm category
into upper third, middle third, and lower third, and then into
stem and leaf. Triplicate tannin determinations were performed
on all these categories.
Non of the ethanol extracts of these plants gave higher than background
optical density at 550nm after butanol hydrolysis, indicating
that they did not contain ethanol soluble condensed tannin. However,
other genotypes of L corniculatus have been shown to contain
ethanol soluble condensed tannins (data not shown). No significant
difference was found between the tannin levels in the and non
transformed plants in any of the categories measured. However
large differences were found between the different classes.
The greatest difference in levels was found between leaves and
stems. Leaves contained on average 30% of the tannin contained
in stem tissue, and also had a very different procyanidin content.
Leaf tannin on average consisted of 68% procyanidin, where as
stem tannin contained on average 27~o procyanidin. Tannin levels
also varied between the stems and leaves of different length stalks,
though the ratio of leaf tannin to stem tannin was consistent
across the different categories (Fig. 1).
Tannin levels in individual leaves of a stem of Lotus corniculatus:
Tannin analysis was performed on individual leaves of a 250mm
stem of a nontransformed plant of genotype s50, bifoliate
and trifoliate leaves were sampled separately. The analysis showed
that tannin levels varied greatly depending on the position of
the leaf. Highest tannin levels were found in the very young leaves
closest to the top of the stalk. Leaves positioned at the middle
of the stalk contained much less tannin than those at the top,
the tannin levels being undetectable in trifoliate leaves positioned
between 18 mm and 142mm. The leaves positioned at the base of
the stalk contained greater levels of tannin than those at the
middle though less than those at the very top (Fig. 2). This distribution
was also confirmed by vanillin/HCl staining (data not shown).
Discussion and Conclusions
The observation that the condensed tannin levels in transformed
and non transformed plants are comparable suggests that transgenic
L. comiculatus is a suitable system for the study of, and
genetic manipulation of, condensed tannin biosynthesis. However
as the tannin levels varied greatly between stem and leaf, and
between stems and leaves at different stages of development it
is important to ensure that any comparisons made are between equivalent
developmental stages, or between representative averages of all
developmental stages. The procyanidin content of leaf tannins
was very different from that of stem tannins. This indicates that
the tannins of leaves and stems have different compositions, and
suggests that the separate sampling of leaves and stems is essential
for the production of interpretable comparisons.
The condensed tannins in individual leaves of a single stalk also
varied greatly. The absolute tannin levels were much higher in
the young leaves close to the top of the stalk than in older leaves
toward the middle of the stalk, and this suggests that as a leaf
ages the absolute tannin level drops. This infers that the tannins
are either subject to catabolic turnover or are converted to compounds
which neither releases proanthocyanidins upon acid hydrolysis,
nor stain red with vanillin/HCl.
References
Bell AA, et al (1992). Chemistry, biological significance,
and genetic control of proanthocyanidins in cotton (Gossypium
spp.). In "Plant Polyphenols: synthesis, properties, significance".
Hemingway RW, Laks PE (eds). pp 5715g6.
Carron TR, et al (1993). Genetic manipulation of condensed
tannin biosynthesis in Lotus corniculatus. i) Heterologous antisense
dihydroflavonol reductase downregulates tannin accumulation
in "hairy root". cultures. To be submitted to Theor.
App. Genet.
Morris P, and Robbins MP (1992). Condensed tannin formation by
Agrobacterium rhizagenes transformed root and shoot organ
cultures of Lotus corniculatus. J.Erp.Bot 43:2221
Robbins MP, et al (1992). Transgenic Lotus corniculatus:
a model system for modification and genetic manipulation of
condensed tannin biosynthesis. In "Plant Polyphenols: synthesis,
properties, significance". Hemingway RW, Laks PE (eds). pp
111
Stafford HA, and Cheng TY.(1980) The procyanidins of douglas fir
seedlings, callus and cell suspension cultures derived from cotyledons
Phytochemistry 19:131
* Centro de Ecofisiolog$a Vegetal. Serrano 665. 1414 Buenos Aires.
Argentina. Fax: 5418567110
** Catedra de Farmacobotanica, Fac. de Farmacia y Bioquimica.
UBA. Jun~n 956. 1113. Buenos Aires. Argentina.
INTRODUCTION
In Argentina two species of the genus Lotus are used as
pasture legumes. L. tenuis has spread naturally on heavy
and alkaline soils, which may be flooded during a long time, whereas
L. corniculatus is sown on soils of higher fertility conditions.
Since both species are adapted to different environmental conditions,
it is very important to identify precisely the species seeds before
being sown. But it results very difficult to distinguish one species
seeds from the other one because their characteristics such as
size, shape, color or width are very similar.
Previous studies (Strittmatter et al. 1988,1990, 1991 and
1992) have demonstrated that the species present a different flavonoid
composition. While in L. tenuis free kaempferol (K) and
kaempferol30glucosyl70rhamnoside
(KGR) are proposed as chemosystematic markers (Strittmatter
et al., 1992), in L. corniculatus the presence of
K, quercetin and delfinidin is cited (Harney and Grant, 1964;
1965; Yay et al., 1978).
The aim of this study is to assess a quick and precise method
to discriminate precisely between seeds of both species based
on their flavonoid composition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Commercial seeds of L corniculatus. E1 Boyero and L.
tenuis cv. Chaja were subjected to chromosome number determination
to ensure they were not mixed.
Five 9 of each seed sample were ground and then extracted with
boiling water during 30 min.
Flavonoid compounds were isolated, purified and identified according
to standard procedures described in previous papers (Strittmatter
et al., 1988 and 1992).
RESULTS
The seeds of both species showed a high concentration of free
quercetin. Also the presence of its 30xiloside, 30glucoside
and 30galactoside were determined.
DISCUSSION
In previous papers Strittmatter et al. (1988, 1990, 1991
and 1992) have detected only kaempferol glycosides in L. tenuis
plants during its whole lifecycle. Therefore the presence
of quercetin glycosides in its seeds indicates that this species
show a different flavonoid metabolism in the plant in relation
to the seed.
L. corniculatus seeds synthesize quercetin glycosides as
L. tenuis, but this aglycone is also present in the plant
besides kaempferol and delfinidin.
These results show different pathways for the biosynthesis of
flavonol glycosides in the seed and plant of L. corniculatus
and L. tenuis.
As the seeds of both species produce the same 30glycosides
of quercetin it is still not possible to distinguish these seeds
by means of their flavonols.
REFERENCES
Harney, P.M. and Grant, W.F. (1964) A chromatographic study of
the phenolics of species of Lotus closely related to L.
corniculatus and their taxonomic significance. Amer. Jour.
Bot. 51 6, 621627.
Harney, P.M. and Grant, W.F. (1965) A polygonal presentation of
chromatographic investigations on the phenolic content of certain
species of Lotus. Canad. J. Genet. Cytol. 7, 4051.
Jay, M., Hasan, A., Voirin, B. and Viricel, M.R. (1978) Les flavonoides
du Lotus corniculatus. Phytochemistry 17, 827829.
Strittmatter, C.D., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M. and Gurni, A.A. (1988)
The identification of Lotus tenuis flavonoids. Lotus
Newsletter 19, 3436.
Strittmatter, C.D., Wagner, M.L.' Kade,and Gurni A.A. (1990) Identification
of Lotus tenuis flavonoidsPart II. Lotus Newsletter
21,(Waldst. et Kit.) 3134.
Strittmatter, C.D., Rivero, M., Wagner, M.L., Kade, M., Ricco,
R.A. and Gurni, A.A. (1991) In vivo and in vitro flavonoid
production in Lotus tenuis Waldst. et Kit. Newsletter
22, 1417.
Strittmatter, C.D., Wagner, M.L., (1992) Identification of Lotus
Flavonoids. Bioch. Syst. and Ecol. Kade, M. and Gurni,
L. tenuis (Waldst. et 20 ( 7), 685687.
The aim of this work was to analyze seed samples of some Lotus
spp with the purpose of recognize the fungal flora and determine
its effects on seed germination.
The seeds examined were of the following varieties: L. angustissimus
L., _. corniculatus L., L. krylovii Schischkin & Serg., L.
ornithopodioides L., L. palustris Willd., L. peregrinus L., L.
purshianus C1. & C1. and L. suavelons Pers. from the
area of Chascomus (Buenos Aires province, Argentina) and harvested
in 1991/92.
The tests were carried out by the blotter method following I.S.T.A.
technique (Neergaard, 1974). In this case 100 seeds of each specie
were tested. They were placed in Petri dishes on 3 layers of well
moistened absorbent paper and incubated during 7 days at a standard
temperature (20 + 1 °C) and humidity (7580 %) with
a 12 h
light/12 h darkness cycle including near ultraviolet light (12
h). After this period the observations were made under stereobinocular
microscope 640 X.
The number of seeds with the presence of several fungi, showing
mycelium and fructifications, were evaluated. With these values
the incidence of each organism on seed germination was determined.
For this the following formula was used:
N° total seeds 100
N° contaminated and no germinated seeds
Isolates were done from mycelium and/or fructifications. Morphobiometrical
characteristics of the reproductive structures were also studied.
For the fungi identifications were consulted the research work
of Barnett and Hunter (1972), Booth (1971), Graham and Zeiders
(1960), Graham and Luttrell (1961), Tiffany and Gilman (1954)
and Von Arx (1957).
The fungi recorded were:
| On L. angustlsslmus: | Alternaria sp Nees |
| Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.)Petr. | |
| Phoma sp Sacc. | |
| Stemphylium loti Graham |
| On L. corniculatus: | Alternaria sp |
| Colletotrichum trifolii Bain et Essary |
| On L. krylovii: | Alternaria sp |
| C. trifolii | |
| C dematium | |
| truncata (Schw.) Arx | |
| Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. |
| On L. ornithopodioides: | Alternaria sp |
| S. loti |
| On L. palustris: | C. dematium var. truncate |
| On L. peregrinus: | Alternaria sp |
| Cladosporium sp Link ex Fr. | |
| Phoma sp |
| On L. purshianus: | ----- |
| On L. suavelons: | ----- |
Table 1. Percentage of contaminated and no germinated seeds and incidence of the different fungi.
| Fungi | Samples | Germination incidence |
| Alternaria sp | L. angustissimus | 11 |
| L. corniculatus | 10,5 | |
| L. krylovii | 1 | |
| L. ornithopodioides | 0,4 | |
| L. peregrinus | 6 | |
| Cladosporium sp | L. peregrinus | 4 |
| Colletotrichum | L. krylovii | 3 |
| dematium var.truncata | L. palustris | 12,5 |
| C. trifolii | L. krylovii | 0,5 |
| L. corniculatus | 26 | |
| Fusarium equlset1 | L. krylovii | 3 |
| Leptosphaerulina trifolii | L. angustissimus | 2 |
| Phoma sp | L. angustissimus | 2 |
| L. peregrinus | 25 | |
| Stemphylium | L. angustissimus | 3,5 |
| loti | L. ornithopodioides | 0,5 |
The results show that there is a great variability in the pathogenicity
of one specific fungus related with every Lotus sp and
between the same Lotus sp respecting the different pathogen.
Barnett, H.L. and Hunter, B.B. (1972). Ilustrated Genera of Imperfect
Fungi. 3 ed. Burgess Publishing Co. 241 p.
Booth, C. (1971).The Genus Fusarium. CMI, Kew, Surrey,
England. 237 p.
Graham, J.H. and Luttrell, E.S. (1961). Species Leptosphaerulina on forage plants.
Phytopathology 51: 680693.
Graham, J.H. and Zeiders, K.E. (1960). Pathogenicity and Morphology
of some Leguminicolous and Related species of Stemphylium. Phytopathology
50: 757760.
Neergaard, P. t1974). Report on the Fourth Regional Workshop on Seed Pathology for Developing Countries, 16th
to 19th September, 1973. Danish Government Institute Seed Pathology for Developing Countries,
Copenhagen: 11-13.
Tiffany, L.H. and Gilman, J.C. (1954). Species of Colletotrichum
from legumes. Mycologia 46: 5275.
Von Arx, J.A. (1957). Die Arten der Gattung
Colletotrichum Cda. Phytopath. Z. 29: 413468.
Chao1, L., De Battista 2*, J.P., and Santinaque1, F.
1 Facultad de agronomia, Universidad de la Republica,
URUGUAY.
2 INTR EEA Concepcion del Uruguay, C.C. , (3260) C. del
Uruguay, Entre Rzos, Argentina
* Corresponding author.
Low persistence (35 years) of cultivated pastures is the
main forage production problem in the region. This is more critical
for the legume than for the grass component of the pasture. Although
many interacting factors (management, water stress, insects, and
pests) are involved in pasture plant losses, fungal diseases seem
to play a major role in these processes. Therefore, a high priority
has been assigned to the study of disease incidence on forage
legumes and its relation to legume persistence.
Lotus corniculatus L. i5 the main forage legume in West Uruguay
and Entre Rios Province ARGENTINA), used in more than 90% of the
seeded pastures.
By December 1991, a cooperative research project was established
between the agronomy Faculty, Republic's University, Paysandu,
Uruguay and INTA Agr. Exp. Stn. C. del Uruguay, Entre Rios, Argentina,
to study the incidence of diseases affecting L. corniculatus in
the region with the objective to use this information in the current
Lotus breeding program to develop and establish artificial selection
systems for tolerance and/or resistance to main diseases.
Plant samples (Z50500 plants/site) were obtained from ten
pastures representing different pasture ages and two soil types
: vertisols (Entre Rios) and argisols (Paysandu).
Plants were examined macroscopically and symptoms were described.
Each plant was cut longitudinally along the crown and root zone,
and vascular damage (crown and root rot) was classified according
to a 03 scale, where 0 = healthy tissue and 3 = + 70 X tissue
affected.
Isolations on artificial culture media were performed with plant
subsamples representing most common symptoms. Fungal colonies
were reisolated to obtain pure colonies which were used
to identify the fungi. ~ pure colony collection is maintained
at 4=C.
The information gathered after seven months reveals the importance
of crown and root rot affecting lotus pastures in the region.
Although this incidence, measured as frequency of plants , showing
symptoms, was larger on vertisols than argisols (73.7 vs 61.7
%), both values are high enough to consider crown and root rot
as the main disease in both soil types.
Five fungal pathogen genera with more than one species each, were
identified from the isolations (Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp.,
Phoma sp.' Stemphyllum sp., and Phomopsis sp. Among them, Fusarium
sp. accounted for more than 80 % of the isolations and the species
F. oxysporum for more than 75% of the cases. among the other genera,
Colletotrichum sp. was isolated in approximately 1 of the plants
showing symptoms.
Although these are preliminary results, the observed trend shows
in one hand the high incidence of crown and root rot in plants
apparently healthy at the aerial level, and in the other the prevalence
of one pathogen species (F. oxysporum) associated with this symptom.
In two successive years /1977 and 1978/ the same plants of birdsfoot
trefoil were studied. The repeatability of certain morphological
and anatomical pod traits in relation to the tendency to dehisce
and seed yield was determined. The studied traits of pods showed
a marked seasonal variation. In 1977 the pods were shorter, thicker
and with a smaller number of seeds, as compared to pods in 1978.
The length and thickness of pods of different plants varied significantly.
The repeatability of these traits was very high, particularly
that of the length.
During anatomical studies attention was paid to the thickness
of pericarp, sclerenchyma, and lignified sclerenchyma. The percent
of sclerenchyma in relation to the total pericarp thickness, as
well as the percent of lignified sclerenchyma were computed.
The differences among plant were significant only with regard
to the pericarp thickness. The remaining traits showed a high
variation resulting from a high variation of pods within a plant.
On the basis of variance components the proportion of genotypis
variation of the studied pod traits was computed.
A relation between the anatomical structure of pods and the yield
of seeds was discussed.
Published /Pl/ Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych, 1983,
z.258, 197204.
Maria Mos
In the first part of the work a general anatomic structure of
the pod of common birdsfoot trefoil /Lotus corniculatus L./ is
presented and the material investigated is characterized with
regard to the length thickness of pod and the number of seeds
in it. Schemes of the structure and its description have been
based on 171 microscopic preparations made from cross and longitudinal
section of the pod. In the second part structure of the pod is
analyzed in detail. Width of the pericarp and sclerenchyma of
57 pods of three birdsfoot trefoil varieties is presented. The
results obtained proved significant individual differences in
the pericarp and sclerenchyma width and a quick lignification
of fibers, what suggested the possibility of selectioning plants
with low susceptibility of pods to cracking. On the other hand,
no significant differences in the anatomic structure of pod between
particular varieties were observed
Published /P1/ Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych 1987,
z. 240, 20121a
The proportion of genotypic and topographical variation of seed
quality traits in 5 clones of birdsfoot trefoil of the Skrze-szowicka
variety calculated in two successive years. Significant genotypic
differences were observed with regard to the weight and number
of seed per 100 pods and 1000 seed weight. Effect of pod position
on the plant manifested itself with the weight and number of seeds
per 100 pods, germinating ability, and the percentage of hard
seed.
Published /P1/ Zeszyty Problemowe Postepow Nauk Rolniczych, 1989, z.382, 293298.
Part II. Variation of anatomical traits of pods depending their
position on the plant /Lotus corniculatus/
The topohysical variation in the anatomical traits in 6 clones
of Skrzeszowicka cv. of birdsfoot trefoil was determined for pods
harvested in the phase of green maturity. The pods were taken
from shoots where the full blooming of successive inflorescences
was determined and from shoots where these determinations were
not made. The criterion of the maturity degree was the number
of days from full blooming to harvest, this enabling to limit
24 times the variation of error.
The width of the seedvessel, sclerenchyma and lignified
sclerenchyma was measured. It increased in the successive levels
of inflorescences while the content of sclerenchyma and lignified
sclerenchyma was reversely proportional. Pods from successive
inflorescence levels significantly differed in their anatomical
traits. The investigated traits were most significantly affected
by the genotype / 47,773,2:% /, while the share of topophysical
variation was 10,6% and that of the habitat variation 0,4% of
the total variation.
Published /Pl/ Zeszyly Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej im. H. Kollataja
w Krakowie, nr 182, Rolnictwo, z.24, 133140.
Part III. Evaluation of various methods of testing resistance to pod dehiscence
/Lotus corniculatus L./
Using direct method, significant variation in the trait of pod
splitting was found in plants of three cultivars: Bursztyn Pulawska,
Skrzeszowicka; the factors which induced the splitting were variable
temperature and relative air humidity. The percentage of split
pods was 295. Using indirect methods, significant variation
was found among 6 clones of the Skrzeszowicka cv. in the width
of seedvessel sclerenchyma, lignified sclerenchyma and the
splitting forces which varied between 2,813,80 N. Clones
characterized by a wider seedvessels /from 291349,6µ
/ and a lower percent content of sclerenchyma /from 17,326,5%/
showed a lower percentage of split pods as compared with other
clones. The value of splitting force measurement in evaluating
the trait of pod cracking in birdsfoot trefoil was discussed.
Published /P1/ Zessyty Naukowe Akademii Rolniczej im. H. Kollataja w Krakowie, nr 182, Rolnictwo, z. 24, 141154.
The time and duration of flowering as well as the number of umbels,
shoots and pods per plant, lOOO seed weight, and percent of dehisced
pods were determined in three birdsfoot trefoil varieties Bursztyn,
Pulawska and Skrzeszowicka in two series of experiments, each
grown for three years, carried out in 19761979. The number
of umbels and pod per plants and the percent of dehisced pods
had a significant effect on the seed yield /r=0.40, 0.81, and
0.57 respectively/ These traits were modified by variation
of the population composition, weather conditions and plant age.
A high variability of these traits within varieties rendered differences
among varieties nonsignificant. In spite of a high variability
and weak repeatibility of the seed yield /rw =.27/ observed in
the studied populations as many as 3.3% /Bursztyn, Pulawska/ to
10.0% /Skrzeszowicka/of plants representing a high seed yield
and low pod dehiscence were sceened out. These results indicate
the correlation breakers may be found in birdsfoot trefoil populations
supplying initial material for breeding varieties resistant to
pod dehiscence.
Published /P1/ Acta Agraria et Silvestria, series Agrarla, vo1.XXII,
7587.
David A. Jones Department of Botany, 220 Bartram Hall, University
of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 326112009, USA
Over the years I have collected seeds from a number of Lotus
species in southern and southeast Europe in addition
to those Lotus corniculatus populations I have sampled
in western and northern Europe. I now need samples of seeds of
Lotus species collected from wild populations from sites
outside Europe.
I want to examine as many species and populations as I can for
cyanogenesis. Although others, especially Dr. W. F. Grant, have
examined many Lotus species for cyanogenesis, I want to
check those species that, up to now, have given only negative
results. It may be that they are acyanogenic in part of their
range and polymorphic elsewhere.
Please send seed samples to me at the address above.
It would be helpful if you were to include some description of
the location and habitat in which the plants were growing.
Due acknowledgment will be made in any publications arising from
work using materials that you have supplied.
TITI,E: POTATO RESPONSE TO LEGUME AND FERTILIZER NITROGEN SOURCES. (ENGLISH).
AUTHOR GRIFFIN, T.S. AND HESTERMAN, O.B
SOURCE: AGRONOMY JOURNAL. NOV/DEC 1991. V. 83 (6):
P. 1004 1012.
KEYWDS: SOLANUM TUBEROSUM; ROTATIONS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE; MELILOTUS; VICIA VILLOSA; ZEA MAYS; GREEN MANURES;
HAY; NITROGEN FERTILIZERS;APPLICATION RATES; CROP YIELD; TUBERS;
NITROGEN CONTENT; PLANT COMPOSITION; NUTRIENTUPTAKE NITROGEN;
MICHIGAN
PRODUCTION OF POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.)IN ROTATION
WITH AN N2 FLYING LEGUME REQUIRES BETTER INFORMATION
ON THE N CONTRIBUTION FROM THE LEGUME AND ON MANAGEMENT OF N FERTILIZER
FOLLOWING A LEGUME. OBJECTIVES OF TIHIS RESEARCH WERE TO: (I)
QUANTIFY N ACCUMULATION BY LEGUMES GROWN AS EITHER GREEN MANURE
OR HAY; AND (II) EVALUATE THE VINE AND TUBER YIELD RESPONSE OF
A SUBSEQUENT POTATO CROP TO LEGUME AND FERTILIZER N. WE ESTABLISHED
ROTATIONS AT`IWO MICHIGAN LOCATIONS IN 1987 ON MCBRIDE SANDY LOAM
(COARSELOAMY MLYED, FRIGID ALFIC FRAGIOTHODS) AND OSHTEMO
SANDY LOAM (COARSELOAMY, MIXED, MESIC TYPIC HAPLUDALFS).
FIRSTYEAR CROPS INCLUDED ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.), BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L ), AND RED CLOVER TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE
L.) GROWN AS BOTH GREEN MANURE (O HARVESTS) AND BAY TWO OR THREE
SEEDINGYEAR HARVESTS); NONDORMANT 'NITRO' ALFALFA
HAY; SWEETCLOVER (MELILOTUS SPP.) AND HAIRY VETCH (VICIA
VILLOSA ROTH) GREEN MANURES; CORN (ZEA MAYS L.); FALLOW; AND POTATO.
THE SECONDYEAR CROP WAS POTATO, FERTILIZED WITH 0, 75, 150,
OR 225 KG N/HA. PLOWDOWN N YIELD (PDN = FALL (HERBAGE + ROOT)
N + SPRING HERBAGE N) OF LEGUMES RANGED FROM 33 (FALLSEEDED
HAIRY VETCH) TO 238 KG N/HA (SWEETCLOVER), WITH THE PDN YIELD
OF ALFALFA, RED CLOVER, SWEETCLOVER AND SPRINGSEEDED HAIRY
VETCH GENERALLY EXCEEDING 150 KG HA1. SEEDINGYEAR
HARVEST OF LEGUMES TENDED TO HAVE LITTLE EFFECT ON PDN YIELD,
COMPARED TO A GREENMANURE CROP OF THE SAME SPECIES. POTATO VINE
DRY MATTER AND N CONTENT LATE IN THE SEASON WERE 61 TO 100 AND
75 TO 145% HIGHER, RESPECTIVELY, FOLLOWING LEGUMES THAN FOLLOWING
NONLEGUMES, BUT TOTAL AND MARKETABLE TUBER YIELDS WERE NOT
AFFECTED BY ROTATION AT EITHER LOCATION. FERTILIZER N RATE INCREASED
TOTAL MARKETABLE,AND CULL TUBER YIELD AT MRF, WITH OPTIMUM N RATES
OF ABOUT 120 AND 170 KG HA 1 FOR MARKETABLE AND TOTAL TUBER
YIELD, RESPECTIVELY. NITROGEN RATE HAD NO EFFECT ON TUBER YIELD
AT KBS, SUGGESTING THAT MOISTURE, NOT AVAILABLE N, LIMITEDTUBER
YIELD. THE DIFFERENCE IN VEGETATIVE AND TUBER YIELD RESPONSES
TO ROTATION INDICATES THAT LEGUME N EVENTUALLY BECAME AVAILABLE
TO THE POTATO CROP, BUT PROBABLY NOT EARLY ENOUGH IN THE GROWING
SEASON TO AFFECT TUBER INITIATION.
****************************
TITLE: LEGUME RESEARCH IN NORTH GEORGIA. (ENGLISH).
AUTHOR: HOVELAND, C.S.
SOURCE: PROGRESS REPORT, CLOVERS AND SPECIAL PURPOSE LEGUMES RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY. (PROG REP CLOVERS SPEC PURPOSE LEGUMES RES UNIV WIS DEP AGRON) 1989. V 22: P. 2830.
KEYWDS: TRIFOLIUM AMBIGUUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; PLANT
INTRODUCTION; CROP QUALITY; FORAGE; GEORGIA INCLUDES REFERENCES.
****************************
TITLE: POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDE TOLERANCE OF THREE FORAGE LEGUMES. (ENGLISH).
AUTHOR EVERS, G.W.
SOURCE: PROGRESS REPORT, CLOVERS AND SPECIAL PURPOSE LEGUMES RESEARCH UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY. (PROG REP CLOVERS SPEC PURPOSE LEGUMES RES UNIV WIS DEP AGRON) 1989. V 22: P. 5557.
***************************
TITLE: EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS/LOTUS ALPINUS POPULATIONS FROM FRENCH SOUTHWESTERN ALPS 111. CONCLUSIONS (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR JAY, M.; REYNAUD, J.; BLAISE, S.; CARTlER, D.
SOURCE: EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN PLANTS. (EVOL TRENDS PLANTS) DEC 1991. V. 5 (2): P. 157-160. JOURNAL ARTICLE, ENGLISH.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS; CYIOTAXONOMY; DIFFERENTIATION; EVOLUTION; PLANT PHYSIOLOGY; POLYPLOIDY; FRANCE
**********************************
TITLE: GENETIC NOMENCLATURE IN CLOVERS AND SPECIALPURPOSE UEGUMES. III LOTUS, LESPEDEZA, KUMMEROWIA, AND VICIA SPP.
AUTHOR BEUSEUNCK, P. R; MOSJIDIS, JJ~
SOURCE: CROP SCIENCE, (CROP sci JULY/AUG 1991. V. 31 (4): P. 871874. JOURNAL ARTICUE, ENGUSH
KEYWDS: LOTUS; LESPEDEZA; KUMMEROWIA; VICIA; GENE SYMBOLS; GENETICS; NOMENCLATURE; STANDARDIZATION; TRAITS; INHERITANCE, USA; QUALITATIVE T~TS
A COMPILATION AND REVISION OF GENE SYMBOLS FOR FOUR
FORAGE LEGUME GENERA, LOTUS, KUMMEROWIA, LESPEDEZA, AND VICIA
ARE PRESENTED. THESE GENERA INCLUDE ANNUAL AND PERENNIAL SPECIES
UTILIZED FOR THEIR HIGHQUAL~ HERBAGE. THE OBJECTWE WAS TO
PROVIDE GENETICISTS WORKING WITH THESE LEGUMES A SINGLE. UNIFORM
SOURCE OF GENETIC NOMENCLATURE. INCLUDING THE ASSIGNED SYMBOLS
FOR THE IDENTIFIED GENES OF THESE GENERA.
***************************************
TITLE: COMPARISON OF MIXTURES FOR REGENERATION OF A HILL PASTURE GRAZED BY SHEEP. NOTE 1: YIELD AND BOTANICAL COMPOSITION RESULTS (CONFRONTO TRA MISCUGLI PER LA RIGENERAZIONE Dl UN PASCOLO COLLINARE UTILIZZATO DA OVINI NOTA I RISULTATI PRODUTTIVI E COMPOSIZIONE FLORISTICA.) (LANG:IT, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR: BASSO F.;FALCO, E. DE;CARONE, F.;NIZZA, A.;POSTIGLIONE, L. INSTlTUTO Dl AGRONOMIA, UNIVERSITA OEGLI STUDI DELLA BASILICATA, 36100 POTENZA, ITALY.)
SOURCE:RIVISTA Dl AGRONOMIA 25 2, P195202, 12 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: SHEEP; GRAZING; GRASSLANDS; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION;
LOUUM PERENNE; MIXTURES; LEGUMES; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; DACTYLS
GLOMERATA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; GRASSES; HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM
POPULATION DYNAMICS IN FIELD TRIALS AT STIGLIANO,
ITALY IN 198488, DETERIORATED PASTURE AT 550 M ALT. WAS
(A) UNTREATED OR WAS SOWN (IN OCT. 1383) WITH THE FOLLOWING SPECIES
ML=URES: (B) LOLIUM PERENNE + FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA + MEDICAGO SATIVA;
(C) L. PERENNE + DACTYLS GLOMERATA + HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM; (D)
L. PERENNE + LOTUS CORNICULATUS + H. CORONARIUM; (E) D. GLOMERATA
+ TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM + M. SATIVA; pF) F. ARUNDINACEA + T.
SUBTERRANEUM + M. SATIVA. SWARDS WERE CUT FOR HAY IN SPRING 1384
WITH DM YIELDS OF 12.8, 15.0, 34.6, 32.4, 15.8 AND 1B.7 T/HA IN
(pB),(C),pD),(E) AND (F), RESP., AND GRAZING BY SHEEP COMMENCED
IN AUTUMN 1984. THE PROPORTION OF GRASS SPECIES TENDED TO INCREASE
IN ALL SWARDS WHILE THAT OF LEGUMES GENERALLY DECREASED FROM 1984
TO 1988 PROTEIN YIELDS AND LIVESTOCK FORAGE UNITS REACHED A MAX.
IN 1985 AND DECREASED THEREAFTER IN ALL SWARDS. ANNUAL RAINFALL
RECEIPTS ALSO DECREASED DURING THIS TIME.
*****************************************
TITLE: COMPARISON OF MIXTURES FOR REGENERATION OF A HILL PASTURE GRAZED BY SHEEP. NOTE 11: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, NUTRITIVE VALUE AND FORAGE UTILIZATION. (CONFRONTO TRA MISCUGLI PER LA RIGENERAZIONE Dl UN PASCOLO COLLINARE UTILIZZATO DA OVINI NOTA 11 COMPOSIZIONE CHIMICA, VALORE NUTRITIVO E UTILIZZAZIONE DEL FORAGGIO.) (LANG:IT, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR FERRARA. B.;LELLA, T. Dl;NIZZA, A.;PALO, R Dl;BASSO, F. (FACDLTA Dl MEDICINA VETERINARIA,UNIVERSITA Dl NAPOLI, NAPLES, ITALY.)
SOURCE: RMSTA Dl AGRONOMIA 2: 2, P203205, 10 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: LOLIUM PERENNE; ML=URES; LEGUMES; FESTUCA
ARUNDINACEA; DACTYLS GLOMERATA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; GRASSES
HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM;
GRASSLAND IMPROVEMENT; INTAKE; SHEEP CHEMICAL COMPOSITION;
CRUDE PROTEIN; FIBRE; MLYED PASTURES; UPLAND AREAS; COMPOSITION;
ITALY; NUTRITIVE VALUE
SHEEP IN TRIALS IN THE BASILICATA REGION, ITALY IN
198488. DEGENERATED HILL PASTURE WAS (A) UNTREATED OR WAS
SOWN WITH THE FOLLOWING SPECIES MLYTURES: (B) LOLIUM
PERENNE CV. VEJO + FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA CV. MANADE
+ MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. S. PASTORE; (C) L. PERENNE + DACTYLS GLOMERATA
CV DORA + HEDYSARUM CORONARIUM CV. ASCOLANA: (D) L. PERENNE
+ LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV FRANCO + H. CORONARIUM; (E) D. GLOMERATA
+ TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM CV. WOGENELLUP + M. SATIVA; (F) F. ARUNDINACEA
+ M. SATIVA + T. SUBTERRANEUM. SWARDS WERE CUT FOR HAY IN SPRTNG
1984 AND GRAZED BY SHEEP IN AUTUMN 1984, APR AND MAY 1985, APR
AND MAY l9S6 APR. MAY AND AUTUMN 1987 AND IN APR. l9S8.
AVERAGED OVER YEARS, CP CONTENT WAS 136, 173, ;7S, 171, 200 AND
186 G DM IN (A)(B)(C),(D),(E) AND (F), RESP., WITH CORRESPONDING
NDF VALUES OF 57S. S29, 522 535, 472 AND 509 G. CP CONTENT
DECREASED FROM 1984 TO 1988. OVER THE S YEAR PERIOD, TOTAL CONSUMPTION
OF DM, CP AND FU FOR MILK PRODUCTION WERE GREATEST IN (C) AND
LEAST IN (A).
******************************************
TITLE: INITIAL OBSERVATIONS ON PERENNIAL AND ANNUAL SELFRESEEDING SPECIES FORORGANIZING FORAGE CAINS IN MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENTS. (PRIME OSSERVAZIONI SUSPECIE PERENNI ED ANNUE AUTORISINANTI IN VISTA DELLA ORGANIZZAZIONE Dl CATENE Dl
FORRAGUMENTO IN AMBIENTI. LANG:IT, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR BULLIITA, S. ;FALCINELLI, U.;LORENZETTI, S. ;NEGRI, V.;PARDINI, A. PIEMONTESE, S.;POR0UEDDU, ·, GGERO, P. P.;TALAMUCCI, P.;VERONESI, F. (CENTRO Dl STUDI SU; MIGLIORAMENTO DELLA PRODL TTIVITA DEI PASCOLI, CNR SASSARI, ITALY.)
SOURCE: RMSTA Dl AGRONOMU 25: 2 P22022S; 9 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS : MEDICAGO PO LYMO RPHA; EC OTYPES ; ITALY; SEED OUTPUT: MEDICAGO ARABI CA;MEDICAGO RIGIDULA; TRIFOLIUM NIGRESCENS; TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM; TRIFOLIUMRESUPINATUM; TRIFOLIUM CAMPESTRE; YIELDS; SEASONAL VARIATION; PRODUCTION POSSIBILITIES; LOLIUM PERENNE; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; MEDICAGO SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM REPENS;LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LOTUS TENUIS
IN FIELD TRIALS IN l9S789 AT PERUGIA (HUMID,
COLD WINTER3, GROSSETO (SUBHUMIDCOLD WINTER ) AND SASSARI
(SEMIARID. MILD WINTER), PURE STANDS OF MEDICAGO POLYMORPHA (2
ECOTYPES). M. RIGIDULA (2), M ARABICA (3), TRIFOLIUM NIGRESCENS
(1), T. SUBTERRANEUM (4), T. RESUPINATUM (3), T. CAMPESTRE (3),
T. REPENS (4), LOTUS CORNICULATUS (4), L. TENUIS (3), M. SATIVA
(1), DACTYLIS GLOMERATA (1) AND LOLIUM PERENNE (1 ECOTYPE) WERE
EVALUATED. HIGHEST SEED YIELDS IN 1988 WERE 2.06 T/HA IN T. SUBTERRANEUM
(SGRTLLA MANCIANO ECOTYPE), 1.17 T IN T. RESUPINATUM(PESCARINA
ECOTYPE) AND 1.76 T IN T. RESUPINATUM (TUORO ECOTYPE) AT PERUGIA,
GROSSETO AND SASSARI, RESP. CORRESPONDING HIGHEST SEED YIELDS
IN 19S9 WERE 0.74 T IN T. RESUPINATUM (S. MANCIANO), 1.02 T IN
T. RESUPINATUM (S. MANCIANO) AND 0.41 T/HA IN M. POLYMORPHA (ICARDA).
HIGHEST TOTAL DM YIELDS IN 1988 WERE 9.60 T IN L. CORNICULATUS
(SARSINA), 23.77 T IN L. PERENNE AND 13.84 T/HA IN M. SATIVA AT
PERUGL\, GROSSETO AND SASSARI. RESP.; CORRESPONDING HIGHEST YIELDS
IN 1989 WERE 10.95 T IN L. TENUIS (ANCONA), 18.11 T IN L. CORNICULATUS
(SARSINA) AND 12.26 T IN M. SATIVA. DATA ON SEASONAL DM PRODUCTION
ARE GIVEN. SIMPLE FORAGE CHAINS ARE SUGGESTED FOR EACH LOCATION
IN ORDER TO EXTEND SPRING AND AUTUMN AND INCREASE SUMMER FORAGE
AVAILABIL~. L. CORNICULATUS (SAN MARINO) + L. TENUIS (ANCONA)
+ M. SATIVA (CASALINA) + T. SUBTERRANEUM (SGRTLLA MANCIANO) +
L. CORNICULATUS (SARSINA1 + D. GLOMERATA (CESARINA) ANOM. POLYMORPHA
(CAPOLIVERI) + M. SATIVA (CASALINA) + D. GLOMERATA (CESARINA)
WERE SUGGESTED FOR PERUGIA, GROSSETO AND SASSARI, RESP.
******************************************
TITLE: PALATABILITY EXAMINATION OF GRASSES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR BARCSAK, Z.;KISPAL, T. (UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 2103 GOOOLLO, HUNGARY.)
SOURCE: SOILGRASSLANDANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS. PROCEEDINGS OF 13TH GENERAL MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN GRASSLAND FEDERATION, BANSKA BYSTRICA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, JUNE 2529, 1990, VOLUME 2 (EDITED BY GABORCIK, N.; KRAUCOVIC, V.; ZIMKOVA, M.). BANSKA BYST~CA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA; GRASSLAND RESEARCH INSTITUTE: P281284, 6 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: LOLIUM PERENNE; PALATABILITY; CATTLE; SHEEP; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; POA PRATENSIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA; FESTUCA RUBRA; PHLEUM PRATENSE; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; BROMUS INERMIS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CORONILLA VARIA; GRAZING BEHAVIOUR; GRASSES; LEGUMES; ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM; PALATABILITY; TARAXACUM OFFICINALE; PLANTAGO MAJOR
THE PALATABIUTY OF LOLIUM PERENNE, FESTUCA PRATENSIS,
POA PRATENSIS, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, BALDINGERA (PHALARIS) ARUNDINACEA,
F. RUBRA, PHLEUM PRATENSE, F. ARUNDINACEA, BROMUS INERMIS TRIFOLIUM
REPENS, LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND CORONILLA VARIA WAS ASSESSED ON
PURE STANDS GIVEN 0, 100 OR 200 KG N/HA USING CATTLE, AND A SIMILAR
TRIAL ON A SPECIESRICH GRASSLAND WAS CONDUCTED WITH OESOPHAGEALLY
FISTULATED SHEEP. CATTLE GRAZING IN SPRING TO A HEIGHT OF 520
CM PREFERRED B.INERMIS, D. GLOMERATA, P. PRATENSIS AND P. PRATENSE
AND AVOIDED P. ARUNDINACEA AND F. ARUNDINACEA. AT A HEIGHT OF
3040 CM IN LATE MAY, B. INERMIS, P. PRATENSIS, P. PRATENSE
AND T. REPENS WERE PREFERRED AND THE SAME SPECIES AND D. GLOMERATA
WERE AVOIDED. PALATABILITY WAS NOT AFFECTED BY N RATE. APART FROM
THE GRASSES AND LEGUMES, SHEEP FOUND ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM, TARAXACUM
OFFICINALE AND PLANTAGO MAJOR PALATABLE.
****************************
TITLE: EFFECT OF ROTATIONAL GRAZING PERIOD ON HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY OF SOWN PASTURESAND ON WEIGHT GAINS OF SHEEP. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR LINGORSKI, V. TOTEV, T.;KOEV, K. (INSTITUTE OF UPLAND STOCKBREEDING AND AGRICULTURE, 5600 TROYAN, BULGARIA)
SOURCE: SOILGRASSLANDANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS.
PROCEEDINGS OF 13TH GENERAL MEETING OF THE EUROPEAN GRASSLAND
FEDERATION, BANSKA BYSTRICA, CZECHOSLOVAKLL JUNE 2529, 1990,
VOLUME 2 REDITED BY GABORCIK, N. KRACOVIC, V. ZIMKOVA, M.). BANSKA
BYS=ICA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA; GRASSLAND RESEARCH INSTITUTE: P294297,
5 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: CONFERENCES; EUROPEAN GRASSLAND FEDERATION: SHEEP GRAZING SYSTEMS;ROTATIONAL GRAZING; LIVE WEIGHT GAIN; GRAZING TIME; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION;GRASSLANDS; GRAZING; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; DIETS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; DACTYLISGLOMERATA; FESTUCA RUBRA
THE EFFECT WAS INVESTIGATED, IN THE 197881 PERIOD, OF THE DURATION OF SHEEP GRAZINGPERIOD WITHIN ROTATIONAL GRAZING ON THE PRODUCTMTY, BOTANICAL AND CHEMICALCOMPOSITION AND FODDER VALUE OF A SOWN LOTUS CORNICULATUS, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE,DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND FESTUCA RUBRA SWARD AND ON THE LIVE WEIGHT GAIN OF SHEEP.ANNUAL FW YIELD WAS SHOWN TO BE UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED: GRAZING CYCLE 1, 31.8,; 11 29 2,; 111,19.1,; IV, 10.3, AND V, 9.6,. MAX. YIELD FOR THE GRA21NG SEASON WAS 28.17 T/HA WITH 6D GRAZING IN A PADDOCK GRAZING DURATION IN THE PADDOCB HAD LITTLE EFFECT ON THE BOTANICAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSI~IION OR NUTRITIVE VALUE OF THE HERBAGE. MA,C AV. SHEEP LMEWEIGHT GAIN FOR THE GRAZING SEASON WAS 17.37 KG WlTH 6D GRAZING PERIODS IN A PADDOCK
*****************************
TITLE: ASSOCIATION ARRHENATHERETUM ELATIORIS BRAWN
1915 ON FLOOD BANB OF THE RIVER DANUBE. (ASSOCIACIA ARHENATHERETUM
ELATIORIS BRAWN 1915 NA PRDTIPOVODNOVYCH HRADZACH DUNA~A.) (LANG:SK,
EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR SPANIKOVA, A. (BOTANICKY USTAV SAV, 842 23 BRATISLAVA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.)
SOURCE: BIOLOGIA (BRATISLAVA):46: 5, P435441, 7 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: ARRHENATHERUM ELATORIS; PLANT COMMUNITIES;
BROMUS HORDEACEUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM
PRATENSE; FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; GRASSLANDS; FLOODPLAINS;
CZECHOSLOVAKIA
PLANT COMMUNITIES OF THE ASSOCIATION ARRHENATHERETUM
ELATIORIS WHICH HAS DEVELOPED FROM SOWN GRASSLAND ON THE FLOOD
BANB OF THE RIVER DANUBE WERE STUDIED. THREE SUBASSOCIATIONS KNOWN
FROM NATURAL SITES WERE RECOGNIZED. ARRHENATHERETUM ELATIORIS
TYPICUM WITH ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS AND BROMUS HORDEACEUS, BROMETOSUM
ERECTI WITH BROMUS ERECTUS AND SALVIETOSUM PRATENSIS WITH SALVIA
PRATENSIS, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE
FESTUCA PRATENSIS AND F. RUBRA WERE WELL REPRESENTED IN THESE
SPECIESRICH PLANT COMMUNITIES.
*****************************
TITLE: EFFECT OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS ON YIELD OF
FLOODPLAIN MEADOWS IN THE LIELUPE RIVER VALLEY. (LANG:RU)
AUTHOR VILTSANE, S. A, (LATVIAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE
OF AGRICULTURE, SKRIVERI, LATVIA.)
SOURCE; UDOBRENIE POLEVYKH KUL'TUR V SISTEME INTENSIVNOGO
ZEMLEDELIYA (EDITED BY SHTIKANS. YU. A.) RIGA, LATVIA; ZINATNE:P172178,
1990.
KEYWDS: ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS; FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN;
USE EFFICIENCY PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM; FESTUCA PRATENSIS;
DACTYLIS GLOMERATA LATHYRUS PRATENSIS; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; POPULATION
DYNAMICS; MINERAL UPTAKE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION;CRUDE PROTEIN;
BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; GRASSLANDS; APPLICATION; NUTRIENT UPTAKE;
PLANT NUTRITION IN TRIAILS IN 1984. 1985 AND 1987 IN THE LIELUPE
RIVER FLOODPLAIN VALLEY, MEADOWS DOMINATED BY ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS,
FESTUCA PRATENSIS AND DACTYLIS GLOMERATA AND ALSO CONTAINING LATHYRUS
PRATENSIS AND LOTUS ULIGINOSUS WERE GIVEN NO FERTILIZER OR 135225
KG N, 90150 KG P AND 45225 KG K/HA APPLIED IN DIFFERENT
COMBINATIONS. APPLICATION OF 225 KG N + 150 KG P + 225 KG K/HA
GAVE THE HIGHEST AV. YIELDS OF 12.09 T DM, 7089 FU AND 1.91 T
CP/HA, COMPARED WITH 93 T, 3591 FU AND 0.7 T, RESP., WITHOUT FERTILIZERS.
INCREASING NPK RATES INCREASED HERBAGE CP CONTENTEFFECTS
OF THE TREATMENTS ON BOTANICAL COMPOSITION IN TERMS OF GRASSES,
LEGUMES AND FORBS, N, P AND K UPTAKE AND COEFF. OF UTILIZATION
OF FERTILIZER NUTRIENTS ARE DESCRIBED.
******************************
TITLE: EFFECT OF THE BEGINNING OF GRAZING ON YIELD OF A SOWN PASTURE IN THE FOOTHILL REGIONS OF CENTRAL NORTHERN BULGARIA. ~ANG:BG RU, EN(SUMM)J
AUTHOR LINGORSKI. V.;TOTEV, T. V.;KOEV K,TANKOV,
K (INSTITUTE OF UPLAND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND AGRICULTURE, TROYAN,
BULGARIA )
SOURCE: RASTENIEV'DNI NAUKI:27: 8, P4247,~
11 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: DACTYLIS GLOMERATA CUTTING; FESTUCA RUBRA;
LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE: GRAZING; SHEEP
IN RAINFED TRIALS IN THE TROYAN REGION OF THE CENTRAL
BALKAN MOUNTAIN RANGE WITH A SOWN PASTURE COMPOSED OF DACTYLIS
GLOMERATA/FESTUCA RUBRA/LOTUS CORNICULATUS/TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE.
THE TREATMENTS WERE (A) GRAZING (2 CYCLES) BY SHEEP IN 1984 (ESTABLISHMENT
YEAR) AND GRAZING (5 CYCLES) IN 1985 AND 1986 (CONTROL), (B),
MOWING ON THE 1ST OCCASION AND GRAZING ON THE 2ND IN 1984 AND
GRAZING IN 1985 AND 1986, (C) MOWING TWICE IN 1984 AND GRAZING
IN 1985 AND 1986 AND (D) MOWING THE 1ST GROWTH IN 1984 AND THE
1ST REGROWTH IN 1985 AND GRAZING FOR OTHER CYCLES IN ALL YEARS.
TREATMENTS W. (B), (C) AND (D) GAVE AV. YIELDS OF 22.42, 30.30,
34.32 AND 33.32 T FRESH FODDER AND 5.52, 7.33, 8.61 AND 8.32 T
DM/HA, RESP., INDICATING THAT MOWING IN THE ESTABLISHMENT YEAR
AND GRAZING IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS GAVE THE HIGHEST YIELDS.
*******************************
TITLE: EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER, CUTTING FREQUENCY, AND COMPANION LEGUME ON HERBAGE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY OF FOUR GRASSES. (LANG:EN, FR(SUMM))
AUTHOR FAIREY, N. A. (AGRICULTURE CANADA RESEARCH STATION, BEAVERLODGE, ALBERTA TOH 0C0, CANADA.)
SOURCE; CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE:71: 3, P7l7725, 11 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: BROMUS INERMIS; CUTTING FREQUENCY; BROMUS
BIEBERSTEINII; PHLEUM PRATENSE; ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS FERTILIZERS;
NITROGEN MLYTURES LEGUMES; MEDICAGO SAT1VA: GRASSES;
TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BROMUS INERMIS CV. CARLTON,
B. BIEBERSTEINII CV. REGAR, PHLEUM PRATENSE CV. CLIMAX AND ALOPECURUS
PRATENSIS CV. OREGON WERE GROWN ALONE OR IN BINARY MLYTURES WITH
MEDICAGO SATIVA CV PEACE, TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM CVDAWN OR LOTUS
CORNICULATUS CVCREE WITH OR WITHOUT 150 KG N A AND CUT TWICE
OR 4 TIMES EACH YEAR IN FIELD TRIALS AT BEAVERLODGE RESEARCH STATION
IN 1986 88 WITH 2 CUTS/YEAR AND NO N APPLICATION, HERBAGE
PRODUCTIVITY OF EACH GRASS WAS GREATER WHEN THE GRASS WAS GROWN
IN ASSOCIATION WITH M. SATIVA THAN WHEN GROWN ALONE OR WITH T.
HYBRIDUM OR L. CORNICULATUS. CUTTING MORE THAN TWICE A YEAR IN
COMBINATION WITH N APPLICATION REDUCED HERBAGE PRODUCTMTY IN THE
FOLLOWING ORDER B. INERMIS, B BIEBERSTEINII, P. PRATENSE, A. PRATENSIS.
B. INERMIS YIELDS WERE ALMOST HALVED WHILE A. PRATENSIS YIELDS
WERE ALMOST UNAFFECTED THIS EFFECT WAS CONSISTENT REGARDLESS OF
COMPANION LEGUME. UNDER NONLIMITING SOILN CONDITIONS,
HERBAGE PRODUCTIVITY AND N CONCN WERE CONTROLLED MORE BY THE ADAPTATION
OF EACH GRASS AND CUTTING FREQUENCY THAN BY SPECIES COMPOSITION
OF THE SEEDING MLYTURE. WITHOUT SUPPLEMENTARY N APPLICATION, M.
SATIVA WAS THE MOST SUITABLE COMPANION LEGUME TO INCREASE THE
PERFORMANCE OF EACH GRASS TESTED.
*********************************
TITLE: INTERACTION OF THE RATE OF P AND K FERTILIZATION ON THE YIELD RESPONSE OF THREE FORAGE LEGUME SPECIES. ~ANG EN, FR(SUMM))
AUTHOR ZEBARTH, B. J.;SHEARD, R W. (RESEARCH STATION, AGRICULTURE CANADA, AGASSLZ, B.C. VOM lA0, CANADA.)
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE:71: 3, P877880, 6 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; FERTILIZERS: PHOSPHORUS POTASSIUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; YIELDS; MODELS; APPLICATION; LEGUMES
A RESPONSE SURFACE MODEL USED TO STUDY THE INTERACTION BEIWEEN K AND P FERTILIZER RATE ON MEDICAGO SATIVA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND TRIFOUUM PRATENSE YIELDS IS PRESENTED. THE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT THE SOIL TEST CALIBRATION RECOMMENDATIONS DEVELOPED FOR P OR K ON FORAGE LEGUMES ARE RELATIVELY INSENSITIVE TO THE RATE OF THE OTHER NUTRIENT APPLIED.
***********************************
TITLE: GEOGRAPHIC DlSTRIBUTION OF SCOPARIUS. (LANG EN)
FLOWER MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN SUBSPECIES OF LOTUS
AUTHOR STEPPAN, S. J. (DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY, SAN
DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY, SAN DIEGO, CA 92182, USA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY 1S 3, P321331, 45 REF.: 1991
KEYWDS: LEGUMINOSAE; MAPS; DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS;
LOTUS SCOPARIUS; GEOGRAPHY; WIDE HYBRIDIZATION; FLOWERS; CLINKS;
LOTUS SCOPARIUS; FLOWERS; MORPHOLOGY; DISTRIBUTION; USA; CAUFORNIA
THE 2 PRINCIPLE SUBSPECIES ARE PARAPATRICALLY DISTRIBUTED
FROM LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNL\, TO EL ROSARIO, BAJA CALIFORNIA.
WITHIN SAN DIEGO COUNI~, SUBSP. SCOPARIUS OCCURS 1530 KM
FROM THE COAST, WHILE SUBSP. BREVIALATUS OCCURS FURTHER INLAND
IN THE WESTERN EDGE OF THE COLORADO DESERTTHE 2 SUBSPECIES
MEET IN A COMPLEX TRANSITION ZONE, FROM 1 TO 10 KM WIDE, TRENDING
PARALLEL TO THE COASTLINE. FLOWER MORPHOLOGY IS THE ONLY KNOWN
CHARACTERISTIC DISTINGUISHING THE 2 SUBSPECIES AND THEIR PUTATIVE
HYBRID. DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF THE 3 TYPES USING 9 MORPHOLOGICAL
VARIABLES PROVIDED A UNIVARIATE MEASURE ALONG A SCOPARIUSBREVIALATUS
CONTINUUM THAT EXPLAINED 94, OF THE INTERPOPULATION VARIANCE.
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION SCORES WERE REGRESSED AGAINST SPATIAL COORDINATES
AND DISTANCE TO THE MIDPOINT OF THE TRANSITION ZONE. BOTH ANALYSES
SHOWED A WEAK NORMAL CLINK AMONG SUBP. SCOPARIUS POPULATIONS WITH
THE AXIS OF VARIATION PERPENDICULAR TO THE TRANSITION ZONE. IN
CONTRAST, AMONG SUBSP. BREVIALATUS THE MOST SCOPARIUSLIKE
POPULATIONS WERE FURTHEST FROM THE TRANSITION ZONE. NO CUNE WAS
DTECTEDCTED WITHIN THE TRANSITION ZONE. CANONICAL CORRELATION
ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT ELEVATION, ANNUAL RAINFALL AND GROWING SEASON
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION WERE MODERATELY CORRELATED WITH THE DISTINGUISHING
FLOWER TRAITS. HOWEVER AMONG TRANSITION ZONE SITES NO
PARTITIONING OF THE ENVIRONMENT WAS EVIDENT.
*********************************
TITLE: PLANT REGENERATION FROM CALLUS AND PROTOPLAST CULTURES OF LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS CAV. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR PUPILLI, F.; ARCIONI, S.; DAMIANI, F.; PEZZOTTI, M. (CENTRO Dl STUDIO PER IL MIGLIORAMENTO GE NETICO DELLE PIANTE FORAGGERE DEL CNR, BORGO XX GIUGNO 74, 06100 PERUGIA, ITALY)
SOURCE: PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE:23:3, PlS3lSS; 19 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: FODDER LEGUMES; BIOTECHNOLOGY; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; TISSUE CULTURE; PROTOPLASTS; 2,4D; IAA; BENZYLADENINE; KINETIN; ROOTING, LOTUS UUGINOSUS; TISSUE CULTURE; MICROPROPAGATION
PLANT REGENERATION FROM LEAF AND COTYLEDONDERIVED
CALLUSES AND FROM PROTOPLASTDERIVED TISSUE HAS BEEN OBTAINED IN
L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. UUGINOSUS). CALLUS INDUCTION WAS ACHIEVED
WITH 2,4D AND PLANT REGENERATION REQUIRED THE FOLLOWING
2 MEDIA SE0UENCES; BUD FORMATION WAS STIMULATED BY ~A AND BENZ~DENINE
AND SHOOT GROWTH BY KINETIN. ROOT FORMATION OCCURRED IN THE PRESENCE
OF L`A. COTYLEDON PROTOPLASTS SHOWED A LOW PLATING EFFICIENCY
AND PLANT REGENERATION WAS ACHIEVED VIA AN INTERVENING CALLUS
PHASE.
**************************************
TITLE: EFFECTS OF HERBICIDE SPRAY DRIFT ON SELECTED SPECIES OF NATURE CONSERVATION INTEREST: THE EFFECTS OF PLANT AGE AND SURROUNDING VEGETATION STRUCTURE. (LANG ENGLISH)
AUTHOR MARRS, R H.; FROST, A. U.; PLANT, R A. (NERC, INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY MONKS WOOD EXPERIMENT STATION, ABBOTS RIPTON, HUNTINGDON, CAMBS PE17 2LS, UK.)
SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUI1ON:69 23, P223236, 18 REF.; 1391.
KEYWDS: ENVIRONMENT: DIGITALIS PURPUREA; BIOASSAYS;
LEDNTODON HISPIDUS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LYCHNIS FLOSCUCULI;
PRIMULA VERIS; HERBICIDES; DAMAGE; DRIFT;GLYPHOSATE; MCPA; MECOPROP
TO INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF HERBICIDE DRIFT ON VEGETATION
IN NATURE RESERVES AND FIELDMARGIN HABITATS, BIOASSAY EXPERIMENTS
SIMULATING SPRAY DRIFT WERE CARRIED OUT WITH DIGITALIS PURPUREA,
LEDNTODON HISPIDUS, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, LYCHNIS FLOSCUCULI
AND PRIMULA VERIS PLACED UP TO 4 M DOWNWIND FROM A SPRAYER THE
HERBICIDES USED WERE GLYPHOSATE, MCPA AND MECOPROP AND THE SURROUNDING
VEGETATION STRUCTURE WAS SHORT, MEDIUMHEIGHT AND TALL GRASSLAND.
MANY PLANTS SHOWED SYMPTOMS OF DAMAGE AFTER SPRAYING BUT DID NOT
SUFFER A SIGNIFICANT GROWTH REDUCTION AT THE END OF THE SEASON.
WHERE A REDUCTION IN YIELD WAS FOUND, IT OCCURRED CLOSE TO THE
SPRAYER IN GENERAL, YOUNG PLANTS WERE MORE OFTEN AFFECTED THAN
OLD ONES, WHILE THE STRUCTURE OF THE SURROUNDING VEGETATION INFLUENCED
THE RESPONSE FOR SOME SPECIES.
*************************************
TITLE: IS THERE RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS? (ENG)
AUTHOR KAKES, P. VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT, AMSTERDAM, THE NETHERLANDS :HAELVOORT, H.
SOURCE: PHYTOCHEMISTRY. (PHYTOCHEMISTRY) MAY 1992. V. 31 (5): P. 15011505. OXFORD: PERGAMON PRESS.; 1992.
KEYWDS: ARTOCARPUS; BRASSICA OLERACEA; ESCHSCHOLZIA
CALIFORNICA; HEVEA BRASILIENSIS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MANIHOT ESCULENTA;
SORGHUM BICOLOR; THIOSULFATE SULFURTRANSFERASE; ENZYME ACTMTY;
CYANOGENESIS, ARTOCARPUS LANCEIFOLIUS
IN VIEW OF THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF RHODANESE IN THE
HCN DETOXIFICATION OF CYANOGENIC PLANTS, A METHOD TO MEASURE LOW
RHODANESE LEVELS IS PROPOSED. AS THE SPONTANEOUS FORMATION OF
THIOCYANATE CAN MIMIC LOW LEVELS OF RHODANESE ACTMTY, THE INFLUENCE
OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE REACTION MIXTURE ON THE SPONTANEOUS
THIOCYANATE FORMATION WAS STUDIED. THE PROPOSED METHOD WAS USED
TD STUDY RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN CYANOGENIC AND ACYANOGENIC GENOTYPES
OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND TRIFOLIUM REPENS. AS THE ACTIVITY IN
THESE SPECIES WAS LOW, WE STUDIED A NUMBER OF OTHER SPECIES IN
WHICH RHODANESE WAS REPORTED EARLIER. IN ALL CASES VERY LOW RHODANESE
ACTIVITY WAS FOUND. NO RELATION BETWEEN CYANOGENESIS AND RHODANESE
ACTIVITY WAS FOUND. THE POSSIBLE CAUSES OF THE DISCREPANCIES BETWEEN
OUR RESULTS AND MOST OTHER AUTHORS ARE DISCUSSED AND THE POSSIBILITY
RAISED THAT RHODANESE ACTIVITY IN PLANTS IS DUE TO THE ACTION
OF OTHER ENZYME(S).
**************************************
TITLE: NOMENCLATURAL NOTES FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA. VII. (ENG)
AUTHOR KARTESZ, J.T. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL, NC; GANDHI, K.N.
SOURCE: PHYTOLOGL~ (PHYTOLOGIA) AUG 1991. V. 71 (2): P. 87100. HUNTSVILLE, TEX.: MICHAEL U.WARNOCK; 1991.
KEYWDS: RUELLIA; LEGUMINOSAE; NEW COMBINATION; NOMENCLATURE: TAXONOMY: FLORIDA; NORTH CAROLINA, RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS VAR CINERASCENS, COMB. NOV.,CHAMAECRISTA NICTITANS VAR PATELLARIA, COMB. NOV.,LOTUS UNIFOLIOLATUS VAR. HELLERI, COMB. NOV.
**************************************
TITLE: NITROGEN FERTILIZATION OF TALL FESCUEBIRDSFOOT TREFOIL MLYTURES. (ENG)
AUTHOR HOVELAND, C.S. UNIV. OF GEORGIA, ATHENS, GA ;RICHARDSON, M.D.
SOURCE: AGRONOMY JOURNAL. (AGRON ~ JULY/AUG 1992. V. ~ (4): P. 621627. MADISON, WIS.: AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY.; 1992.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CROP MLYTURES; FESTUCA
ARUNDINACEA; NITROGEN FERTILIZERS; APPLICATION RATES; CROP YIELD;
DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION; NITROGEN FIXATION; PASTURES; GRASSLAND
MANAGEMENT; MOUNTAIN AREAS; CLIMATIC ZONES: GEORGIA,PIEDMONT AREAS
IN MLYTURES WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.), TALL FESCUE (FESTUCA
ARUNDINACEA SCHREB.) GROWTH DURING EARLY SPRING AND AUTUMN IN NORTH GEORGIA IS
LIMITED. A STUDY WAS CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE IF SUPPLEMENTAL
N FERTILIZER COULD EXTEND THE PRODUCTIVE SEASON OF TALL FESCUEBIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL MLYTURES. FIELD EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED FOR 3 YR IN
THE MOUNTAIN AND PIEDMONT REGIONS OF GEORGIA. MIXTURES GROWN INCLUDED
'AU TRIUMPH' TALL FESCUE WIIH 'FERGUS' OR 'AU DEWEY BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL AND TALL FESCUE ALONE, ALL WITH N RATES OF 0, 56, OR 112
KG/HA IN FEBRUARY, OR 56 KG/HA IN FEBRUARY AND SEPTEMBER THE GRASSLEGUME
MLYTURE AT O N HAD TOTAL FORAGE YIELDS SIMILAR TO TALL FESCUE
+ 112 KG N/HA. SPRING PRODUCTION OF TALL FESCUEBIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL MIXTURES WAS INCREASED 50 TO 114% WITH 56 KG N/HA.
AUTUMN PRODUCTION WAS INCREASED 80 TO 200% WITH 56 KG N/HA IN
SEPTEMBER THE N CONCENTRATION OF NONNFERTILIZED TALL
FESCUE INCREASED 24% WHEN GROWN WITH BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. APPARENT
N2 FLYATION OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL GROWN WITH TALL FESCUE RANGED
FROM 79 TO 137 KG N/HA DURING A GOOD RAINFALL YEAR BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
APPARENTLY DID NOT FIX SUFFICIENT N FOR COOL SEASON GROWTH OF
TALL FESCUE, SO THAT APPLICATION OF N IN FEBRUARY AND AGAIN IN
SEPTEMBER EXTENDED THE PRODUCTIVE SEASON OF TALL FESCUEBIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL MLYTURES.
*****************************************
TITLE: GOAT HERBIVORY AND PLANT PHENOLOGY IN A MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLAND OF NORTHERN BAJA CALIFORNIA.
AUTHOR GENIN, D.;BADANDANGON, A. (CICESE, ENSENADA, MEXICO.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS:21: 1, P113121, 32 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: LOTUS SCOPARIUS; INTAKE; GOATS; MATURITY
STAGE; ERIOGONUM FASCICULATUM; ERIOGONUM WRIGHTII; ARTEMISIA CALIFORNICA;
MALACOTHAMNUS FASCICULATUS; RHUS INTEGRIFOLL\, VIGUIERA LACINIATA;
CNEDRIDIUM DUMOSUM; ERODIUM CICUTARIUM; BROMUS RUBENS; BROMUS
MADRITENSIS; DIETS; SELECTION; BROWSE
MONTHLY OBSERVATIONS OF DIET SELECTION BY A FORAGING
HERD OF GOATS, AND OF THE PHENOLOGY OF THE SPECIES SELECTED, WERE
MADE IN A SEMIARID AREA IN N. MEXICO DURING JULY 1987~JUNE 1989.
STUDIES USING THE BITECOUNT METHOD INDICATED THAT THE SHRUBS
LOTUS SCOPARIUS, ERIOGONUM FASCICULATUM, E. WRIGHTII, ARTEMISIA
CALIFORNICA, MALACOTHAMNUS FASCICULATUS, RHUS INTEGRIFOLLA, VIGUIERA
LACINIATA AND CNEDRIDIUM DUMOSUM, PLUS HERBS, MADE UP ABOUT 80%,
OF THE GOATS' DIET, ALTHOUGH 27 OTHER SPECIES WERE CONSUMED OCCASIONALLY.
HERBS (INCLUDING GRASSES), PRINCIPALLY ERODIUM CICUTARIUM, BROMUS
RUBENS AND B. MADRITENSIS, WERE THE PREFERRED DIET WHEN THEY WERE
AVAILABLE. FIVE PHENOLOGICAL STAGES FOUND ANNUALLY IN THE PLANT
COMMUNITIES WERE CLOSELY RELATED TO THE FEEDING PATTTERNS OF THE
GOATS, WITH FLOWERING HERBS DOMINATING DURING THE WET SEASON,
A DIVERSIFIED GROUP OF SPECIES CONTRIBUTING DURING THE TRANSITION,
AND VERY SPECIFIC SHRUBS, USUALLY BEARERS OF DRIED PODS OR PLANTS
WITH DELAYED PHENOLOGY, SUSTAINING THE GOATS DURING THE DRY SEASON.
IN GENERAL, LEAF INITIATION AND FLOWERING WERE THE MOST PREFERRED
PHENOLOGICAL STAGES. FEEDING BEHAVIOUR WAS UNRELATED TO THE PROTEIN
CONTENT OF THE DIFFERENT PHENOLOGICAL STAGES. SUCH CLOSE LINKS
BETWEEN THE FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF RUMINANTS AND THE PHENOLOGICAL
STAGES OF PLANT COMMUNITIES HAVE PROFOUND IMPLICATIONS IN RANGE
MANAGEMENT, IN MEETING THE NUTRITIONAL BUDGETS APPROPRIATE TO
THE ANIMALS, AND IN THE STUDY OF RANGEPLANT CONSERVATION
ASPECTS, PARTICULARLY THE EVOLUTION OF PLANT POPULATIONS UNDER
VARIOUS INTENSITIES OF STRESS.
*****************************************
TITLE: COMPARISON BETWEEN THREE PROCEDURES FOR INDMDUAL PLANT SELECTION IN LOTUS
SPP. (COMPARACAO ENTRE TRES PROCEDIMENTOS NA SELECAO DE PLANTAS INDMDUAIS EM LOTUS SPP.) (LANG:PT, EN~SUMM) )
AUTHOR OLIVEIRA, J. C. P.;PAIM, N. R;FRIES, L. A.
(ESTACAO EXPERIMENTAL ZOOTECNIA DE SAO GABRIEL, CALYA POSTAL 18,
CEP 97300 SAO GABRIEL, RS, BRAZIL.)
SOURCE: PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA BRASILEIRA 25: 7, P955961, 15 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: LEGUMINOSAE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ARTIFITIAL SELECTION; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS
TWO POPULATIONS, ONE COMPRISING 200 PLANTS OF L.
CORNICULATUS AND THE OTHER 200 OF L. ULIGINOSUS, WERE EVALUATED
FOR MEAN GROWTH RATE IN HEIGHT, DIAM~11;R AND CIRCUMFERENCE,
DRY MATTER (DM) PRODUCTION, SEED PRODUCTION AND FLOWERING INITIATION.
TIHE DATA WERE USED TO COMPARE 3 PROCEDURES OF STRATIFIED MASS
SELECTION: (1) CHOICE OF PLANTS ACCORDING TO THE DATA, (2) CHOICE
ACCORDING TO A SELECTION INDEX (\NHICK TAKES ACCOUNT OF TOTAL
DM PRODUCTION, SEED PRODUCTION AND DAYS U) FIRST FLOWERING) AND
(3) SELECTION BY MEANS OF A COMPUTER GENERATED INDEX INCORPORATING
MEAN GROWTH RATES IN HEIGHT, DIAMETER AND CIRCUMFERENCE, SEED
PRODUCTION AND DAYS TO FLOWERING. PROCEDURES (2) AND (3) ALLOWED
BETTER DISCRIMINATION OF SIMILAR PLANTS THAN (1).
**************************************
TITLE: ELECTROPHORETIC SEED PROTEIN BANDING PATTERNS AS GENETIC RESOURCE
DESCRIPTORS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR FORDE, M. B.;GARDINER S. E. (DSIR GRASSLANDS, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES THROUGH IN VITRO METHODS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE MNCPGR/CSC INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON TISSUE CULTURE FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY AND PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES HELD IN KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA, 2831 MAY 1990 (EDITED BY ZAKRI, A. H.; NORMAH, M. N.; KARIM, A. G. A.; SENAWI, M. T.; KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA; FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA AND MALAYSIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE ON PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES:P95108, 12 REF.;l991.
KEYWDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY; TECHNI0UES; FODDER PLANTS; SEEDS; CONFERENCES; CONSERVATION OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES THROUGH IN VITRO METHODS; TRIFOLIUM MICHELIANUM;GENETIC RESOURCES; PROTEINS; ASTRAGALUS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; VICIA SATIVA; LOLIUM; TRIFOLIUM; DESCRIPTORS
SDSPAGE OF SEED PROTEINS, USED SUCCESSFULLY
IN CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION, HAS BEEN APPLIED TO PLANT GENETIC
RESOURCES TO DETECT MISIDENTIFICATIONS, CHECK THAT ACCESSIONS
RETAIN THEIR IDENTITY AFTER MULTIPLICATION, SURVEY THE AMOUNT
OF VARIATION, LOOK FOR REDUNDANCIES IN GERMPLASM COLLECTIONS,
ESTIMATE GENETIC AFFINITY OF SPECIES AND POPULATIONS, AND PRODUCE
ATLASES OF SPECIES BANDING PATTERNS. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN OF THE
USE OF SDSPAGE IN WORK WITH TRIFOLIUM MICHEUANUM, ASTRAGALUS,
LOTUS CORNICULATUS, VICIA SATIVA, LOUUM AND CAUCASUS CLOVERS.
*************************************
TITLE: USAGE OF CLOVER MLYTURES UNDER DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS. (UPLATNENI SMESEK UETELOVIN V ROZDILNYCH EKOLOGICKYCH PODMINKACH.) (LANG:CS, EN, DE, RU (SUMM))
AUTHOR TUREK, F.;KUNCL. L. (ZEMEDELSKA FAKULTA, UIHOCESKA UNIVERZITA, 370 05 CESKE BUDEUOVICE, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.)
SOURCE: SBORNIK VYSOKA SKOLA ZEMEDELSKA V PRAZE, AGRONOMICKA FAKULTA V CESKYCH BUDEUOVICICH, FYTOTECHNICKA RADA:8: 1, P1537, 35 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: TRIFOUUM PRATENSE MLYTURES LEGUMES TRIFOUUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; GRASSES; LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM; PRECIPITATION; SEASONAL VARIATION; CLIMATE; COMPARISONS; CZECHOSLOVAKIA
IN SMALLPLOT TRIALS IN 198187 AT 4 SITES
(380580 M ALT.), THE PRODUCTIVITY OF TRIFOUUM PRATENSE MLSTURES
WITH T. HYBRIDUM, T. HYBRIDUM + LOTUS CORNICULATUS, L. CORNICULATUS,
T. REPENS, MEDICAGO SATIVA OR LOLIUM MULTIFLORUM WAS COMPARED.
DATA ARE PRESENTED IN TERMS OF YEARS WITH (A) A STEPPETYPE
CUMATE FOR THE 1ST 2 CUTS AND FAVOURABUE CONDITIONS FOR A 3RD
CUT, (B) YEARS FAVOURABUE THROUGHOUT THE GROWING SEASON AND (C)
YEARS FAVOURABLE FOR THE 1ST 2 CUTS BUT WITH INSUFFICIENT PRECIPITATION
FOR THE 3RD CUT. AV. DM YIEUDS FOR 1A), (B) AND (C) WERE 8.2,
14.1 AND 11.4 T, RESP. FULL YIELD DATA OF THE TURES ARE G~EN FOR
THE 2ND YEAR OF GROWTH.
************************************
TITLE: QUALITY OF FODDER FROM GRASS/UEGUME MLYTURES. ~VAUTA PICK UETELOVINOTRAVNICH SMESEK) (LANG:CS, EN, DE, RU(SUMM))
AUTHDR KUNCL L.;TUREK F. (ZEMEDELSKA FAKULTA, UIHOCESKA UNIVERZITA, 370 05 CESKE BUDEDOVICE, CZECHOSLOVAKLA~)
SOURCE: SBORNIK VYSOKA SKOLA ZEMEDELSKA V PRAZE, AGRONOMICKA FAKULTA V CESKYCH BUDEUOVICICH, FYTOTECHNICKA RADA:8: 1, P39~4, 24 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: TRIFOUUM PRATENSE; MLYTURES; LEGUMES; TRIFOUUM HYBRIDUM; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOUUM REPENS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOUUM MULTIFLORUM; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DRY MATTER; NITROGEN; CRUDE PROTEIN; ASH; PHOSPHORUS: CALCIUM; POTASSIUM; MAGNESIUM; SODIUM; NITRATES; COMPARISONS; CZECHOSLOVAKIA; MLYED PASTURES
COMPOSITION IN FIELD TRIALS IN 198587 AT 5 SITES (380590 M ALT.), THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HERBAGE WAS COMPARED FOR MLKIURES OF TRIFOUUM PRATENSE WITH T. HYBRIDUM, T. HYBRIDUM + LOTUS CORNICULATUS. L. CORNICULATUS, T. REPENS, MEDICAGO SATIVA AND LOUUM MULTIFLORUM. T. PRATENSE WAS ALSO GROWN ALONE. DATA ARE GIVEN ON HERBAGE DM, N COMPOUNDS, CP, ASH, P, K, CA, MG, NA AND NITRATE CONTENTS.
****************************************
TITLE: AN EXAMINATION OF VEGETATIVE AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH HABITS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO SEED YIELD IN 'GRASSLANDS MAKU' LOTUS (LOTUS ULIGINOSUS SCHK.).(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR TABORA, R S.:HILL, M. J. (SEED TECHNOLOGY CENTER, MASSEY UNIVERSITY, PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED SEED PRODUCTION:9: P715, 17 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; SEED PRODUCTION; NEW ZEALAND; MORPHOLOGY; GROWTH; TRANSLOCATION; SOURCE SINK RELATIONS; YIELD COMPONENTS
GROWTH ANALYSIS OF LOTUS ULIGINOSUS CV. GRASSLANDS
MAKU WAS CONDUCTED IN POTS BURIED TO GROUND LEVEL IN AN OPEN FIELD
TO INVESTIGATE THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS WHICH MAY LIMIT
SEED YIELD POTENTIAL. IN ADDITION TO THE CROP'S LONG INDETERMINATE
FLOWERING AND POD SHATTERING, ONE MAJOR FACTOR INFLUENCING SEED
YIELD WAS THE COMPETITION WHICH DEVELOPED BETWEEN VEGETATIVE AND
REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH FOR PHOTOSYNTHETIC ASSIMILATE. THE PLANT CONTINUOUSLY
PRODUCED NEW MAIN SHOOTS WHICH, ALONG WITH THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
OF LATERAL SHOOTS, CUMULATIVELY ADDED TO THE DENSE VEGETATIVE
CANOPY DURING THE EARLY SUMMER BECAUSE OF INCREASING DAYLENGTH
AND TEMPERATURE. INTENSE LATERAL BRANCHING OCCURRED AT THE SAME
LOCATIONS WHERE UMBELS ULTIMATELY APPEARED IN NOV. INTENSIVE VEGETATIVE
AND REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH CONTINUED SIMULTANEOUSLY DURING THE FLOWERING
MONTHS [DEC. AND JAN.). AS A RESULT, PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPENSATION
BECAME IMPORTANT AND WAS EXPRESSED IN FLOWER BUD, FLORET AND POD
ABORTION WHICH DECREASED POTENTIAL SEED YIELD. MAIN SHOOTS WHICH
ORIGINATED IN THE PERIOD FROM SEP. TO DEC. CONTRIBUTED MOST TO
SEED YIELD. OTHER DETAILS OF THE MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE
PLAN'T ARE ALSO DISCUSSED.
***************************************
TITLE: EFFECT OF LOWDOSE N FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON SOWN GRASSLAND RICH IN LEGUMES. (ECISADAGU NTRAGYAZAS HATASA PILLANGOSOKBAN GAZDAG TELEPITETT GYEPEN.) (LANG:HU,EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR BANSZKI, T. (AGRARTUDOMANYI EGYETEM, 4015 DEBRECEN, HUNGARY.)
SOURCE: NOVENYTERMELES:40: 5, P453445, 10 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: FESTUCA PRATENSIS; MIXTURES; LEGUMES; POA
PRATENSIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; BROMUS INERMIS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS;
GRASSES; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS;
POTASSIUM; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; GRASSLANDS
A SOWN FESTUCA PRATENSIS, POA PRATENSIS, DACTYLIS
GLOMERATA, BROMUS INERMIS, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS
SWARD ON CHERNOZEM WAS GIVEN 60150 KG N/HA IN 1 OR 2 DOSES
(EXCEPT FOR THE LOWEST RATE) + 50 KG P205 + 100 KG K20 OR NO NPK
ANNUALLY IN 198690. AVERAGE DM YIELDS WERE 4.52 T/HA WITH
NO FERTILIZER, 4.68 T WITH PK ONLY AND REACHED A MAXIMUM OF 8.06
T WITH 150 KG N IN SPLIT DOSES + PK. YIELDS INCREASED WITH INCREASE
IN N RATE. AT THE 150 KG N RATE, THE PERCENTAGE OF GRASS IN THE
SWARD REACHED MAXIMUM AVERAGE VALUES OF 7479, AND LEGUMES
LOWEST AVERAGE VALUES OF 5 10,, BUT AFTER 5 YEARS THE PERCENTAGE
OF LEGUMES WAS ONLY 23,. AS THE PERCENTAGE OF LEGUMES IN
THE SWARD WAS REDUCED BY N APPLICATION, THE PERCENTAGE OF N IN
THE YIELD DERIVED FROM NONFERTILIZER SOURCES DECREASED TO
6671, OF THAT IN THE PKONLY TREATMENT. HERBAGE N,
P, CA AND MG CONTENTS DECREASED AS N RATE INCREASED. LOW N RATES
OF 60 OR 90 KG/HA (APPLIED BEFORE THE 1ST CUT) WERE RECOMMENDED,
GMNG YIELDS OF 6.26 AND 6.75 T DM/HA, RESPECTIVELY.
***************************************
TITLE: CONTROL OF BRACKEN AND THE RESTORATION OF HEATHLAND. I. CONTROL OF BRACKEN.(LANG:EN)
AUTHOR LOWDAY, J. E.; MARRS, R H. (INSTITUTE OF TERRESIRL`L ECOLOGY, MONKS WOOD EXPERIMENTAL STATION, ABBOTS RIPTON, HUNTINGDON PE17 2LS, UK.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY: 29: 1, P195203, 39 REF.; 1992.
KEYWDS: GRASSLANDS; HEATHLAND; WEED CONTROL; HERBICIDES;
CUTTING; RESOWING; CALLUNA VULGARIS; FESTUCA OVINA; PTERIDIUM
AQUILINUM; CONTROL; ASULAM; HOLCUS LANATUS; ESTABLISHMENT; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; RUMEX ACETOSELLA; CALLUNA VULGARIS; PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM;
UK; FESTUCA OVINA; CONTROL; CHEMICAL CONTROL; PHYSICAL CONTROL;
CULTURAL CONTROL; ASULAM; CU'ITING; CULTURAL CONTROL; OVERSOWING
IN TRIALS IN THE BRECKLAND REGION (SUFFOLK/NORFOLK BORDER), UK
IN IO7888 ON CALLUNA WLGARIS HEATHLAND AND GRASS (DOMINATED
BY FESTUCA OVINA) HEATHLAND SITES, BRACKEN (PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM)
WAS NOT TREATED, WAS CUT ONCE OR TWICE/YEAR FROM 197884,
WAS TREATED WITH 4.4 KG ASULAM/HA IN 1978 WITH OR WITHOUT CUT~NG
ONCE/YEAR IN 197984 OR WAS TREATED WITH 4.4 KG ASULAM IN
1978 AND 1979. BRACKEN CONTROL TREATMENTS WERE IMPLEMENTED WITH
OR WITHOUT SOWING 20,000 C. VULGARIS SEEDS/M2 AT THE C. WLGARIS
SITE AND WITH OR WITHOUT SOWING A ML=URE OF HOLCUS LANATUS, FESTUCA
SPP. (MAINLY F. OVINA), LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND RUMEX ACETOSELLB
(AT 5000, 10000, 600 AND 4400 SEEDS/M2, RESPECTIVELY. IN 198588
BRACKEN CONTROL MEASURES WERE CONTINUED OR STOPPED, THUS ALLOWING
BRACKEN RECOVERY. NO TREATMENT ERADICATED BRACKEN COMPLETELY,
ALTHOUGH ALL HAD SOME CONTROL. ASULAM WAS THE MOST EFFECTIVE TREATMENT
IN THE 2 YEARS AFTER TREATMENT, BUT BRACKEN RECOVERED RAPIDLY
THEREAFTER YEARLY CUTTING REDUCED BRACKEN FRONDS BY 70%, AND CUTIING
TWICE YEARLY BY 90%,. AFTER CU=ING WAS STOPPED, BRACKEN RECOVERED
RAPIDLY ON PLOTS CUT YEARLY, BUT MORE SLOWLY WHERE IT WAS CUT
TWICEYEARLY. REAPPLICATION OF ASULAM PRODUCED A SIMILAR
RESPONSE TO THE INITIAL APPLICATION, WITH A RAPID DECREASE FOLLOWED
BY RECOVERY. HEATHLAND AT THE C. WLGARIS SITE TOOK 6 YEARS TO
REACH MA~MUM BIOMASS LEVELS, AND SOWING DID NOT AFFECT BIOMASS.
ON THE GRASS HEATH, VEGETATION DEVELOPED MUCH FASTER ON THE SOWN
PLOTS WHERE BRACKEN WAS ALSO CONTROLLED. AT BOTH SITES, CUTTING
APPEARED TO ACCELERATE VEGETATION ESTABLISHMENT, PROBABLY BECAUSE
OF UTTER DISTURBANCE. AT THE GRASS HEATH SITE, VEGETATION DEVELOPMENT
SUPPRESSED BRACKEN RECOVERY 5~ YEARS AFTER TREATMENT STARTED,
WHEN THERE WAS A MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IN GRASS BIOMASS BETWEEN UNSOWN
AND SOWN PLOTS. THE REUEVANCE OF THESE RESULTS TO BOTH CONSERVATION
MANAGEMENT AND THE ASSESSMENT OF BRACKEN DISTRIBUTION AND ENCROACHMENT
ARE DISCUSSED.
*****************************************
TITLE: CONTROL OF BRACKEN AND THE RESTORATION OF HEATHLAND. 11. REGENERATION OF THE HEATHLAND COMMUNITY. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR MARRS, R H.; LOWDAY, U. E. (INSTITUTE OF TERR ECOLOGY, MONKS WOOD EXPERIMENTAL STATION, ABBOTS RIPTON,
SOURCE: JOURNALOFAPPUEDECOLOGY:29: 1,P204211,
18REF.; 1992.HUNTINGDON PE17 2LS, UK.)
KEYWDS: DICRANUM SCOPARIUM; GALIUM SAXATILE; GRASSLANDS; HEATHLAND; WEED CONTROL: HERBICIDES CUTTING; RESOWING: CALLUNA WLGARIS; FESTUCA OVINA: PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM; CONTROL; ASULAM; ESTABLISHMENT; HOLCUS LANATUS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; RUMEX ACETOSELLA; DESCHAMPSIA FLEXUOSA; INVASION; CAREX ARENARIA; CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEUOS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS; CALLUNA WLGARIS; PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM; UK; FESTUCA OVINA, CONTROL; CHEMICAL CONTROL; PHYSICAL CONTROL; CULTURAL CONTROL; ASULAM; CUTTING;
OVERSOWING IN TRIALS IN THE BRECKLAND REGION (SUFFOLK/NORFOLK
BORDER), UK IN 197888 ON CALLUNA WLGARIS HEATHLAND AND GRASS
(DOMINATED BY FESTUCA OVINA) HEATHLAND SITES, BRACKEN (PTERIDIUM
AQUILINUM) WAS NOT TREATED OR WAS CUT ONCE OR TWICE/YEAR FROM
197884, WAS SPRAYED WITH 4.4 KG ASULAM/HA IN 1378 WITH OR
WITHOUT CUTI1NG ONCE/YEAR IN 197884, OR WAS GIVEN 4.4 KG
ASULAM IN 1978 AND 1979. THE BRACKEN CONTROL WAS IMPLEMENTED WITH
OR WITHOUT SOWING 20,000 C. WLGARIS SEEDS/M2 AT THE C. WLGARIS
SITE AND WITH OR WITHOUT SOWING A ML~TURE OF HOLCUS LANATUS, FESTUCA
SPP. (M}UNLY F. OVINA), LOTUS CORNICULATUS AND RUMEX ACETOSELLA
(AT 5000, 10 000, 600 AND 4400 SEEDS/M2, RESPECTIVEL~. BRACKEN
CONTROL WAS EITHER CONTINUED FROM 198588 OR WAS DISCONTINUED
ALLOWING BRACKEN RECOVERY. ON THE GRASS HEATH, 13 SPECIES WERE
RECORDED IN THE 10 YEARS BUT F. OVINA (SOWN) AND DESCHAMPSIA FLEXUOSA
(COLONIZED NATURALLY) WERE DOMINANT. AFTER 10 YEARS, D. FLEXUOSA
WAS CODOMINANT ON MANY PLOTS. ON THE CALLUNA HEATH, 13 VASCULAR
AND THREE BRYOPHYTE SPECIES WERE FOUND. THE SOWN SPECIES CALLUNA
WAS FOUND MAINLY ON SEEDED PLOTS, ESPECIALLY WHERE THE BRACKEN
WAS CUT. AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS, DICRANUM SCOPARIUM AND GAUUM SAXATILE
WERE MOST ABUNDANT ON PLOTS WHERE THE BRACKEN WAS CUT TWICE YEARLY.
OTHER SPECIES APPEARED INDEPENDENT OF TREATMENT, REFLECTING LOW
ABUNDANCE, UBIQUITOUS DISTRIBUTIONS, OR CLUMPED DISTRIBUTIONS.
CAREX ARENARIA AND CALAMAGROSTIS EPIGEUOS INVADED IN LARGE PATCHES
WHERE COVER OF OTHER HEATH SPECIES WAS NEGUGIBUE. MOST OF THE
SPECIES COLONIZING THE RESTORED AREAS HAD HIGHER ELLENBERG NITROGENINDICATOR
VALUES THAN THE DOMINANT HEATHLAND SPECIES, INDICATING THAT SOIL
FERTILITY MAY BE TOO HIGH FOR SUCCESSFUL HEATHLAND RESTORATION.
THE RESULTS ARE DISCUSSED IN RELATION TO PRACTICAL CONSERVATION
MANAGEMENT AND VEGETATION DYNAMICS.
****************************************
TITLE: CONTROL OF BRACKEN AND THE RESTORATION OF HEATHLAND. III. BRACKEN L1TI'ER DISTURBANCE AND HEATHLAND RESTORATION. (ENG)
AUTHOR LOWDAY, O.E.:MARRS, R H.( INSTITUTE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY MONKS WOOD EXPERIMENTAL STATION, ABBOTS RIPTON, HUNTINGDON PE1Z 2LS, UK.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY 2S 1, P212217, 14 REF.; 1992. KEYWDS: LITTER (PLANT); GRASSLANDS; HEATHLAND; WEED CONTROL; HERBICIDES; C~NG; RESOWING; MANUAL WEED CONTROL; REMOVAL; PLANT RESIDUES; CALLUNA WLGARIS; FESTUCA OVINA; PTERIDIUM AQUILINUM CONTROL; ESTABLISHMENT HOLCUS LANATUS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; RUMEX ACETOSELLA; ASULAM; PLAN COMPETITION; CALLUNA WLGARIS; PTERIOIUM AQUILINUM; UK; FESTUCA OVINA; CONTROL; CHEMICAL CONTROL; PHYSICAL CONTROL; CULTURAL CONTROL; ASULAM: ROTARY CULTIVATION; CUI7ING; OVERSOWING
IN TRIALS IN THE BRECKLAND REGION (NORFOLK/SUFFOLK
BORDER1 UK IN 197888 ON CALLUNA WLGARIS HEATHLAND AND GRASS
HEATHLAND (DOMINATED BY FESTUCA OVINA) SITES, BRACKEN (PTERIDIUM
AGUILINUM) WAS SPRAYED WITH 4.4 KG ASULAM/HA IN AUG. 1978. THETHE
LITTER WAS UNDISTURBED, ROTARY CULTIVATED INTO THE MINERAL LAYERS
OF THE SOIL, BURNED, OR REMOVED BY R\KING. BRACKEN CONTROL TREATMENTS
WERE IMPLEMENTED WITH OR WITHOUT SOWING 20000 SEEDS OF C. WLGARIS/M2
ON THE CALLUNA HEATHLAND AND WITH OR WITHOUT SOWING A MLYTURE
OF HOLCUS LANATUS, FESTUCA SPP ( MAINLY F. OVINA), LOTUS CORNICULATUS
AND RUMEX ACETOSELLA (AT 5000, 10000, 600 AND 4400 SEEDS/M2, RESPECTIVELY1
ON THE GRASS HEATHLAND. BRACKEN REGROWTH WAS REMOVED BY HANDPULLING
FRONDS 3 TIMES/YEAR IN 197986. AT BOTH SITES, LITTER DISTURBANCE
INCREASED THE SPEED OF COLONIZATION AND SUBSEGUENT DEVELOPMENT
OF THE SOWN HEATHLAND SPECIES. AT THE CALLUNA SITE, LITTER REMOVAL
WAS THE MOST EFFECTIVE TREATMENT. AT BOTH SITES THE RAPID ESTABLISHMENT
OF THE SOWN SPECIES REDUCED NATURAL COLONIZATION OF OTHER SPECIES.
AFTER 11 YEARS, BRACKEN REINVASION WAS REDUCED 1520 M AWAY
FROM SURROUNDING DENSE BRACKEN EDGES AT THE GRASS HEATH. THE IMPLICATIONS
OF THE RESULTS FOR CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT AND HEATHLAND RESTORATION
ARE DISCUSSED.
**************************************
TITLE: EFFECT OF GRAZING INTENSITY ON SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATES IN ROOTS AND REGROWTH OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. (EFECTO DE LA INTENSIDAD DE PASTORED SOBRE LOS CARBOHIDRATOS SOLUBLES EN RAICES YELREBROTE DE LOTUS CORNICULATUS L.) (LANG:ES, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR ASSUERO, S. G.; ESCUDER C. U.; ANDRADE, F.; FERNANDEZ, D.; FERNANDEZ, H.
SOURCE: INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE TECNDLOGIA AGROPECUARIA, EEA BALCARCE, 7620 BALCARCE, ARGENTINA.3 REVISTA ARGENTINA DE PRODUCCION ANIMAL: 10: 6, P4434S3 21 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOTS; COMPOSITION; CARBOHYDRATES; REGROWTH; GRAZING INTENSITY; SHEEP; GRAZING; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; COMPOSITION; GRAZING INTENSITY
SHEEP IN TRIALS AT BALCARCE, ARGENTINA IN JAN.SEP. 1988, L. CORNICULATUS SWARDS (ESTABLISHED IN SPRING 1987) WERE NOT GRAZED, OR GRAZED BY SHEEP FROM 26 JAN. TO 29 APR TO MAINTAIN SWARD HEIGHTS OF pB) 15 CM OR (C) 7 CM. ROOT NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT WAS DETERMINED MONTHLY EXCEPT FOR JULY, FROM 3 FEB. TO 21 SEP. ALL PLOTS WERE CUT IN LATE AUG. TO A HEIGHT OF 2.5 CM AND REGROWTH WAS DETERMINED. ROOT WEIGHT/0.04 M2 WAS LOWER IN (C) THAN IN W OR (B). THE NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT OF ROOTS INCREASED FROM FEB. TO A MAXIMUM IN APR AND THEN DECREASED IN ALL TREATMENTS. ROOT NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT WAS GENERALLY GREATEST IN (A) AND LEAST IN (C) IN FEB.~JUNE BUT WAS GREATER IN (B) AND (C) THAN IN (A) IN AUG. AND SEP. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TREATMENTS IN SPRING REGROWTH MEASURED IN AUG. WERE SMALL. THE PROPORTION OF STEMS IN REGROWTH WAS, HOWEVER, GR5ATER IN (A) THAN IN (B) WHICH WAS GREATER THAN THAT IN (C)
*****************************************
TITLE: CHANGING PROPORTIONS OF LEGUMES AND GRASSES DURING DEVELOPMENT OF OVERGROWN PASTURES IN OTAGO TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS. p ANG:EN)
AUTHOR ENRIGHT, P. O.;FLOATE, M. J. S. (INVERMAY AGRTCULTURAL CENTRE, PRIVATE BAG, MOSGIEL, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AGRONOMY SOCIETY OF NEW ZEALAND: 19: P 111 117, 11 REF.; 1989.
KEYWDS: CHIONOCHLOA RIGIDA; OVERSOWING; LEGUMES; FESTUCA NOVAEZELANDIAE; POA COLENSOI; ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM; AGROSTIS CAPILLARIS; HOLCUS LANATUS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ESTABLISHMENT; LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; ALTITUDE; FERTILIZERS; PHOSPHORUS; SOIL AMENDMENTS; LIME
TUSSOCK GRASSLAND IN OTAGO WITH NO PREVIOUS HISTORY
OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION WAS OVERSOWN WITH LOTUS CORNICULATUS
CV MAITLAND, L. PEDUNCULATUS 1L. ULIGINOSUS) CV GRASSLANDS MAKU,
AND TRIFOLIUM REPENS CV GRASSLANDS TAHORA AND GRASSLANDS HUIA
AT SITES 500, 750 AND 1050 M ABOVE SEA LEVEL. THE TUSSOCK GRASSLAND
WAS DOMINATED BY CHIDNOCHLOA RIGIDA BUT ALSO INCLUDED FESTUCA
NOVAEZELANDIAE, POA COLENSOI, ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM, AGROSTIS
CAPILLARIS AND HOLCUS LANATUS. AT THE LOWEST SITE, THE GRASS COMPONENT
OF ALL SWARDS WAS ABOUT 30, IN YEAR 1. THIS COMPONENT IN LOTUS
SWARDS SHOWED LITTLE CHANGE UNTIL YEAR 4 WHEN IT DOUBLED. IN T.
REPENS SWARDS THE GRASS COMPONENT INCREASED RAPIDLY AND REMAINED
HIGH THROUGHOUT THE TRIAL. IN ALL SWARDS THE GRASS COMPONENT WAS
LOWER AT HIGHER ALTITUDES. BECAUSE THE GRASS WAS GENERALLY AN
INCREASING COMPONENT OF ALL SWARDS WITH TIME, THE ACTUAL WEIGHT
OF GRASS PRODUCTION ALSO TENDED T0 INCREASE WITH TIME AND SWARD
DEVELOPMENT. IN A SEPARATE TRIAL, ALL LEGUMES SHOWED HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT
RESPONSES T0 SUPERPHOSPHATE, BUT THERE WAS LITTLE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN RATE OF SUPERPHOSPHATE APPLIED AND THE PERCENTAGE OF GRASS
IN THE SWARD. IN ALL SWARDS THE PROPORTION OF GRASS DECLINED SIGNIFICANTLY
WITH INCREASED RATES OF LIME (UP T0 4 T/HA1 AT ALL SITES. THE
MAIN EFFECT OF LIME PERSISTED UNTIL THE 3RD YEAR AFTER WHICH THE
GRASS CONTENT OF THE SWARDS INCREASED BY OVER 20, AT ALL LIME
RATES.
*************************************
TITLE: THE PERFORMANCE OF SEVERAL LEGUME SPECIES ON MINE TAIUNGS IN THE NASEBY
FOREST. (LANG EN)
AUTHOR FRASER, W.U.;KEDGHAN, J. M. (INVERMAY AGRICULTURAL CENTRE, MAF TECH, MOSGIEL, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS ANNUAL CONFERENCE AGRONOMY SOCIETY OF NEW ZEALAND: 19: P125129. 8 REF.; 1989.
KEYWDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; RECLAMATION; MINE TAILINGS;
LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; TREES; FERTILIZERS; PHOSPHORUS;
COMPARISONS; NEW ZEALAND
LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS (L. UUGINOSUS) CV MAKU, L. CORNICULATUS
CV. TANA AND MEDICAGO SATIVA CV. WL318 WERE INOCULATED WITH THE
RECOMMENDED RHIZOBIUM STRAIN AND OVERSOWN ON MINE TAILINGS ON
AN OPEN SITE IN THE NASEBY FOREST, NEW ZEALAND BETWEEN 1983 AND
1987, AND 0, 10, 20 OR 40 KG P/HA WERE APPLIED. IN A SECOND EXPERIMENT,
CV MAKU AND TANA WERE GROWN IN THE SHELTER OF DOUGLAS FIR TREES.
ONLY 4% OF VIABLE MAKU SEED SOWN PRODUCED SURVMNG PLANTS IN THE
OPEN, COMPARED WITH 1213% FOR ALL OTHER CULTIVARS. IN THE
SHELTER OF THE TREES THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MAKU INCREASED TO 23%,
AND THAT OF TANA TO 30%. DM PRODUCTION OF CV. TANA WAS SIGNIFICANTLY
HIGHER THAN THAT OF MAKU IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT
DM PRODUCTION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CV. WL318 AND TANA. DURING THE
FIRST 2 SEASONS THERE WAS NO CONSISTENT SPECIES RESPONSE TO P
TREATMENTS. THESE TREATMENTS WERE LATER DISCONTINUED AND A MAINTENANCE
RATE APPLIED. TREE DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT (DBH) AND TREE HEIGHT
WERE MEASURED FROM 198585 UNTIL 198889 IN THE SECOND
EXPERIMENT. THE HEIGHT INCREMENT OF TREES IN THE TANA PLOTS WAS
BETTER THAN THE HEIGHT INCREMENT IN THE NOLEGUME PLOTS.
CV. MAKU WAS NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER TREATMENTS.
THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TREATMENTS FOR DBH
INCREMENTS. SOIL ORGANIC C UNDER THE TREES SHOWED SIGNIFICANTLY
HIGHER LEVELS IN THE CV. TANA TREATMENT THAN THE NOLEGUME
TREATMENT.
******************************************
TITLE: EFFECT OF THE NUMBER OF CUTS AND NITROGEN RATES ON INTENSIVE SOWN GRASS SWARDS. (VPLYV POCTUKOSIEB A DAVKY DUSIKA NA INTENZIVNE SIATE TRAVNE PORASTY.) (LANG:SK, RU, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR BANSZICI, T. (VYSKUMNY USTAV LUK A PASIENKOV, 974 21 BANSKA BYSTRICA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA.)
SOURCE: VEDECKE PRACE VYSKUMNEHO USTAW LUK A PASIENKOV V BANSKED BYSTRICI:NO.21, P153162; 10 REF.: 1991.
KEYWDS: FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FERTILIZERS; NITROGEN; POA PRATENSIS; FESTUCA RUBRA; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; BROMUS INERMIS; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS
CUTTING FREQUENCY IN TRIALS IN 198587 AT DEBRECEN, HUNGARY, A SOWN FESTUCA PRATENSIS, POA PRATENSIS, F. RUBRA, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, BROMUS INERMIS, TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS SWARD WAS GIVEN 150 OR 300 KG N + PK AND CUT 3 OR 6
TIMES/YEAR AVERAGE DM YIELDS WERE 10.78 AND 11.96
T/HA WITH 150 AND 200 KG N, RESPECTIVELY, FROM 6 CUTS WITH CORRESPONDING
FIGURES OF 14.53 AND 15.92 T FROM 3 CUTS. DATA ARE GIVEN ON HERBAGE
CONCENTRATIONS AND YIELDS OF N, P, K, CA AND MG. WITH 3 CUTS,
THE PROPORTION OF D. GLOMERATA AND B. INERMIS IN THE SWARD INCREASED
AND P. PRATENSIS AND F. PRATENSIS DECREASED COMPARED WITH 6 CUTS.
*****************************************
TITLE: PLANT TISSUE IMPEDANCE AND COLD ACCLIMATION: A REANALYSIS. (BANG:EN)
AUTHOR ZHANG, M. l. N.;STOUT, D. G.;WILLISON, J. H. M. (DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY, HALIFAX, NS B3H 4UL, CANADA.)
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY:43: 247, P263266, 12 REF.; 1992.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; COLD HARDENING; MEDICAGO SATIVA; CELL MEMBRANES; ELECTRIC POTENTIAL; TEMPERATURE; INTERNAL ELECTRIC POTENTL~L; MEMBRANES
A NEW 5ELEMENT ELECTRICAL MODEL WAS PROPOSED
RECENTLY BY THE SAME AUTHORS (JOURNAL OF WERIMENTAL BOTANY (1990)
41, 371380; (1991) 42 14651476) TO REPRESENT PLANT
TISSUES. 1N PREVIOUS STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ELECTRICAL
IMPEDANCE AND COLDHARDINESS, DATA FROM STEMS OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS
AND MEDICAGO SATIVA WERE ANALYSED IN RELATION TO A SIMPLER 3ELEMENT
ELECTRICAL MODEL. THESE DATA WERE REANALYSED IN RELATION TO THE
MORE COMPLEX MODEL. FTESTS SHOWED THAT THE NEW MODEL ALWAYS
FITTED MEASURED IMPEDANCE SPECTRA SIGNIFICANTLY BETTER THAN THE
EARLIER MODEL. THE PREVIOUSLY REPORTED INCREASE IN INTRACELLULAR
RESISTANCE DURING COLD ACCLIMATIZATION WAS RELATED TO INCREASED
RESISTANCE OF BOTH THE CYTOPLASM AND VACUOLE. IN L. CORNICULATUS
AND M. SATIVA, COLD ACCLIMATIZATION WAS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASE
IN EXTRACELLULAR RESISTANCE AND A DECREASE IN CAPACITANCES OF
BOTH THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND TONOPLAST. IN A CULTIVAR TRIAL OF
L. CORNICULATUS, COLD ACCUMATIZATION DID NOT AFFECT PLASMA MEMBRANE
CAPACITANCE IN CV. VIKING AND EXTRACELLULAR RESISTANCE IN LED
AND VIKING. IN A SPECIES AND GROWTH TIME TRIAL, COLD ACCLIMATIZATION
WAS ACCOMPANIED BY A DECREASE IN PLASMA MEMBRANE CAPACITANCE IN
M. SATIVA BUT NOT IN L. CORNICULATUS.
***************************************
TITLE: COPPER TOLERANCE AND COPPER UPTAKE OF LOTUS PURSHIANUS (BENTH.) CLEM. & CLEM. AND ITS SYMBIOTIC RHIZOBIUM LOTI DERIVED FROM A COPPER MINE WASTE POPULATION. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR WU, L.;LIN, S. L. (DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL HORTICULTURE, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, DAVIS, CA 95616, USA.
SOURCE: NEW PHYTOLOGIST: 116: 3, P531539, 47 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: LOTUS PURSHIANUS; POLLUTION; COPPER; MINERAL
NUTRITION, TOLERANCE; RHIZOBIUM LOTI; NUTRITION
LOTUS PURSHIANUS GROWING ON A COPPER MINE WASTE IN
N. CALIFORNIA EXHIBITS CU TOLERANCE. EFFECTIVE N FLYATION (ACETYLENE
REDUCTION) IS SEEN IN COENRICHED SOILS. WHEN SUBCULTURED
IN LIQUID CULTURE, RHIZOBIUM LOTI ISOLATED FROM ROOT NODULES OF
L. PURSHIANUS GROWING ON THE COPPER MINE SHOWED CONSIDERABLY GREATER
CU TOLERANCE THAN DID THAT ISOLATED FROM PLANTS GROWING IN A NEARBY
FIELD. NO DIFFERENCE WAS DETECTED IN EITHER THE PATTERN OF CU
UPTAKE OR CONCENTRATION IN PLANT TISSUE BETWEEN TOLERANT AND NONTOLERANT
L. PURSHIANUS. HOWEVER, A CU ACCUMULATION MECHANISM ASSOCIATED
WITH CU TOLERANCE WAS FOUND IN THE SYMBIOTIC RHIZOBIUM. THE SUCCESSFUL
COLONIZATION OF COENRICHED SOIL BY THIS LEGUME SPECIES WAS
ACCOMPLISHED BY THE EVOLUTION OF CU TOLERANCE IN BOTH THE LEGUME
PLANT AND ITS SYMBIONT. THE CU TOLERANCE OF THE PLANT AND RHIZOBIUM
MAY HAVE EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY.
*****************************************
TITLE: EFFECT OF REPEATED APPLICATIONS OF FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION RESIDUE TO RECLAIMED SURFACE MINED PASTURES. (LANG:EN, FR SUMM))
AUTHOR COCHRAN, M. A.;FONTENOT, J. P.;PERRY, H. D. ND STATE UNIVERSITY, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061, USA.)
SOURCE: PROCEEDINGS OF THE XVI INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS, 4 11 OCTOBER 1989, NICE, FRANCE. VERSAILLES, FRANCE; ASSOCIATION FRANCAISE POUR LA PRODUCTION FOURRAGERE:P12471248, 7 REF.;1989.
KEYWDS: CONFERENCES: INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA; SOIL AMENDMENTS; LIMESTONE; FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION RESIDUE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; LIVEWEIGHT GAIN; CATTLE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CALCIUM; IRON; ZINC; SULFUR; COPPER; MINERAL NUTRITION; GRAZING; PASTURES; SOIL AMENDMENTS; CATTLE FEEDING; CONFERENCES: FRANCE; INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS
A FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA/LOTUS CORNICULATUS SWARD ON COAL MINE SPOIL RECLAIMED 6 YEARS EARLIER WAS TREATED WITH 6760 KG FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION RESIDUE (FBCR) OR 3380 KG DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE/HA IN 2 OR MORE APPLICATIONS/YEAR AND THE PASTURES ROTATIONALLY GRAZED BY 6 YEARLING ANGUS STEERS/TREATMENT. APPLICATION OF FBCR FOR 3 YEARS INCREASED HERBAGE CA, FE, ZN, S AND CU AND LOWERED HERBAGE MG AND P COMPARED WITH LIMESTONE. SOIL AMENDMENTS HAD NO EFFECT ON LIVE WEIGHT GAIN OR CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEERS. LEVELS OF CU IN BLOOD SERUM AND LIVER OF THE STEERS WERE LOWER ON THE FBCR THAN ON THE LIMESTONE TREATMENTS. APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF DM, CP AND CELL WALL COMPONENTS WERE LIITLE AFFECTED BY SOIL AMENDMENTS.
*******************************************
TITLE: GR4SS CULTIVARS AND MIXTURES SUITABLE FOR VEGETATING HIGHLY ERODED SOILS. (LANG:BG, RU, EN(SUMM))
AUTHOR VASILEVA, T. (COMPLEX EXPERIMENT STATION, K"RDZHALI, BULGARL~)
SOURCE: RASTENIEV"DNI NAUKI:26: 4, P4550, 16 REF.; 1989.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; RECLAMATION; ERODED SOILS; ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS; BROMUS INERMIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; MLYTURES; LEGUMES; GRASSES
IN FIELD TRIALS IN 198487 IN AN EROSION PROTECTION
ZONE NEAR GLOUHAR, THE SUITABILITY OF GRASS AND GR\SS/LEGUME M~TURES
FOR PROVIDING VEGETATIVE COVER WAS TESTED. GRASSES SOWN ALONE
WERE MORE INFESTED WITH WEEDS THAN GRASS MIXTURES. THE MOST SUITABLE
MLYTURES WERE 40% LOTUS CORNICULATUS + 60% ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS,
40% L. CORNICULATUS + 60,% BROMUS INERMIS, 40% L. CORNICULATUS
+ 30% A. ELATIUS + 30% DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, AND 40% L. CORNICULATUS
+ 30% B. INERMIS + 30% D. GLOMERATA, WITH AVERAGE DM YIELDS OF
4.20, 3.82, 4.01 AND 3.73 T/HA, RESPECTIVELY.
********************************************
TITLE: KURA CLOVER FORAGE YIELD, FORAGE QUALITY, AND STAND DYNAMICS. LANG:EN, FR(SUMM))
AUTHOR SHEAFFER, C. C.;MARTEN, G. C. (DEPARTMENT
OF AGRONOMY AND PLANT GENETICS, UNIVERSI~ OF MINNESOTA, ST. PAUL,
MN 55108, USA.)
SOURCE: CANADIAN JOURNALOF PLANT SCIENCE:71: 4, P11691172, 8 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: TRIFOLIUM AMBIGUUM; DIGESTIBILITY; PERSISTENCE;
ASTRAGALUS CICER; CORONILLA VARIA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO
SATIVA; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM; COMPARISONS; USA;
MINNESOTA
IN FIELD EXPERIMENTS AT ROSEMOUNT 1N 198587,
FORAGE YIELD, FORAGE QUALITY AND STAND DYNAMICS OF THE RHIZOMATOUS
PERENNIAL LEGUME TRIFOLIUM AMBIGUUM WERE COMPARED WITH THOSE OF
ASTRAGALUS CICER, CORONILLA VARIA, LOTUS CORNICULATUS, MEDICAGO
SATIVA, T. PRATENSE AND T. HYBRIDUM. ALTHOUGH T. AMBIGUUM HAD
LOWER INITIAL STANDS AND YIELD COMPARED WITH THE OTHER LEGUMES,
IT WAS ULTIMATELY AMONG THE HIGHEST YIELDING SPECIES (3.89.2
T/HA DEPENDING UPON YEAR AND CUTTING FREQUENCY), AND HAD GREATER
STAND PERSISTENCE (9195,), HIGHER CP CONTENTS (178230
G/KG) AND HIGHER FORAGE DIGESTIBILITY (67.274.8 G DM/KG)
THAN THE OTHER LEGUMES UNDER A VARIETY OF CUTIING SCHEDULES (24
CUTS/YEAR).
******************************************
TITLE: NITROGENASE ACTMTY, NODULE RESPIRATION AND 02 PERMEABILITY FOLLOWING DETOPPING OF ALFALFA AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR DENISON, R F. ;HUNT, S. ;LAYZELL, D. B. (USDAARS. BECKLEY, WV 25802, USA.)
KEYWDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; NODULES; ENZYMES; OXYGEN; RESPIRATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; NITROGENASE; DEFOLIATION; NITROGEN FLYATION; ROOT NODULES GAS EXCHANGE MEASUREMENTS AND NONINVASIVE LEGHAEMOGLOBIN (LB)
SPECTROPHOTOMETRY (NODULE OXIMETRY) WERE USED TO
MONITOR NODULE RESPONSES TO SHOOT REMOVAL IN MEDICAGO SATIVA CV.
WEEVLCHEK AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS CV. FERGUS. IN EACH SPECIES,
TOTAL NITROGENASE ACTIVITY MEASURED AS H2 EVOLUTION IN AR 02 (80:20),
DECREASED TO 50% OF THE INITIAL RATE WITHIN 1 HR AFTER CUTTING
TO 5 CM HEIGHT, AND NET C02 PRODUCTION DECREASED TO ABOUT 65,
OF THE INITIAL VALUE. IN A SEPARATE EXPERIMENT IN WHICH NODULE
OXIMETRY WAS USED, NODULE 02 PERMEABILITY DECREASED 5096 WITHIN
5 H IN EACH SPECIES. A SIMILAR DECREASE IN THE 02SATURATED
RESPIRATION RATE VMAX) FOR THE NODULE CENTRAL ZONE OCCURRED WITH
5 H IN L. CORNICULATUS, BUT ONLY AFTER 24 H IN M. SATIVA. LB CONCENTRATION
DECREASED AFTER 4872 H. THE DECREASE IN PERMEABILITY PRECEDED
THE DECREASE IN VMAX IN EACH SPECIES. IT IS SUGGESTED VMAX MAY
DEPEND MAINLY ON CARBOHYDRATE AVAILABILITY IN THE NODULE. IF SO,
THE DECREASE IN PERMEABILITY COULD NOT HAVE BEEN TRIGGERED BY
DECREASING CARBOHYDRATE AVAILABILITY. BOTH OXIMETRY AND GAS EXCHANGE
DATA WERE CONSISTENT WITH THE HYPOTHESIS THAT, FOR THE CULTIVARS
TESTED, CARBOHYDRATE AVAILABILITY DECREASED MORE RAPIDLY IN L.
CORNICULATUS THAN IN M. SATIVA NODULES. FRACTIONAL LB OXYGENATION
(INITIALLY ABOUT 0.15) DECREASED DURING THE FIRST 24 H AFTER CUTTING
BUT SUBSEQUENTLY INCREASED TO 0.65 FOR THE MAJORITY OF NODULES
OF EACH SPECIES; THIS INCREASE COULD LEAD TO 02 INACTIVATION
OF NITROGENASE.
****************************************
TITLE: MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF OXYGEN DIFFUSION AND RESPIRATION IN LEGUME ROOT NODULES. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR DENISON, R F. (USDAARS, BECKLEY, WV 25802, USA.)
SOURCE: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY:98: 3, P901907, 29 REF.; 1992.
KEYWDS: MODELS; LEGUMES; NODULES: RESPIRATION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; ROOT NODULES
TWO MODELS, A 2DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF 02 DIFFUSION
THROUGH A SMALL AREA OF THE NODULE INNER CORTEX AND A MODEL WHICH
USED OUTPUT FROM THE CORTEX MODEL TO SIMULATE THE BEHAVIOUR OF
THE WHOLE NODULE, WERE USED TO EVALUATE THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF
THE VARIABLE DIFFUSION BARRIER IN ROOT NODULES. RESPIRATION AND
DIFFUSION OF DISSOLVED 02 AND OXYGENATED LEGHAEMOGLOBIN WERE SIMULATED
FOR THE NODULE CORTEX AND THE NODULE INTERIOR MEASURED NODULE
PERMEABILITIES WERE INCONSISTENT WITH THE HYPOTHESIS THAT LARGE
NUMBERS OF AIRFILLED PORES PENETRATE THE DIFFUSION BARRIER
CHANGES IN THE AFFINITY OF LEGHAEMOGLOBIN FOR 02 OR IN THE RATE
OF CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING IN DIFFUSION BARRIER CELLS DID NOT RESULT
IN THE LARGE CHANGES IN 02 PERMEABILITY REPORTED FOR LOTUS CORNICULATUS
NODULES. THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE, BUT NOT THE THICKNESS, OF AGUEOUS
PLUGS IN RADIAL PORES THROUGH THE CORTEX HAD A LARGE EFFECT ON
PERMEABILITY. FLOODING OF INTRACELLULAR SPACES, EITHER BETWEEN
LAYERS OF CELLS IN THE CORTEX OR IN THE NODULE INTERIOR, ALSO
CAUSED LARGE CHANGES IN SIMULATED PERMEABILITY. THE UNSTEADYSTATE
02 METHOD FOR DETERMINING NODULE PERMEABILITY WAS TESTED USING
DATA GENERATED BY THE MODEL. THE ACCURACY OF THE METHOD WAS CONFIRMED,
PROVIDED THAT CERTAIN ASSUMPTIONS (FULL OXYGENATION OF LEGHAEMOGLOBIN
UNDER PURE 02 AND UNIFORM CONDITIONS IN THE NODULE INTERIORJ ARE
MET.
****************************************
TITLE: COMPETITION FOR C02 IN A HETEROCULTURE. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR OLIVER" L.R UNIV. OF ARKANSAS, FAYETTEVILLE, AR ;SCHREIBER M.M
SOURCE: WEED SCIENCE. (WEED SCI) MAR 1974. V. 22 (2): P. 125130. CHAMPAIGN, ILL.: WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA.; 1974.
KEYWDS: AMAI~US RETROFLEXUS: SIDA SPINOSA; LOTUS
CORNICULATUS; CARBON DIOXIDE: CROP WEED COMPETITION; PLANT DEVELOPMENT;
PHOTOSYNTHESIS INCLUDES REFERENCES.
****************************************
TITLE: POLLENS OF HONEYS FROM NORTHWESTERN SPAIN. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR UATO, M.V. UNIVERSITY SCHOOL KGB, ORENSE, SPAIN ;SALALLINARES, A.;IGLESIAS, M.l. ;SUAREZ~CERVERA, M.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH. (J APIC RFS) 1991. V. 30 (2): P. 6973. MAPS. LONDON: INTERNATIONAL BEE RESEARCH ASSOCIATION.; 1991.
KEYWDS: CASTANEA SATIVA; ERICACEAE; LOTUS; SCROPHULARIACEAE;
NECTAR PLANTS; POLLEN PLANTS; POLLEN ANALYSIS; PALYNOLOGY; FLORA~
IDENTIFICATION; NATURAL RESOURCES; SPAIN,ANARRHINUM DURIMINIUM.
****************************************
TITLE: CONDENSED TANNIN FORMATION BY AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES TRANSFORMED ROOT AND SHOOT ORGAN CULTURES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR MORRIS, P. AFRC INSTITUTE OF GRASSLAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, DYFED, UK ;ROBBINS, M.P.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY. (J. EXP BOT) FEB 1992. V. 43 (24~: P. 221231. OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.; 1992 .
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES ROOTS; SHOOTS; ORGAN CULTURE; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; TANNINS; BIOSYNTHESIS; CYANIDIN; DELPHINIDIN; CALLUS EXPLANTS GROWTH; ANTHOCYANIDINS; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; HISTOCHEMISTRY; CULTURE MEDIA; BENZYLADENINE; IAA; NAA; 2,4D; PHENOUC COMPOUNDS; KINETIN; PICLORAM; PROANTHOCYANIDINS; HAIRY ROOTS; INSOLUBLE POLYMERIC TANNIN.
ROOT CULTURES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. CV. UEO TRANSFORMED
WITH AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES (C58CLPRIL5834) GREW RAPIDLY
IN LIQUID MEDIUM WHEN CULTURED IN THE DARK AND PRODUCED LARGE
NUMBERS OF SHOOTS WHEN ILLUMINATED. THE SHOOTS, WHICH COULD BE
REGENERATED TO PRODUCE FERTILE PLANTS, WERE MAINTAINED IN LIQUID
MEDIUM AS SHOOT ORGAN CULTURES. THE ACCUMULATION AND CELLULAR
DISTRIBUTION OF CONDENSED TANNINS WAS DETERMINED DURING THE GROWTH
OF THESE ROOT AND SHOOT ORGAN CULTURES AND IN PRIMARY CALLUS FROM
NONTRANSFORMED EXPLANTS. ROOT AND SHOOT CULTURES PREDOMINANTLY
ACCUMULATED INSOLUBLE POLYMERIC TANNINS WHICH YIELDED BOTH CYANIDIN
AND DELPHINIDIN ON HYDROLYSIS AT RATIOS EQUIVALENT TO CONTROL
PLANTS. METHANOLSOLUBLE VANILLINPOSITIVE COMPOUNDS WERE
ISOLATED BUT NO FREE OLIGOMERIC PROANTHOCYANIDINS, MONOMER FLAVANS
OR DIHYDROFLAVONOLS WERE DETECTED IN THESE EXTRACTS. CONDENSED
TANNIN ACCUMULATION WAS UNEARLY RELATED TO ROOT GROWTH AND HAD
A SIMILAR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION IN 'TANNIN' CELLS IN ROOTS AND
LEAVES AS COMPARED TO CONTROL PLANTS. TANNINCONTAINING CELLS
WERE ABSENT FROM MERISTEMATIC CELLS OF THE ROOT TIP AND ROOT/SHOOT
INTERFACE. PRIMARY CALLUS CULTURES FAILED TO ACCUMULATE CONDENSED
TANNINS ON MEDIA CONTAINING AUXINS, AND EXOGENOUSLY SUPPLIED AUXINS
WERE FOUND TO INHIBIT TANNIN ACCUMULATION BY TRANSFORMED ROOT
AND SHOOT CULTURES.
******************************************
TITLE: SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF EMPOASCA FABAE (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) ON THREE LEGUME HOSTS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR PETERSON, S.S. SW IDAHO RESEARCH & EXTENSION CENTER PARMA, ID;WEDBERG, J.L. ;HOGG, D.B.
SOURCE: THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST. (GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL) SPRING 1992. V. 25 (1): P. 914. EAST LANSING, MICH.: MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.; 1992
KEYWDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; EMPOASCA FABAE; NYMPHS; BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT; SURVIVAL; POPULATION DYNAMICS; WISCONSIN.
*****************************************
TITLE: POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AND PHONOLOGY OF IHE TREFOIL SEED CHALCID (HYMENOPTERA EURYTOMIDA) AND ITS PARASITOIDS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR PETERSON, S.S. S.W. IDAHO RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CENTER, U OF I LANE, PARMA. ID; WEDBERG, J.L ;HOGG, D.B.
SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL EN1~>MOLOGY. (ENVIRON ENTOMOL) DEC 1991. V. 20 (6): P. 16061611. LANHAM, MD.: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.; 1991.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BRUCHOPHAGUS; BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; PARASITOIDS; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS; WISCONSIN. ARASITOIDS ASSOCIATED WITH BRUCHOPHAGUS PLA1YPTERUS (WALKER) WERE COLLECTED IN 1988 AND 1989 IN WISCONSIN. INCLUDED WERE APROSTOCETUS (=TETRASTICHUS) BRUCHOPHAGI (GAHAN), MESOPOLOBUS BRUCHOPHAGI GAHAN, HABROCYTUS MEDICAGINIS GAHAN. AND EUPELMELLA VESICULARIS (RETZIUS). A. BRUCHOPHAGI AND M. BRUCHOPHAGI WERE THE MOST ABUNDANT PARASITOIDS FOUND. PARASITISM RANGED FROM O TO 62% AND SEED DAMAGE RANGED FROM 2 TO 39%. DIAPAUSE WAS INITIATED IN B. PLATYPTERUS AND A. BRUCHOPHAGI BETWEEN 1 AUGUST AND 5 SEPTEMBER IN NORTHERN WISCONSIN. THE POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENTAL THRESHOLDS FOR B. PLATYPTERUS, M. BRUCHDPHAGI AND A. BRUCHOPHAGI WERE 12, 15, AND 12 DEGREES C RESPECTIVELY. DEGREEDAY ACCUMULATIONS ABOVE THOSE THRESHOLDS FOR ADULT EMERGENCE WERE 454, 86, AND 559 FOR B. PLATYPTERUS, M. BRUCHOPHAGI, AND A. BRUCHOPHAGI, RESPECTIVELY. SWEEP SAMPLE DATA FROM 3 YR AGREE-
*****************************************
TITLE:CONDENSED TANNIN FORMATION BY AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES TRANSFORMED ROOT AND SHOOT ORGAN CULTURES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR MORRIS, P. AFRC INSTITUTE OF GRASSLAND AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH, DYFED, UK ;ROBBINS, M.P.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY. ~ EXP BOT1 FEB 1992. V. 43 (24~: P. 221231. OXFORD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS.; 1992 .
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS: AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES ROOTS; SHOOTS; ORGAN CULTURE; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; TANNINS; BIOSYNTHESIS; CYANIDIN; DELPHINIDIN; CALLUS EXPLANTS GROWTH; ANTHOCYANIDINS; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; HISTOCHEMISTRY; CULTURE MEDIA; BENZYLADENINE; L`A; NAA; 2,4D; PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS; KINETIN; PICLORAM; PROANTHOCYANIDINS; HAIRY ROOTS; INSOLUBLE POLYMERIC TANNIN.
ROOT CULTURES OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. CV. LEO TRANSFORMED
WITH AGROBACTERIUM RHIZOGENES (C58CLPRIL5834) GREW RAPIDLY
IN LIQUID MEDIUM WHEN CULTURED IN THE DARK AND PRODUCED LARGE
NUMBERS OF SHOOTS WHEN ILLUMINATED. THE SHOOTS. WHICH COULD BE
REGENERATED TO PRODUCE FERTILE PLANTS, WERE MAINTAINED IN LIQUID
MEDIUM AS SHOOT ORGAN CULTURES. THE ACCUMULATION AND CELLULAR
DISTRIBUTION OF CONDENSED TANNINS WAS DETERMINED DURING THE GROWTH
OF THESE ROOT AND SHOOT ORGAN CULTURES AND IN PRIMARY CALLUS FROM
NONTRANSFORMED EXPLANTS. ROOT AND SHOOT CULTURES PREDOMINANTLY
ACCUMULATED INSOLUBLE POLYMERIC TANNINS WHICH YIELDED BOTH CYANIDIN
AND DELPHINIDIN ON HYDROLYSIS AT RATIOS EQUIVALENT TO CONTROL
PLANTS. METHANOLSOLUBLE VANILLINPOSITIVE COMPOUNDS WERE
ISOLATED BUT NO FREE OLIGOMERIC PROANTHOCYANIDINS, MONOMER FLAVANS
OR DIHYDROFLAVONOLS WERE DETECTED IN THESE EXTRACTS. CONDENSED
TANNIN ACCUMULATION WAS LINEARLY RELATED TO ROOT GROWTH AND HAD
A SIMILAR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION IN 'TANNIN' CELLS IN ROOTS AND
LEAVES AS COMPARED TO CONTROL PLANTS. TANNINCONTAINING CELLS
WERE ABSENT FROM MERISTEMATIC CELLS OF THE ROOT TIP AND ROOT/SHOOT
INTERFACE. PRIMARY CALLUS CULTURES FAILED TO ACCUMULATE CONDENSED
TANNINS ON MEDIA CONTAINING AUXINS, AND EXOGENOUSLY SUPPLIED AUXINS
WERE FOUND TO INHIBIT TANNIN ACCUMULATION BY TRANSFORMED ROOT
AND SHOOT CULTURES.
****************************************
TITLE: SURVIVAL, DEVELOPMENT AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF EMPOASCA FABAE (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) ON THREE LEGUME HOSTS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR PETERSON, S.S. SW IDAHO RESEARCH & EXTENSION CENTER PARMA, ID;WEDBERG, J.L. ;HOGG, D.B.
SOURCE: THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST. (GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL) SPRING 1992. V. 25 (1): P. 914. EAST LANSING, MICH.: MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.; 1992.
KEYWDS: MEDICAGO SATIVA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE; EMPOASCA FABAE; NYMPHS; BIOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT; SURVIVAL; POPULATION DYNAMICS; WISCONSIN.
****************************************
TITLE: POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AND PHONOLOGY OF THE TREFOIL SEED CHALCID (HYMENOPTERA EURYIOMIDA) AND ITS PARASITOIDS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR PETERSON, S.S. S.W. IDAHO RESEARCH AND EXTENSION CENTER, U OF I LANE, PARMA. ID; WEDBERG, J.L ;HOGG, D.B.
SOURCE: ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY. (ENVIRON ENTOMOL) DEC 1991. V. 20 (6): P. 16061611. LANHAM, MD.: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.; 1991.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; BRUCHOPHAGUS; BIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; PARASITOIDS; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS; WISCONSIN. PARASITOIDS ASSOCIATED WITH BRUCHOPHAGUS PLATYPTERUS (WALKER) WERE COLLECTED IN 1988 AND 1989 IN WISCONSIN. INCLUDED WERE APROSTOCETUS (=TETRASTICHUS) BRUCHOPHAGI (GAHAN), MESOPOLOBUS BRUCHOPHAGI GAHAN, HABROCYTUS MEDICAGINIS GAHAN. AND EUPELMELLA VESICULARIS (RETZIUS). A. BRUCHOPHAGI AND M. BRUCHOPHAGI WERE THE MOST ABUNDANT PARASITOIDS FOUND. PARASITISM RANGED FROM O TO 62% AND SEED DAMAGE RANGED FROM 2 TO 39%. DWAUSE WAS INITIATED IN B. PLATYPTERUS AND A. BRUCHOPHAGI BETWEEN 1 AUGUST AND 5 SEPTEMBER IN NORTHERN WISCONSIN. THE POSTDWAUSE DEVELOPMENTAL THRESHOLDS FOR B. PLATYPTERUS, M. BRUCHDPHAGI AND A. BRUCHOPHAGI WERE 12, 15, AND 12 DEGREES C RESPECTIVELY. DEGREEDAY ACCUMULATIONS ABOVE THOSE THRESHOLDS FOR ADULT EMERGENCE WERE 454, 86, AND 559 FOR B. PLATYPTERUS. M. BRUCHOPHAG1, AND A. BRUCHOPHAGI, RESPECTIVELY. SWEEP SAMPLE DATA FROM 3 YR AGREE WITH DEGREEDAY PREDICTIONS FOR ADULT EMERGENCE.
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TITLE: THE DEVELOPMENT OF SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDERESISTANT BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL (LOTUS CORNICULATUS) PLANTS FROM IN VITRO SELECTION. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR POFELIS, S. MCGILL UNIVERSITY, STE. ANNE DE BELLEWE, QUEBEC, CANADA ;LE, H. ;GRANT, W.F.
SOURCE: THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. (HEOR APPL GENET) 1992. V. 83 (4): P. 480488. BERIIN, W. GER: SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL.; 1992.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; IN VITRO SELECTION; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; SULFONYLUREA HERBICIDES; CALLUS; TISSUE CULTURE; SHOOTS; REGENERATION: INHERITANCE; OXOACIDLYASES: ENZYME ACTMTY; PHYTOTOXICITY; HARMONY; ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; DPXM6316.
HERBICIDERESISTANT LINES OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
(LOTUS CORNICULATUS L. CV 'LEO') WERE ISOLATED AFTER SEQUENTIAL
SELECTION AT THE CALLUS, SHOOT, AND WHOLE PLANT LEVELS TO THE
SULFONYLUREA (SU) HERBICIDE HARMONY (DPXM6316; 3((((4METHOXY6METHYL1,3,5,
TRIAZINE2YL) AMINO) CARBONYL) AMINO) SULFONYL2THIOPHENECARBOXYLATE).
IN FIELD AND GROWTH CHAMBER TESTS THE HARMONY REGENERANT LINES
DISPLAYED AN INCREASED TOLERANCE AS COMPARED TO CONTROL PLANTS
FROM TISSUE CULTURE AND CONTROLS GROWN FROM SEED. RESULTS OF EVALUATION
OF CALLUS CULTURES OF REGENERATED MUTANT LINES SIGNIFY STABILITY
OF THE RESISTANCE. OUTCROSSED SEEDS COLLECTED FROM FIELD TRIALS,
AND TESTED IN VITRO FOR HERBICIDE RESISTANCE, INDICATE THAT THE
TRAIT IS HERITABLE AND THAT RESISTANCE MAY BE DUE TO REDUCED SENSITMTY
OF ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE TO SU INHIBITION. GENETICALLY STABLE
HERBICIDERESISTANT LINES OF BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL WERE SUCCESSFULLY
ISOLATED USING IN VITRO SELECTION.
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TITLE: PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATEBINDING PEPTIDES FROM LOTUS TETRAGONOLOBUS AND ULEX EUROPEUS SEED LECTINS USING AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY.
AUTHOR KONAMI, Y. YAKULT CENTRAL INSTITUTE FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH, T()KYO, JAPAN; YAMAMOTO, K.;OSAWA, T.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. (J CHROMATOGR) APR 24, lOg2. V. 5g7 (1/2): P. 21321g. AMSTERDAM: ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS.; 1992.
KEYWDS: TETRAGONOLOBUS PURPUREUS; ULEX EUROPAEUS; SEEDS; LECTINS; PEPTIDES; CHROMATOGRAPHY; HPLC; AMINO ACID SEQUENCES; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA.
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TITLE: PLANT BUG (HEMIPTERA MIRIDAE) DAMAGE TO BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL SEED PRODUCTION. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR PETERSON, S.S. UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSINMADISON, MADISON, Wl;WEDBERG, O.L. ;HOGG, D.B.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY. (J ECON ENTOMOL) FEB 1992. V. 85 (1): P. 250255. LANHAM, MD.: ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA.; 1992.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SEEDS; CROP DAMAGE; ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS; LYGUS LINEOLARIS; MIRIDAE; MALATHION; APPLICATION DATE; WISCONSIN; PLAGIOGNATHUS CHRYSANTHEMI
TWO INSECTICIDE TIMING FIELD EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED
EACH YEAR FROM 1988 TO 1990 TO STUDY CONTROL OF THREE PLANT BUGS,
ADELPHOCORIS LINEOLATUS (GOEZE), LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT DE
BEAWOIS), AND PLAGIOGNATHUS CHRYSANTHEMI (WOLFF), IN BIRDSFOOT
TREFOIL, LOTUS CORNICULATUS L., SEED PRODUCTION. A NEW TECHNIQUE
WAS DEVELOPED TO COMBINE PLANT BUG SWEEP COUNTS. COUNTS WERE WEIGHTED
BASED ON THE DAMAGE POTENTIAL OF THE SPECIES AND STAGE. THE WEIGHTED
COUNTS WERE THEN COMBINED INTO PLANT BUG EQUIVALENTS (PBE). WHEN
PBE REACHED 153 PER 20 SWEEPS AND BUGS WERE NOT CONTROLLED, SEED
YIELD WAS SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AND SHRIVELED SEED INCREASED FROM
3 TO 20%. HOWEVER, PLANT BUG POPULATIONS UP TO 127 PBE PER 20
SWEEPS DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCE SEED YIELD. CROP MATURITY,
RATED ON A SCALE OF 15, SHOWED THAT PLANT BUGS SIGNIFICANTLY
DELAYED CROP DEVELOPMENT. A SINGLE APPLICATION OF MALATHION AT
THE BUD STAGE ADEQUATELY CONTROLLED PLANT BUGS. MULTIPLE APPLICATIONS
OF INSECTICIDE DID NOT PROVIDE ANY SEED YIELD BENEFIT COMPARED
WITH A SINGLE BUD STAGE SPRAY.
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TITLE:REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY AND NATURAL RESEEDING OF GRASSLANDS MAKU LOTUS PEDUNCULATUS IN TUSSOCK GRASSLAND ENVIRONMENTS. (LANG EN)
AUTHOR LOWTHER W. L.:WEDDERBURN. M. E.;TRAINOR, K. D. (MAF TECHNOLOGY, INVERMAY AGRICULTURAL CENTRE, PRIVATE BAG, MOSGIEL, NEW ZEALAND.)
SOURCE: NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH:35: 2, P157162; 11 REF.; 1992
KEYWDS: LOTUS ULIGINOSUS; SELF SOWING
THE POTENTIAL OF NATURAL RESEEDING TO INCREASE THE
DENSITY OF L. PEDUNCULATUS (L. ULIGINOSUS) CV. GRASSLANDS MAKU
WAS INVESTIGATED IN ESTABLISHED SWARDS IN NEW ZEALAND SOUTH ISLAND
TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS. THE LENGTH OF TIME TO PRODUCE MATURE SEED,
THE DELAYING EFFECT OF INCREASING ALTITUDE, AND SEVERE EFFECTS
OF OUTOFSEASON OR EARLY FROSTS RESTRICTED THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF NATURAL RESEEDING TO LOWTO MIDALTITUDE BLOCKS OR FAVOURABLE
SUNNY FACES ON HIGHERALTITUDE BLOCKS. HOWEVER, EVEN ON THESE
AREAS, THE SEVERE EFFECTS OF DEFOLIATION IN DELAYING SEED PRODUCTION
INDICATED THAT NATURAL RESEEDING IS UNLIKELY UNLESS BLOCKS ARE
RESTED FROM GRAZING (SPELLED) FOR THE GROWING SEASON. ALTHOUGH
A HIGH PERCENTAGE OF L. PEDUNCULATUS SEED WAS DAMAGED DURING DlGESTION,
SUFFICIENT SURVIVED PASSAGE THROUGH THE GRAZING ANIMAL TO GERMINATE
IN DUNG PATS. HOWEVER, LACK OF RHIZOBIUM LIMITED THE NODULATION
OF SEEDLINGS THAT GERMINATED.
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TITLE: EFFECT OF GRASS IN IMPROVING SOIL STRUCTURE ON SAND. (A GYEP TALAUSZERKEZET JAVITO HATASA AHOMOKON.) (LANG:HU)
AUTHOR: TOTHPORKOLAB, Z.
SOURCE: A MEZAGAZDASAG FEJLESZTESENEK VARHATO IRANYAI
ES HATASAI. NYIREGYHAZA, HUNGARY; VETOMAG VALLALAT KUTATO KOZPONTJA
P124130, 6 REF.; 1990.
KEYWDS: FESTUCA PRATENSIS; FERTILIZERS; NPK FERTILIZERS; POA PRATENSIS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; TRIFOUUM REPENS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; SOIL TYPES
IN POT AND SOIL EXCHANGE EXPERIMENTS ON SANDY SOIL
A SEED MIXTURE OF FESTUCA PRATENSIS, POA PRATENSIS, DACTYLIS GLOMERATA,
TRIFOLIUM REPENS AND LOTUS CORNICULATUS IN EGUAL PARTS BY WEIGHT
WAS SOWN AND GIVEN NO FERTILIZER, OR 49 OR 98 G NPK/M2. NPK APPLICATIONS
INCREASED THE ABOVEGROUND YIELD BY 207456, COMPARED WITH
NO FERTILIZER IN ACIDIC SAND AND BY 208696, AND LIMY SAND.
THE DM PRODUCTION OF THE ROOTS ALSO ROSE AS A RESULT OF FERTILIZER
APPLICATION, BUT THE HIGHER RATE OF FERTILIZER WAS NOT EFFECTIVE
ON CHERNOZEM AND LIMY SAND. MAXIMUM YIELDS WERE (CONTROL DATA
IN BRACKETS) IN THE SOIL EXCHANGE EXPERIMENT IN 1988 ON ACID SAND
112 (54), ON UMY SAND 131 163), IN THE POT EXPERIMENT (AVERAGE
OF 6 YEARS) ON ACID SAND 1235 (271) AND ON LIMY SAND 1100 (158)
G/M2.
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TITLE: EFFECT OF ENCLOSED AND UNRESTRICTED GRAZING ON THE HERBAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOWN SWARD. (LANG:BG, RU, EN(SUMM)
AUTHOR LINGORSKI, V.;TOTEV, T. V.;KOEV. K.;TANKOV,
K. ~NSTITUT PO PLANINSKO ZHIVOTNOVODSTVO IMEDELIE, TROYAN, BULGARIA.)
RASTENIEV"DNI NAUKI:26: 5, P3640, 12 REF.; 1989.
KEYWDS: DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; GRAZING SYSTEMS; FESTUCA RUBRA; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CRUDE PROTEIN; SHEEP; CONTINUOUS GRAZING; ROTATIONAL GRAZING
A SOWN UNIRRIGATED DACTYLIS GLOMERATA, FESTUCA RUBRA,
LOTUS (CORNICULATUS) AND TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE SWARD NEAR TROYAN
IN THE CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAINS WAS DIVIDED INTO PADDOCKS AND
GRAZED FOR 2, 4, 6 OR 8 D FOR 5 CYCLES DURING THE GRAZING SEASON
OR CONTINUOUSLY GRAZED BY SHEEP. THE HIGHEST CP CONTENTS AND YIELDS
OF DIGESTIBLE CP WERE FOUND IN THE EARLY TO MIDDLE PART OF THE
GRAZING SEASON, WITH ROTATIONAL GRAZING PRODUCING VALUES 50.0795.97,
HIGHER THAN WITH CONTINUOUS GRAZING. PRODUCTION OF FODDER UNITS
BY THE SWARD IN THE EARLY TO MIDDLE PART OF THE GRAZING SEASON
WAS 47.0926.06, HIGHER WITH ROTATIONAL THAN WITH CONTINUOUS
GRAZING.
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TITLE: EFFECT OF METHODS OF UTILIZING SOWN SWARDS ON THEIR BOTANICAL COMPOSITION AND PERSISTENCE. (LANG:BG, RU, EN(SUMM)
AUTHOR DAMYANOVA, N.;PETROVSKI, N. (FODDER INSTITUTE, PLEVEN, BULGARIA.) SOURCE: RASTENIEV"DNI NAUKI:26: 5, P4145, 17 REF.; 1989
KEYWDS: ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA; CUTTING HEIGHT; CUTTING DATE; CUTTlNG FREQUENCY; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; DACTYLIS GLOMERATA; FESTUCA RUBRA; GRAZING; CATTLE; SHEEP; PERSISTENCE; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; GRAZING SYSTEMS; ROTATIONAL GRAZING; GRASSLANDS
IN FIELD TRIALS IN 198285 AT PLEVEN, A RESOWN SWARD OF 30, ONOBRYCHIS VICIIFOLIA, 20, LOTUS (CORNICULATUS), 25, DACIYLIS GLOMERATA AND 25, FESTUCA RUBRA WAS EITHER CUT FOR HAY AT DIFFERENT SWARD HEIGHTS OR GROWTH STAGES OR ROTATIONALLY GRAZED AT DIFFERENT SWARD HEIGHTS OR CUT IN THE 1ST YEAR AND GRAZED IN THE 2ND YEAR. SWARD BOTANICAL COMPOSITION WAS ASSESSED THROUGHOUT THE TRIAL AND IN 1986. O. VICIIFOLIA WAS BEST CUT FOR HAY, WHEREAS L. CORNICULATUS AND F. RUBRA WERE MORE PERSISTENT WITH GRAZING. D. GLOMERATA RESPONDED WELL TO COMBINED MANAGEMENT. STANDS CUT FREQUENTLY AT LOWER SWARD HEIGHTS CONTAINED 29, WEEDS BY 1986.
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TITLE: EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS/LOTUS ALPINUS POPULATIONS FROM FRENCH SOUTHWESTERN ALPS. 1. MORPHOLOGIC AND CYANOGENIC VARIATIONS . (LANG : EN, FR(SUMM))
AUTHOR BLAISE, S.;CARTIER D.;REYNAUD, U. (LABORATOIRE DE SYSTEMATIOUE ET D'ECOLOGIE VEGETALES, A 121 CNRS, BATIMENT 362, 91405 ORSAY CEDEX, FRANCE.)
SOURCE: EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN PLANTS:5: 2, P137148, 38 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: GENETIC RESOURCES; PASTURE PLANTS; MAPS; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MORPHOLOGY; CYANOGENS; LOTUS ALPINUS; POLYPLOIDY; TAXONOMY; FRANCE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; CHEMICAL COMPOSTION; CYANIDES; LOTUS ALPINUS; MORPHOLOGY
CYANOGENIC AND BIOMETRIC STUDIES WERE CARRIED OUT
IN THE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES L. CORNICULATUS (2N = 4X = 24)
AND L. ALPINUS (2N = 2X = 12). THROUGHOUT IHE FRENCH ALPS BOTH
TAXA HAVE A SYMPATRIC AREA AROUND 2000 M AND PRESENT VERY SIMILAR
PHENOTYPES. THE BIOMETRICAL STUDY OF 27 POPULATIONS REVEALED THAT
CALYX SIZE AND CAULINE HAIRLENGTH ALLOWED EFFECTIVE DISCRIMINATION
OF THE SPECIES IN THE WILD. NEVERTHELESS, A FEW INDIVIDUALS REPRESENTED
MORPHOLOGICAL TRANSITIONS BETWEEN THE 2 SPECIES. CYANOGENIC POLYMORPHISM
WAS STUDIED IN 56 POPULATIONS. THE FREQUENCY OF HCN+ PLANTS DECREASED
ABRUPTLY FROM WEST TO EAST (I.E. FROM THE PREALPS TO THE INNER
ALPS). THIS DECREASE WAS MORE MARKED FOR THE TETRAPLOIDS THAN
FOR THE DIPLOIDS AND WAS PROBABLY DUE TO CLIMATIC AND EDAPHIC
FACTORS. THE HIGHEST FREQUENCIES OF HCN+ PHENOTYPES OCCURRED ON
CALCAREOUS SOILS. IN OPEN VEGETATION AND AT HIGH ALTITUDE.
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TITLE: EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS/LOTUS ALPINUS POPULATIONS FROM FRENCH SOUTHWESTERN ALPS. 11. CONTRIBUTION OF PHENOLIC METABOLISM MARKERS. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR REYNAUD, J.; JAY, M. (LABORATOIRE DE BOTANIOUE ET BIOLOGIE CELLULAIRE, INSTITUT DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES ET BIOLOGIOUES, UNIVERSI~ LYON 1, 8 AVENUE ROCKEFELLER, 69373 LYON CEDEX 08, FRANCE.)
SOURCE: EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN PLANTS:5: 2, P149155, 10 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: GENETIC RESOURCES; PASTURE PLANTS; EVOLUTION; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; POLYPLOIDY; PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS; EVOLUTION; DISTRIBUTION; FRANCE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; METABOLISM; POLYPHENOLS; LOTUS ALPINUS; PLOIDY
DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID L. CORNICULATUS POPULATIONS
ARE PRESENT IN THE SOUTHWESTERN AREA OF THE FRENCH ALPS. DIFFERENCES
IN POLYPHENOLIC PATTERNS (OBTAINED BY HPLC) AND MORPHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERS EASILY DISTINGUISH DIPLOIDS FROM TETRAPLOIDS. TWO CHEMICAL,
DIPLOID RACES MEET IN THE MERCANTOUR (FRENCH ALPS). THEY AROSE
FROM 2 DIFFERENT RELICT POPULATIONS, ONE FROM THE WESTERN ALPS
(MONT VENTOUX AND LURE), THE OTHER FROM THE INNER ALPS, WHICH
INVADED THE ALPS AFTER THE LAST GLACIATION. INDEPENDENTLY, THEY
GAVE RISE TO TETRAPLOIDS POSSESSING HIGH COLONIZING ABILITY AND
GREATER DIVERSITY IN FLAVONOID EXPRESSION. THIS PROCESS STILL
SEEMS TO BE IN ACTION, SINCE TETRAPLOIDS WITH A DIPLOIDLIKE
CHEMOTYPE AND SOME WITH A CHEMOTYPE HALFWAY BETWEEN THAT
OF THE DIPLOIDS AND MOST TETRAPLOIDS CAN BE FOUND.
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TITLE: EVOLUTION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF LOTUS CORNICULATUS/LOTUS ALPINUS POPULATIONS FROM FRENCH SOUTHWESTERN ALPS. 111. CONCLUSIONS. (LANG EN)
AUTHOR JAY, M.;REYNAUD, J.;BLAISE, S.:CARTIER, D. (LABORATOIRE DE BIOLOGIE MICROMOLECULAIRE ET PHYTOCHIMIE, UNIVERSITE LYON 1, 69622 VILLEURBANNE CEDEX, FRANCE.)
SOURCE: EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN PLANTS:5: 2, P157160, 28 REF.; 1991.
KEYWDS: PASTURE PLANTS; GENETIC RESOURCES; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; EVOLUTION; POLYPLOIDY; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MORPHOLOGY; PLOIDY; LOTUS ALPINUS; METABOLISM; POLYPHENOLS; DISTRIBUTION; FRANCE
FOLLOWING THE LAST GLACIATION PERIOD IN THE FRENCH
SOUTHWESTERN ALPS, RELICT, DIPLOID POPULATIONS OF LOTUS
CORNICULATUS L. WHICH HAD FOUND SHELTER IN DIFFERENT AREAS (THUS
SOMETIMES FORMING DISTINCT CHEMICAL RACES) GAVE RISE TO TETRAPLOIDS,
PROBABLY THROUGH FORMATION OF NONREDUCED GAMETES. THESE
TETRAPLOIDS (WHICH DIFFER ACCORDING TO THE GEOGRAPHIC AREA) COMPETED
SUCCESSFULLY WITH THEIR DIPLOID PROGENITORS AND RADIATED INTO
A LARGE RANGE OF HABITATS MADE AVAILABLE BY RETREATING GLACIERS.
MORPHOLOGY, CYANOGENESIS AND POLYPHENOLIC METABOLISM HAVE BEEN
USED TO TRACE THE HISTORY OF THESE POPULATIONS.
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TITLE: FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE PROMOTER REGION OF A NODULEENHANCED GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE GENE FROM PHASEOLUS WLGARIS L. (LANG:EN)
AUTHOR SHEN, W. J.;WILLLAMSON, M. S.;FORDE, B. G. (BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, ROTHAMSTED EXPERIMENTAL STATION, AFRC INSTITUTE FOR ARABLE CROPS RESEARCH, HARPENDEN, HERTS AL5 20
SOURCE: PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY:19: 5, P837846, 34 REF.; 1992.
KEYWDS: BIOTECHNOLOGY TOBACCO BEANS, PROMOTERS; PHASEOLUS VULGARIS, GENE EXPRESSION; GLUTAMATEAMMONIA LIGASE; GENETIC ENGINEERING; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; GENETIC TRANSFORMATION; NICOTIANA TABACUM
THE 5PFLANKING REGION OF GINGAMMA, THE
NODULEENHANCED GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE (GLUTAMATEAMMONIA
LIGASE) GENE FROM P. WLGARIS, HAS BEEN ANALYSED FOR CISREGULATORY
ELEMENTS USING A SERIES OF 5' DELETIONS AND HYBRID GINGAMMA
:CAMV 35S PROMOTERS. THE PROMOTERS WERE FUSED TO THE UIDA REPORTER
GENE (ENCODING BETAGLUCUR ONIDASE) AND THEIR ACTMTIES TESTED IN
TWO HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION SYSTEMS. IN THE FIRST SYSTEM. THE
CHIMAERIC GENES WERE TRANSFERRED TO LOTUS CORNICULATUS USING AGROBACTERIUM
RHLZOGENES AND THEIR EXPRESSION WAS STUDIED IN NODULATED HAIRY
ROOTS. IN THE SECOND SYSTEM, THE CONSTRUCTS WERE ELECTROPORATED
INTO TOBACCO MESOPHYLL PROTOPLASTS. THE RESULTS OF THE 5' DELETION
ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT THE SEQUENCE BETWEEN 597 AND 21
(RELATWE TO THE ATG CODON) WAS SUFFICIENT FOR NODULESPECIFIC
EXPRESSION OF THE CHIMAERIC GENE IN NODULATED HAIRY ROOTS, AND
REVEALED THE EXISTENCE OF AT LEAST TWO POSITIVE REGULATORY ELEMENTS.
SE0UENCES LOCATED BETWEEN 2000 AND 597 WERE ABLE TO
STIMULATE EXPRESSION IN NODULES BUT NOT PROTOPLASTS, WHILE THE
REGION FROM 597 TO 354 ENHANCED EXPRESSION IN BOTH
NODULES AND PROTOPLASTS. RESULTS OBTAINED WITH THE HYBRID GLNGAMMA::35S
PROMOTERS SHOWED THAT TWO OVERLAPPING RESTRICTION FRAGMENTS (516/343
AND 474/293) WERE ABLE TO STIMULATE EXPRESSION FROM A HETEROLOGOUS
PROMOTER IN AN ORIENTATIONDEPENDENT MANNER PREVIOUS WORK
DEMONSTRATED THE PRESENCE OF CONSERVED A/TRICH BINDING SITES
FOR NUCLEAR PROTEINS IN THE REGION BETWEEN 516 AND 446,
AND THEIR POSSIBLE ROLE IN REGULATING GINGAMMA EXPRESSION
IS DISCUSSED.
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TITLE: DIFFERENTIAL SELENIUM ACCUMULATION AMONG FORAGE PLANT SPECIES GROWN IN SOILS AMENDED WITH SELENIUMENRICHED PLANT TISSUE. (ENGLlSH)
AUTHOR BANUELOS, G.S. ARS, USDA, WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH LABORATORY, FRESNO, CA ;MEAD, R ;WU, L. ;BEUSELINCK, P. ;AKOHOUE, S.
SOURCE: JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION. (J SOIL WATER CONSERV) JULY/AUG 1992. V. 47:(4): P. 338342. ANKENY, IOWA: SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION SOCIETY OF AMERICA.; 1992.
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TITLE: GROWING LEGUMES WITH COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS IN THE LOWER COASTAL PLAIN. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR BURTON, G.W. USDAARS, UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA COASTAL PLAIN EXP. STN., TIFTON, GA ;DEVANE. E SOURCE: JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE. ~ PROD AGRTC] APR/JUNE 1992. V. 5 (2): P. 278281. MADISON, WIS.: AMERICAN SOCIETY OF AGRONOMY. 1992.
KEYWDS: CYNODON DACTYLON; TRIFOLIUM REPENS; TRIFOLIUM
INCARNATUM; TRIFOLIUM SUBTERRANEUM; MELILOTUS ALBA LOTUS ULIGINOSUS;
NPK FERTILIZERS; APPLICATION RATES: NITROGEN; FORAGE; QUAL~; CROP
YIELD; DRY MATTER CRUDE PROTEIN; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM;
COASTAL PLAINS; PLANT COMPOSITION; GEORGIA
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TITLE: CHARACTERIZATION OF AN INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF RHIZOBIA NODULATING LOTUS CORNICULATUS. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR MONZA, J. FACULTAD DE AGRONOMIA, MONTEVIDEO ;FABIANO, E. ;ARIAS, A.
SOURCE SOIL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY. (SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM) MAR 1992. V~ 24 (3): P 241247. EXETER PERGAMON PRESS.; 1992.
KEYWDS: LOTUS CORNICULATUS; RHIZOBIUM; STRAINS; NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA; VIRGIN SOILS CHARACTERIZATION; CHEMOTAXONOMY; IMMUNOTAXONOMY; BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS; PLASMIDS; CHROMOSOMES; GENES; NITROGEN FLYATION; EFFICIENCY; NODULATION; MUTUALISM; BIOSYNTHESIS; ACIDS; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; URUGUAY; RHIZOBIUM LOTI
THIS REPORT DESCRIBES SOME IMMUNOLOGICAL, BIOCHEMICAL,
GENETIC AND SYMBlOTIC PROPERTIES OF 15 ISOLATES OF RHIZOBIA NODULATING
LOTUS CORNICULATUS FROM REPRESENTATIVE URUGUAYAN SOILS. BASED
ON SPECIFIC GROWTH RATES, CARBON SOURCE UTILIZATION AND ACID PRODUCTION
THE ISOLATES COULD BE ASSIGNED TO THE FASTGROWING GROUP
OF RHIZOBLL THE ANALYSIS OF THE ELECTROPHORETIC CELL PROTEIN PROFILES
OF EACH OF THE 15 ISOLATES WERE UNIQUE, SUGGESTING THAT THEY REPRESENT
DIFFERENT ST~NS OF RHIZOBL'L TEN OF THE 15 ISOLATES BELONGED TO
A SAME SEROGROUP AS INDICATED BY THEIR CROSSREACTIVITY WITH
ANTISERA RAISED AGAINST R LOTI STRAIN B816. THE ANALYSIS OF PLASMID
CONTENT SHOWED THAT OUT OF 13 ISOLATES EXAMINED 6 CONTAINED A
SINGLE MEGAPLASMID OF ABOUT 300 MDA AND 3 HARBOURED A PLASMID
OF 130 MDA 1N ADDITION TO A MEGAPLASMID. ONE ISOLATE HARBOURED
TWO MEGAPLASMIDS AND NO PLASMIDS COULD BE DETECTED IN THREE OTHER
ISOLATES. NO HYBRIDIZATION TO ANY OF THE IDENTIFIED PLASMIDS WAS
DETECTWD R. MEULOTI NIF D DNA WAS USED AS NIF PROBE. HOWEVER STRONG
HYBRIDIZATION SIGNALS WERE OBSERVED WITH RESTRICTED TOTAL DNA,
SUGGESTING A CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF NIF GENES IN THESE ISOLATES.
PLANT GROWTH EXPERIMENTS CARRIED OUT UNDER BACTERIOLOGICAL CONTROU,ED
CONDITIONS REVEALED THAT ALL THESE ISOLATES EFFECTIVELY NODULATE
L. CORNICULATUS AND THEIR SYMBIOTIC EFFECTIVENESS WERE SIMILAR
OR HIGHER THAN THE COMMERCIAL INOCULANT STRAIN (B816).
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TITLE: EFFECTS OF AGROCHEMICALS AND HEAVY METALS ON FASTGROWING RHIZOBIA AND THEIR SYMBIOSIS WITH SMALLSEEDED LEGUMES. (ENGLISH)
AUTHOR MARTENSSON, A.M. SWEDISH UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, UPPSALA, SWEDEN
SOURCE: SOL BIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY. (SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM) MAY 1992. V 24 (5): P 485445. EXETER PERGAMON PRESS.; 1992.
KEYWDS TRIFOUUM PRATENSE; LOTUS CORNICULATUS; MEDICAGO
SATIVA; RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM; RHIZOBIUM TRIFOLII; RHIZOBIUM
MELILOTI; RHIZOBIUM; STRAINS; SOIL BACTERIA, NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA;
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS; BENOMYL; FENPROPIMORPH; MANCOZEB
GLYPHOSATE; BENTAZONE; CHLORSULFURON; MCPA; HEAVY METALS; COPPER;
ZINC; MERCURY; TOXICITY; STRAIN DIFFERENCES; PHYTOTOXICITY; GROWTH;
INHIBITION; SYMBIOSIS; NITROGEN FLYATION; NODULATION: ROOT NODULES;
ROOT HAIRS; DEFORMATION; DRY MATTER ACCUMULATION, RHIZOBIUM LOTI,
MICROBIAL TOXICITY THE EFFECT OF POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS AGROCHEMICALS
INCLUDING FUNGICIDES, HERBICIDES AND HEAVY METALS ON SYMBIOTIC
NITROGEN FLYATION HAVE BEEN INVESTIGATED. THE SUBSTANCES WERE
TESTED WITH EIGHT RHIZOBIAL STRAINS FROM TTIREE CROSSINOCULATION
GROUPS: RHIZOBIUM LEGUMINOSARUM B.V. TRIFOLII, R MELILOTI AND
R. LOTI IN PURE CULTURE STUDIES. BACTERIA WERE OBTAINED FROM A
CULTURE COLLECTION OR FROM SOILS. SENSITIVITY OF THE BACTERIA
TO THE AGROCHEMICALS AND HEAVY METALS VARIED. NONE OF THE BACTERIA
WERE TOLERANT TO ALL CHEMICALS. NO DIFFERENCE IN TOLERANCE BETWEEN
CROSSINOCULATION GROUPS EXISTED. BACTERIA WERE ABLE TO MULTIPLY
AT CONCENTRATIONS OF AGROCHEMICALS EQUAL TO OR HIGHER THAN RECOMMENDED
FlELDAPPLICATION RATES. HEAVY METALS CONCENRATIONS THAT
SEVERELY INHIBITED GROWTH WERE FAR LOWER THAN ~E HIGHEST AMOUNTS
ALLOWED UNDER THE CURRENT COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES'
GUIDELINES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. BACTERIAL GROWTH IN PRESENCE
OF THE AGROCHEMICALS AND HEAVY METALS, APART FROM GLYPHOSATE AND
ZINC, DID NOT INFLUENCE NODULATION ABILIIY OF THE STRAINS. DEVELOPMENT
OF UNINOCULATED PLANTS WAS INHIBITED AT INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS
OF ALL COMPOUNDS, RED CLOVER BEING MOST SENSITIVE. HERBICIDES
WERE MOST HARMFUL, WITH INJURIES OCCURRING AT LEVELS 1/101/10,000
OF RECOMMENDED APPLIED CONCENTRATIONS. UNINOCULATED PLANTS WERE
LESS TOLERANT TO AGROCHEMICALS, BUT WERE MORE TOLERANT TO HEAVY
METALS COMPARED TO THE BACTERIA. ROOT HAIR DEFORMATIONS SIMILAR
TO BACTERIALINDUCED ROOT HAIR DEFORMATIONS WERE INDUCED
BY BENTAZONE, CHLORSULPHURON AND MONOCHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID
ON UNINOCULATED PLANTS. SYMBIOTIC INTERACTIONS WERE ADVERSELY
AFFECTED BY SEVERAL OF THE AGROCHEMICALS. BACTERIALINDUCED
ROOT HAIR DEFORMATIONS NECESSARY FOR NODULATION DECREASED IN THE
PRESENCE OF BENOMYL, BENTAZONE, CHLORSULPHURON, FENPROPIMORPH,
MANCOZEB AND MONOCHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID. FENPROPIMORPH AND MANCOZEB
DID NOT CAUSE ROOT HAIR DEFORMATIONS AT INCREASING CONCENTRATIONS,
INDICATING THAT THESE MAY INHIBIT NODULATION UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS.
NODULE DEVELOPMENT WAS INHIBITED AT INCREASED LEVELS OF BENTAZONE,
CHLORSULPHURON, GLYPHOSATE AND MANCOZEB. DRY MATTER PRODUCTION
OF NODULATED PLANTS WAS ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY BENTAZONE AND CHLORSULPHURON,
INDICATING DISTURBANCES IN NODULE FUNCTION.
